El presente artículo tiene por objetivo revisar y cuestionar algunos conceptos tradicionales cuando se aborda la temática de las personas adultas mayores, con la finalidad de analizar de manera cronológica y desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos, la normatividad legal que dispuso y prorrogó la cuarentena focalizada en tiempos 1de pandemia a causa del COVID-19. Sustentando que las medidas legales adoptadas fueron discriminatorias por razón de edad, no sólo significando la privación del derecho a la libertad de tránsito, sino que (...) además afectó otros derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales. Finalmente se presenta las voces de algunas personas mayores que manifiestan su percepción sobre el tema. (shrink)

This paper critically examines the debate between William of Ockham and his contemporary Peter Auriol on how to account for the intension and remission of forms. Peter Auriol denies that an added degree of a quality such as the theological virtue of charity could be anything other than something which is neither a universal nor an individual and which cannot be grasped by intuition, but must be posited in order to account for the possibility that an accidental form can vary (...) in intensity. Ockham aims at proving that Auriol’s account is inconsistent. In my opinion, Ockham does not succeed, nor does he succeed in defending a consistent account of the metaphysics underlying the intension and remission of forms. Indeed, he conceives of the degree of a quality as a part of the intensified quality which, while being an individual that is really distinct from the quality and can be picked out, forms a unity with it in such a way that the union of the degree and the quality is itself an individual. Ockham fails to distinguish the notion of maximal resemblance holding between a quality’s degree and the quality from the notion of maximal resemblance which holds between individuals of the same species. In the end, he is led to give up the idea that a degree is an individual that can be picked out in order to protect the core thesis of his nominalism about universals. (shrink)

English summary: This book attests that a study on the history of philosophy has its place in contemporary debates. This book attempts to reconstruct William of Ockham's position on the nature and function of real definitions in order to show that nominalism does not oblige a particular position on essences. French description: Guillaume d'Ockham, defenseur bien connu du nominalisme, a manifeste un interet soutenu pour les definitions reelles. Cet ouvrage s'efforce de reconstruire sa position sur la nature et la fonction (...) des definitions reelles. Un examen de ce qu'est une definition reelle appelle une etude de ce qu'est une essence et de la nature du lien a poser entre l'essentiel et le necessaire. Cet ouvrage a pour objectif de montrer que le nominalisme ne contraint pas a une position determinee sur les essences. Saul Kripke nous dit que l'essentiel se reduit au necessaire. Kit Fine, par contre, affirme qu'il faut revenir a Aristote et soutenir que l'essentiel est irreductible au necessaire. Notre examen atteste qu'une etude en histoire de la philosophie a toute sa place dans les debats contemporains. L'essentialisme de Guillaume d'Ockham incite a rendre a Aristote ce qui lui revient et a faire preuve de circonspection. En definitive, les deux positions en presence ne sont peut-etre pas incompatibles. (shrink)

La multiplication sur Internet des dispositifs « interactifs » interroge les enjeux et les principes des nouvelles formes de communication qui envahissent les systèmes techniques contemporains. La banalisation et la généralisation de ces agencements machiniques remettent en question les frontières traditionnelles entre l’image et le réel, le regard et l’écran, le sens et le message, le sujet et le monde, le public et le privé, le pouvoir et la captation, la présence et l’absence, le désir et le manque...The increasing number (...) of « interactive » devices on Internet addresses the question of the stakes and principles linked to the new forms of communication invading contemporary technical systems. The trivialization and extension of these tools are a challenge to the standard boundary line between images and reality, the viewer and the screen, meaning and message, the individual and the world, the public and private spheres, power and addiction, presence and absence, desire and need.. (shrink)

By considering what we identify as a problem inherent in the ‘nature of the firm’—the risk of abuse of authority—we propound the conception of a social contract theory of the firm which is truly Rawlsian in its inspiration. Hence, we link the social contract theory of the firm with the general theory of justice. Through this path, we enter the debate about whether firms can be part of Rawlsian theory of justice showing that corporate governance principles enter the “basic structure.” (...) Finally, we concur with Sen’s aim to broaden the realm of social justice beyond what he calls the ‘transcendental institutional perfectionism’ of Rawls’ theory. We maintain the contractarian approach to justice but introduce Sen’s capability concept as an element of the constitutional and post-constitutional contract model of institutions with special reference to corporate governance. Accordingly, rights over primary goods and capabilities are granted by the basic institutions of society, but many capabilities have to be turned into the functionings of many stakeholders through the operation of firms understood as post-constitutional institutional domains. The constitutional contract on the distribution of primary goods and capabilities should then shape the principles of corporate governance so that at post-constitutional level anyone may achieve her/his functionings in the corporate domain by exercising such capabilities. In the absence of such a condition, post-constitutional contracts would distort the process that descends from constitutional rights and capabilities toward social outcomes. (shrink)

This paper analyzes how national institutional factors affect the adoption of the international environmental management standard ISO 14001, using a panel of 139 countries from 1996 to 2006. The analysis emphasizes that during the emerging phase of the standard, the potential lack of consensus within the constituents of the national institutional environment concerning the value of a new standard could send mixed signals to firms about the standard. The results show that in the early phase of adoption, regulative and normative (...) forces within the institutional environment can work against each other. Results also showthat regulative or coercive forces play a relatively more important role in the early phase of adoption of the standard than in the subsequent phases of diffusion. In the later phases of diffusion of ISO 14001, normative forces, such as the diffusion of other management standards, as well as factors related to trade, play a more important role. Because of the similarities between environmental management standards and corporate social responsibility standards, this study can help identify some of the challenges for diffusion of ISO management standards in the area of social responsibility. (shrink)

Les chaînes privées allemandes ne sont pas vraiment réputées pour le niveau élevé des débats qu'elles diffusent; la surprise est d'autant plus grande pour le zappeur qui, aux alentours de minuit, tombe sur ce genre de phrases : « La superstition économique est un peu comme l'éventail des vertus bourgeoises » ou « Les solutions se trouvent toujours dans la rue, dans le trafic. » Aucun doute : il s'agit d'une des émissions culturelles les plus remarquables - au sens plein (...) du mot - d'Alexander Kluge. Kluge a trouvé en Joseph Vogl un partenaire idéal pour sa technique d'interview si caractéristique. Le résultat de cette passion commune, ce sont plus de 40 interviews télévisuelles qui renouvellent le genre en profondeur. La digression, maniée avec un talent particulier, n'y est jamais gratuite. (shrink)

En los años finales del siglo XIX, funcionarios estatales de la educación señalaron que era necesario establecer bibliotecas en las escuelas de la Norpatagonia (Territorios Nacionales de Río Negro y Neuquén), como medios de propagar el “amor por la lectura”. Sus destinatarios fueron diferenciados en tres grupos: el alumnado, el magisterio y la comunidad local. Este trabajo aborda las relaciones entre las bibliotecas escolares y el segundo grupo, centrándose en la figura de maestros y maestras como receptores y difusores de (...) la acción bibliotecaria. Por un lado, ante la negativa percepción que las autoridades tenían respecto de estos sujetos y el medio donde se desempeñaban, se esperaba que estas bibliotecas funcionaran como instrumentos para su formación y capacitación, mejorando los conocimientos y prácticas de enseñanza. Por otro lado, se encargó a cada docente la tarea de transmitir hábitos de lectura a la comunidad, mediante la constitución misma de la biblioteca escolar y la realización de actividades de difusión de la lectura entre el alumnado y sus familiares. (shrink)

Pourquoi la colère selon Platon ? S'évader d'une perspective classique qui présente tout excès comme étant mauvais, telle est la tentative de cette étude de la colère selon Platon.

Corporate sustainable innovation is a major driver of institutional change, and its success can be largely attributed to employees. While some scholars have described the importance of intrinsic motivations and flexibility to facilitate innovation, others have argued that constraints and extrinsic motivations stimulate innovation. In the context of sustainable innovation, we explore which employee work practices are more conducive to firm-level innovation in corporate sustainability. Our results, based on a sample of 4640 French employees from 1764 firms, confirm the positive (...) impact of intrinsic motivations, and the negative impact of job strain, on corporate sustainable innovation. We also find that extrinsic rewards, through pay satisfaction, counteract the negative effect of job strain to promote sustainable innovation. This indicates that intrinsic and extrinsic rewards can work in tandem to facilitate sustainable innovation. (shrink)

This classic, provocative introduction to classical metaphysical questions focuses on appreciating the problems, rather than attempting to proffer answers.

Air pollution is one of the largest environmental health risks globally but is often imperceptible to people. Air quality smartphone applications provide real-time localized air quality information and have the potential to help people learn about the health effects of air pollution and enable them to take action to protect their health. Hundreds of air quality apps are now available; however, there is scant information on how effective these mobile apps are at educating stakeholders about air pollution and promoting behavioral (...) change to protect their health. In this paper, we test how intrinsic and extrinsic motivations can enhance users’ engagement with air quality information through an app, and favor changes in protective behavior. We developed an air quality app, AirForU, with a built-in research study that was downloaded by 2740 users. We found that engagement was higher for users with intrinsic motivations, such as those who are health conscious, either because they are suffering from heart disease or other conditions aggravated by air pollution, or because they exercise frequently and want to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Extrinsic motivations such as notifications were also effective. App users stated that they frequently shared air quality information with others, learned about the Air Quality Index, and took measures to protect their health while using AirForU app. (shrink)

In this volume Rorty offers a Deweyan account of objectivity as intersubjectivity, one that drops claims about universal validity and instead focuses on utility for the purposes of a community. The sense in which the natural sciences are exemplary for inquiry is explicated in terms of the moral virtues of scientific communities rather than in terms of a special scientific method. The volume concludes with reflections on the relation of social democratic politics to philosophy.

Cet article porte un regard sur les temporalités et les territorialités nocturnes des pratiques et des usages quotidiens à l’île de la Réunion. Peu d’études en sciences sociales ont jusqu’alors réussi à s’extraire des grandes métropoles du Nord pour décentrer leur regard et s’intéresser aux nuits des espaces urbains tropicaux. Dans cette perspective, l’une des tâches de fond consiste à étudier la place de l’obscurité dans le vécu et l’imaginaire des populations réunionnaises, gageant qu’une meilleure connaissance et compréhension des territorialités (...) nocturnes pourrait aider à consolider les démarches de protection de l’environnement nocturne dans le quotidien de l’aménagement des territoires. L’île a vu depuis plusieurs décennies ses campagnes se transformer profondément, pour certaines très marquées par l’exode, pour d’autres avalées dans un processus d’urbanisation non maîtrisé. C’est dans ce contexte que notre équipe a commencé à installer, en partenariat avec le Parc national de... (shrink)

Studies in Western contexts suggest that religiosity is in conflict with rationality since it relates to paranormal beliefs and distrust in science. East Asian cultures, known to be holistic and tolerant of contradictions, may, however, not experience this conflict. Using the International Social Survey Program, we analyzed data from Buddhists, Protestants, and Catholics in South Korea, as well as Catholics and Protestants in Austria and Denmark. Results confirmed a positive association between religiosity and paranormal beliefs among dominant religious group but (...) not among Korean Christians. Moreover, whereas religiosity in the West correlated positively with distrust in science, the opposite held for religious Korean groups. Religiosity mediated the relationship between paranormal beliefs and distrust in science among all dominant religious groups but in opposite directions in East and West. These findings bring a new cross-cultural perspective on the religion-science relationship. (shrink)

O objetivo deste texto é apresentar o movimento que vai de Totalité et Infini à Autrement qu’être au-delà de l’essence, ou seja, da diferença vista como separação absoluta entre Eu e o Outro para uma diferença que atravessa a própria Subjetividade, uma diferença que passa a compor o tecido mesmo desta Subjetividade e, por sua vez, o tecido mesmo do próprio texto. O dizer não se apresenta aqui como um movimento verbal, mas é passividade extrema de exposição ao Outro. Podemos (...) dizer que o Outro é anterior a mim, é ele que me chama a existência, não sendo então signo verbal, nem modalidade de conhecimento. Seu sentido está no fato de expor uma subjetividade ferida, desde sua origem pelo outro. O estrangeiro não é mais o Outro, mas sua condição de estrangeiro pertence a subjetividade, fazendo com que o sujeito deixe de ser contemporâneo de si mesmo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Subjetividade. Diferença. Alteridade. Corpo. Dizer. Linguagem. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThe incorrect conceptualization and evaluation of reparations for colonial slave trade and slavery within the legal, as opposed to the political, domain, produces an interpretation of the demands in France that views them as morally absurd and politically deleterious. I’ll use Iris Marion Young’s distinction between a liability model and a social connection model of responsibility to suggest that the moral claim according to which we can be held responsible today for redressing the structural injustices inherited from slave trade and (...) slavery is not irrational, nor motivated by a political will to divide the body politic between blamed perpetrators and innocent victims. I’ll first analyze the difficulties posed by the liability model by focusing on a specific legal case, MIR and CMDP vs. French state. Then I’ll argue that using a political model of responsibility solves conceptual and normative issues and allows us to understand why, and to what extent, we are responsible for redressing the structural racial injustice that endures in French society. (shrink)

Do the early Greek poets and thinkers really “play” with their language? What sort of “play” should we expect from part of the professional craftsmen they were of a basically sound language? What did imply their awareness of the phono-syllabic nature of Greek language? And what about Heraclitus in particular, who is most concerned among them with the intrinsic virtues of Greek discourse (λόγος)? An analysis of fr. 22 B 52 DK within the melodic and sonic state of archaic Greek (...) language reveals, instead of “play of words”, a rather spontaneous phenomenon of phono-syllabic generation, that is as necessary for the political message of Heraclitus’ fragment as the meaning of each of its words and their superficial syntactic organization. (shrink)

El estudio de la formación inicial del profesorado realizado al interior de las escuelas normales de México demanda situarla tanto en un espacio social, temporal e institucional específico como también volcar la mirada en los sujetos que la desarrollan, es decir, poner atención en el trabajo efectuado por los formadores. Esta investigación parte de tal reconocimiento, planteándose como objetivo analizar las configuraciones formativas que desarrollan los formadores, con base en sus constructos personales que comunican en los procesos de formación inicial (...) vivenciados al interior de las escuelas normales del estado de Oaxaca (México). El estudio se efectuó desde un enfoque cualitativo, con el uso de la Teoría Fundamentada, empleando la entrevista en profundidad y la observación participante. Se analizaron los procesos formativos de cuatro formadores pertenecientes a dos escuelas normales. Los resultados obtenidos en el trabajo de campo permitieron identificar una acentuada tendencia formativa signada por el modelo de formación docente con perspectiva académica, del cual se derivan tres configuraciones: formación académica reproductiva, formación académica social y formación académica práctica; se precisa la relevancia que cobran los planteamientos personales de los formadores a partir de sus propios constructos pedagógicos y sociales como parte de un colectivo social y profesional. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage porte sur les transformations du droit de la propriété intellectuelle intervenus au cours des vingt dernières années dans le contexte de développement rapide des recherches sur les gènes et de quête d'innovations biotechnologiques appliquées à la médecine. L'apparition des brevets sur les gènes humains témoigne d’un puissant mouvement de marchandisation des connaissances. Celui-ci a pour base un déplacement important des équilibres entre science et technologie, entre le système de recherche public fonctionnant selon un régime de 'science ouverte', et (...) la recherche industrielle et privée fonctionnant selon un régime de réservation et d’appropriation des connaissances. La forme privilégiée prise par ce processus est le développement d’un secteur 'mixte' - un marché de la recherche de base sur lequel opèrent start-ups et gestionnaires de capital risque. Nous entrons dans l'ère post-industrielle - aux côtés de l’économie de l'information se dessine une économie de la connaissance qui propulse la recherche fondamentale dans la sphère marchande. Cette mutation s'accompagne d'un remaniement des concepts juridiques à l'aune d'une politique scientifique fondée sur la concurrence et la rentabilisation des coûts. La recherche en génétique est sans doute le domaine où s'exposent le plus clairement les interactions droit-économie induites par cette nouvelle donne. En effet, se constitue autour de la connaissance sur le gène humain devenue marchandise, un secteur aux allures d’ordre scientifico-concurrentiel. Le droit est partie prenante de cette évolution puisqu'il offre au secteur émergent tous les outils juridiques nécessaires à son développement. Cette étude présente les risques liés à cet état du droit - atteintes à la liberté de la recherche, appropriation de la connaissance, abandon d’une conception du droit comme lieu indépendant et maître de l'intérêt général au profit d'une attitude de suivisme et de gestion purement pratique des usages dominants. La vision transdisciplinaire ici offerte dépouille le débat des entraves idéologiques et des faux-semblants qui l’obèrent sur le plan scientifique, éthique, politique et même économique. En proposant une alternative, par la mise en place d'une autorité de régulation, à l’économisme ambiant, sans tomber dans le refus éthique catégorique, l’ouvrage invite scientifiques et juristes à poursuivre un travail d’imagination plus novateur dans le but de préserver le développement des sciences du vivant, spécialement du vivant humain, dans le respect de l'Homme. (shrink)

à la veille des élections présidentielles françaises dans lesquelles ne concourront, comme c’est désormais traditionnel sous la Cin-quième République, qu’une extrême minorité de femmes, l’ouvrage de Marlène Coulomb-Gully revient sur l’inégal partage du pouvoir entre les sexes. En six chapitres qui présentent l’avantage d’être à la fois accessibles à tou.te.s et très documentés, l’auteure dresse un panorama de ce déficit démocratique pour en souligner les facteurs, les manifestations mais égal...

Cet article s’intéresse à la distribution et à la sémantisation des termes « féminisme » et « féministe » dans les discours de l’élection présidentielle de 2022. Grâce aux outils de la statistique occurrentielle et co-occurrentielle, le papier montre la percée lexicale de ces mots dans le champ électoral et le triomphe des deux signifiants en même temps que la continuation de dissensus, entre la gauche et l’extrême droite de l’échiquier politique, dans la prescription du sens des signifiés attachés.

La acción de los medios de prensa de construir y representar realidades socioculturales genera --en reiteradas ocasiones-- relaciones desiguales, promoviendo e institucionalizando unas identidades en desmedro de otras. La situación se complejiza cuando se trata de países vecinos, con sus respectivas tradiciones socio-histórico-culturales, pasados comunes y límites bisagra. Bajo este escenario se analizaron las producciones noticiosas de cobertura nacional publicadas en los periódicos de mayor tirada de dos países limítrofes: “El Mercurio” de Chile y “El Comercio” de Perú. De este (...) modo, y por medio de una herramienta metodológica ligada al Análisis Crítico y Complejo del Discurso, esta investigación busca comprender los procesos de construcciones noticiosas y representaciones que los medios de prensa chilenos y peruanos hacen en torno a los “discursos de la diferencia” que se institucionalizan en la relación entre ambas naciones. The action of the press media of constructing and representing socio-cultural realities generates --on numerous occasions-- unequal relationships, which promote and institutionalize certain identities in detriment of others. The situation becomes more complex when it deals with neighboring countries and their corresponding socio-historical-cultural traditions, shared pasts, and “hinge-like” borders. Under this scenario, the production of national news by two nationwide press media of the neighboring countries will be analyzed: “El Mercurio” of Chile and “El Comercio” of Perú. In this manner, and using a methodological tool based on the Critical and Complex Analysis of the Discourse, the main objective of this research is to understand processes of construction of news and representations that the Chilean and Peruvian press make linked to the “discourse of the differences” which have been institutionalized in the relationship between them both. (shrink)

Richard Swinburne offers an original treatment of a question at the heart of epistemology: what makes a belief rational, or justified in holding? He maps the rival accounts of philosophers on epistemic justification ("internalist" and "externalist"), arguing that they are really accounts of different concepts. He distinguishes between synchronic justification (justification at a time) and diachronic justification (synchronic justification resulting from adequate investigation)--both internalist and externalist. He also argues that most kinds of justification are worth having because they are (...) indicative of truth; however, it is only justification of internalist kinds that can guide a believer's actions. Swinburne goes on to show the usefulness of the probability calculus in elucidating how empirical evidence makes beliefs probably true. (shrink)

This article aims to examine the relevance of counter-information productions developed during the military dictatorship in Brazil by religious groups. The object is the journal Paz e Terra, by Editora Civilização Brasileira in the 1960s, as a unique initiative in the field of religious, ecumenical and political communication. In order to respond to the Research problem “what is the place of the journal Paz e Terra in the memory of religious media productions in Brazil?” the article refers its basis in (...) studies on “memory supports” and “sites of memory” are based. The articulation between the narrative of the memory of Paz e Terra and the description of the content of the ten published issues, which form the methodology of the research employed, was made based on the collection of the magazine, in documentary research, in statements of characters involved, collected during the research project for a Master’s Degree in Social Memory by the author, and in works about Editora Civilização Brasileira and its editor Ênio Silveira, about the Protestant leaders involved in the project and about the journal itself. This text seeks to contribute to the expansion of approaches to studies in media and religion in Brazil, broadening the focus of critical analysis centered on contemporary productions and applying the referential key of memory. (shrink)

Interseções e interações entre mídia, religião e mercado: um objeto dinâmico e instigante (Intersections and interactions between media, religion and market: a dynamic object and thought-provoking) - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2014v12n34p284 Editorial - Dossiê: Religião, Mercado e Mídia.

In connection with the European orientations, the teachers’ training in France follows deep reforms since 2005. The stake in which is a strengthening of the professional skills and knowledge which is leaning back against the research. On the base of longitudinal data collected with 3 generations of students, which are registered to the new Master›s degree «enseigner, éduquer, apprendre (to teach, to educate, to learn) « opened at the university of Burgundy in 2010, this research ponders over the way the (...) students (preparing themselves to become teachers) perceive the quality of their professionalization. In spite of the feeling not to be prepared enough for the exercise of their job, the speech of the students reveals an appropriation of the institutional logics of professionalization. In the current context of creation of the ESPE, this paradoxical speech invites to query the capacity of the institution to make legible its training’s processes in front of public, which remain determined by a vocational ideal. (shrink)