En su encierro durante la II Guerra Mundial, Althusser, según declaró, solamente tuvo al alcance un libro: los Pensées de Pascal, un clásico que, tras la reflexión religiosa, también planteó problemas epistemológicos, históricos y sociológicos de tal manera que en él se pueden encontrar rasgos “profundamente materialistas”. [1] La influencia de Pascal es expresa, cuando Althusser recoge la parábola de la conversión religiosa para explicar (insuficientemente) el fenómeno de la interpelación ideológica. Pero los textos de Pascal contienen intuiciones que (...) sobrepasan los límites de la teoría althusseriana y que se pueden rastrear a la luz de la teoría psicoanalítica de la ideología tal como ésta es elaborada por los autores de la escuela eslovena. [1] L. Althusser: Filosofía y marxismo. Entrevista por Fernanda Navarro , Madrid, Siglo XXI, 1988, pp. 46-47. (shrink)

This paper examines the Hans Blumeberg’s philosophical program: the metaphorology. My intention is to show the importance of Blumenberg’s ideas into the current debate on the relations between philosophy and metaphor.

Resumen La Guerra del Paraguay es uno de los grandes temas que circulan en el espacio epistolar del historiador paraguayo Juan E. O’Leary y de su par uruguayo Luis A. de Herrera. La extendida correspondencia que cultivaron entre los años 1905 y 1926, que alberga los respectivos archivos personales, es examinada en este trabajo para analizar el pensamiento de los dos historiadores haciéndose, a modo de taller de su escritura sobre la guerra y en tanto estadios eventuales (...) de sus producciones mayores dirigidas a la esfera pública. Palabras clave: Escritura de la Guerra del Paraguay – Archivos Personales – Redes Epistolares – Revisionismo histórico – Círculos Intelectuales Trasnacionales. (shrink)

El objeto del presente trabajo es examinar las relaciones entre la guerra, la política y la moral, desde la Ilustración europea a nuestra Posmodernidad global. Para ello, seleccionamos dos muestras representativas: una defensa política de la guerra, el realismo político, y una defensa moral de la paz, el antibelicismo popular. Analizamos ambos, subrayando sus principales argumentos y mostrando sus consecuencias históricas. Finalmente, abordamos las nuevas guerras de la segunda mitad del siglo XX y el comienzo de este Milenio.

School violence is a burning issue these days. This book provides an in-depth analysis of violence prevention programs and an assessment of their effectiveness, using data from observations, individual interviews, and focus groups, as well as published data from the schools. It is distinguished by its focus on the cultural and structural context of school violence and violence prevention efforts. Where most other researchers use quantitative measures, such as surveys, to assess the effectiveness of violence prevention programs, the authors of (...) this book use qualitative research and ethnography to study the environment where such programs take place. Thus, this work--one of only a few ethnographic studies of violence prevention programs in schools--links previous quantitative research on the topic and critical ethnography. _Preventing Violence in Schools: A Challenge to American Democracy_: *includes voices of school students, accused of practicing violence, who have been participants in violence prevention programs; *analyzes a citywide peer mediation program ; *examines the kinds of violence recognized in schools and the ways schools themselves may perpetuate violence; and *describes a violence prevention program for students at an alternative school. _Preventing Violence in Schools: A Challenge to American Democracy_ is highly relevant for students in courses on urban education, foundations of education, education and social policy, youth and the law, and qualitative research, and for teachers, administrators, and other professionals, such as school psychologists and guidance counselors, at the middle and high school levels. (shrink)

Este trabajo trata sobre el pensamiento político del humanista español Benito Arias Montano . Consta de dos partes: en la primera se estudia la actuación política de Arias Montano como consejero del rey Felipe II en Flandes; en la segunda se comenta elDavid , obra publicada por Arias Montano en colaboración con el artista holandés Philippe Galle en Amberes, donde se puede apreciar su alegoría sacro política.PALABRAS CLAVE: Arias Montano, Philippe Galle, Felipe II, política, República Cristiana Católica, metafórica teocrática, humanismo (...) bíblico, historia sagrada, historia profana, tacitismo, Campos Sánchez-Bordona, Sánchez Lora This paper examines the Spanish humanist Benito Arias Montano’s political thought, divided into two parts. Firstly, a study of the Arias Montano’s activity as advisor to King Philip II in Flanders. Secondly, the comment on his work David , published in collaboration with the Dutch artist Philip Galle in Antwerp, and in which its possible appreciate his sacred political allegory.KEYWORDS: Arias Montano, Philip Galle, Philip II, Christian Catholic Republic, biblical humanism, sacred history, profane history, tacitism, Campos Sánchez-Bordona, Sánchez Lora. (shrink)

This paper examines the Hans Blumeberg’s philosophical program: the metaphorology. My intention is to show the importance of Blumenberg’s ideas into the current debate on the relations between philosophy and metaphor.

RESUMEN La problemática del muy bajo peso al nacer ha sido abordada desde hace varios años, sin embargo, las investigaciones están enfocadas desde diferentes perspectivas y contextos, no siempre se ha considerado su repercusión a corto y a largo plazo, así como la interacción de los diferentes factores que se relacionan con este riesgo biológico. Por ello en esta revisión bibliográfica se realiza una valoración de estudios ejecutados a nivel internacional y en Cuba dedicados al desarrollo neuropsicológico de niños con (...) muy bajo peso al nacer. Se concluye que el muy bajo peso al nacer repercute en el desarrollo neuropsicológicos desde edades tempranas, hasta la adolescencia; por ello es necesario una visión integradora que tenga en cuenta el riesgo biológico, las particularidades individuales y el contexto social en que se desenvuelve el niño desde los primeros momentos, lo que posibilitará, perfeccionar la atención a corto y largo plazo al grupo de riesgo. ABSTRACT The problems of very low birth weight have been dealt with for many years, however, research on the matter is approached from different perspectives and contexts, not always have its short and long term repercussions being considered as well as the interaction of different factors related to this biological risk. Therefore, this bibliographical review makes an assessment of international and Cuban studies devoted to very low birth weight children’s neuropsychological development. It was reached the conclusion that very low birth weight affects neuropsychological development from early ages to adolescence; for that reason, it is necessary to have an integrated approach of the problem that takes into account the biologicals risk, individual characteristics and the social context in which the child develops from the beginning, which will make the improvement of short and long term care to this risk group possible. (shrink)

The study of human behaviour, and the minds that produce that behaviour, has been an occupation of scholars, artists, and philosophers for millennia. But it was not until the turn of the twentieth century that psychology came into its own as a distinct field of study—and, more importantly, as a scientifically legitimate field of study. When we view psychology as a science, certain questions naturally emerge: what sorts of phenomena does psychology seek to explain? What is distinctive about the kinds (...) of explanations adduced in this science? How do these explanations integrate with theories and explanations in other fields of study? Does psychology aim to explain all mental phenomena, or are there some areas, such as consciousness, that will be forever beyond its explanatory powers? Due to its very nature, psychology is a field that both philosophers and scientists have critically examined over the years. This critical examination has, in turn, generated a literature that is voluminous, heavily contested, and increasingly technical. To help users to make sense of this large and complex scholarly corpus, this new four-volume collection from Routledge is both comprehensive and sensitive to the ongoing nature of debates in the field. Two expert editors have carefully assembled classic contributions, as well as more recent work, to create an indispensable ‘mini library’ of the best and most influential scholarship in the philosophy of psychology. With a comprehensive index and newly written introductions by the editors, The Philosophy of Psychology will be welcomed by a broad range of scholars, researchers, and advanced students, especially those working in philosophy, psychology, linguistics, and cognitive science. (shrink)

My starting point is what I call the Normative Authority Conception of justification, where S is justified in their belief that p at t (to some degree n) if and only if their believing that p at t is not ruled out by epistemic norms that have normative authority over S at t. With this in mind, this paper develops an account of doxastic justification by first developing an account of the normative authority of epistemic norms. Drawing from work in (...) political philosophy, I argue that (a) the cognitive and evaluative commitments and concerns behind our actual practices of holding each other and ourselves accountable for our beliefs reveal which epistemic norms we have consented to be under, and that (b) it is because we have consented to be under the authority of these norms – by actually holding ourselves and others accountable to them – that they in turn have normative authority over us. By connecting the authority of epistemic norms to the authority we have over ourselves in this way, the resulting account of doxastic justification (i) explains why it can be appropriate to criticize, resent, or sanction someone for having unjustified beliefs, (ii) avoids the phenomena of normative alienation and normative parochialism, and (iii) respects the social and collective nature of epistemic justification. (shrink)

Fear to contamination is an easy-to-provoke, intense, hard-to-control, and extraordinarily persistent fear. A worsening of preexisting psychiatric disorders was observed during the COVID-19 outbreak, and several studies suggest that those with obsessive–compulsive disorder may be more affected than any other group of people. In the face of worsening OCD symptoms, there is a need for mental health professionals to provide the support needed not only to treat patients who still report symptoms, but also to improve relapse prevention. In this line, (...) it is recommended to improve alternative strategies such as online consultations and digital psychiatry. The aim of this study is to develop augmented reality stimuli that are clinically relevant for patients with cleaning OCD and assess their efficiency to obtain emotionally significant responses. Four AR stimuli were developed: a plastic bag full of garbage, a piece of bread with mold, a dirty sports shoe, and a piece of rotten meat. All stimuli were shown to a clinical group and a control group. Relevant results were the design of the AR stimuli. These stimuli were validated with the statistical difference in perceived anxiety in the meat stimuli between the clinical and control groups. Nevertheless, when looking at effect sizes, all stimuli present effect sizes from small to large, with both shoe and bread between small and medium effect sizes. These results are a valuable support for the clinical use of these AR stimuli in the treatment of cleaning OCD. (shrink)

v. 1. Representation and mind -- v. 2 The organization of the mind -- v. 3. Special topics: language, thought, and belief -- v. 4. Special topics: consciousness, happiness, and free will.

Em intervalos frequentes ao longo dos anos, o professor Chomsky vituperou tanto contra noções do senso comum quanto contra noções técnicas de linguagem pública ou “linguagem externalizada”, afirmando que elas são confusas, mal definidas ou desprovidas de qualquer interesse científico. Como cientista, ele somente estaria interessado na linguagem pública se ela fosse um “objeto real do mundo real” (Chomsky, 1993, p. 39), e não uma noção “artificial” e “arbitrária” (Chomsky, 1985, p. 26). Proponho articular tal noção de linguagem pública para (...) ele. Chomsky também condena a noção que de o propósito da linguagem é a comunicação. Sustentarei, ao contrário, que uma função primária da faculdade humana da linguagem é apoiar convenções linguísticas, e que estas têm uma função essencialmente comunicativa. (shrink)

Esse artigo pretende discutir, em um primeiro momento, o sentido, para a psicologia de Nietzsche, da figura de Jesus n’_O Anticristo_. Mais precisamente, esse artigo parte de uma problematização dessa tipologia de Jesus, para, em seguida, fazer convergir essa estratégia psicológica com uma semiótica, isto é, uma análise do uso dos signos pelo tipo Jesus. Depois de contextualizar a discussão sobre o tipo Jesus como “simbolista” e “antirrealista”, mostramos como Nietzsche, estrategicamente, elabora em suas últimas obras uma efetiva confrontação simbólica (...) entre o tipo Jesus e Dioniso, e a partir disso buscamos indicar algumas conclusões. (shrink)

IntroductionRheumatologists are the primary healthcare professionals responsible for patients with rheumatic diseases and should acquire medical ethical competencies, such as the informed consent process. The objective clinical structured examination is a valuable tool for assessing clinical competencies. We report the performance of 90 rheumatologist trainees participating in a station designed to evaluate the ICP during the 2018 and 2019 national accreditations.MethodsThe station was validated and represented a medical encounter in which the rheumatologist informed a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus with (...) clinically active nephritis about renal biopsy. A trained patient–actor and an evaluator were instructed to assess ICP skills in obtaining formal informed consent, delivering bad news and overall communication with patients. The evaluator used a tailored checklist and form.ResultsCandidate performance varied with ICP content and was superior for potential benefit information but significantly reduced for potential complications and biopsy description. Only 17.8% of the candidates mentioned the legal perspective of ICP. Death was omitted by the majority of the candidates ; after the patient–actor challenged candidates, only 57.1% of them gave a clear and positive answer. Evaluators frequently rated candidate communications skills as superior, but ≥1 negative aspect was identified in 69% of the candidates.ConclusionsEthical competencies are mandatory for professional rheumatologists. It seems necessary to include an ethics competency framework in the curriculum throughout the rheumatology residency. (shrink)

Table of Contents Acknowledgments 1 Self-Consciousness and the Body: An Interdisciplinary Introduction by Naomi Eiland, Anthony Marcel and José Luis Bermúdez 2 The Body Image and Self-Consciousness by John Campbell 3 Infants’ Understanding of People and Things: From Body Imitation to Folk Psychology by Andrew N. Meltzoff and M. Keith Moore 4 Persons, Animals, and Bodies by Paul F. Snowdon 5 An Ecological Perspective on the Origins of Self by George Butterworth 6 Objectivity, Causality, and Agency by Thomas Baldwin (...) 7 At Two with Nature: Agency and the Development of Self-World Dualism by James Russell 8 Ecological Perception and the Notion of a Nonconceptual Point of View by José Luis Bermúdez 9 Proprioception and the Body Image by Brian O’Shaughnessy 10 Awareness of One’s Own Body: An Attentional Theory of Its Nature, Development, and Brain Basis by Marcel Kinsbourne 11 Body Schema and Intentionality by Shaun Gallagher 12 Living without Touch and Peripheral Information about Body Position and Movement: Studies with Deafferented Subjects by Jonathan Cole and Jacques Paillard 13 Bodily Awareness: A Sense of Ownership by M. G. F. Martin 14 Bodily Awareness and the Self by Bill Brewer 15 Introspection and Bodily Self-Ascription by Quassim Cassam 16 Consciousness and the Self by Naomi Eilan Contributors Index. (shrink)

L'A. de cette étude analyse des textes inédits d'Hilaire de Poitiers où ce dernier parle de la réciprocité des relations trinitaires et de la mutuelle «interdépendance» du Père et du Fils. Il montre que l'insistance sur les relations originaires et sur les processions divines ne signifient pas nécessairement l'infériorité du Fils, et que si celui-ci n'existe qu'en totale référence au Père, de même ce dernier se réfère au Fils et ne peut exister sans lui.

A lo largo de este ensayo el autor pone de manifiesto el interés creciente que ha experimentado en nuestro panorama filosófico la asignatura de “Historia de la Filosofía Española”, especialmente a través de iniciativas variadas que tienen como protagonista a la “Asociación de Hispanismo Filosófico”, fundada en 1988. La conclusión es que hoy es posible “pensar en español”.

We prove the following theorem. Let G be a connected simple bad group (i.e. of finite Morley rank, nonsolvable and with all the Borel subgroups nilpotent) of minimal Morley rank. Then the Borel subgroups of G are conjugate to each other, and if B is a Borel subgroup of G, then $G = \bigcup_{g \in G}B^g,N_G(B) = B$ , and G has no involutions.

Il était une fois un matérialiste pur et dur qui disait : « À quoi rime tout ce jargon mentaliste d’“esprits”, d’“idées”, et de “sensations”? En réalité, ces soi-disant entités ou événements “mentaux” n’existent tout simplement pas. Dans nos têtes – ô combien matérielles –, il n’y a que des processus physiques! » Il était une fois un autre philosophe qui lui rétorqua : « Quel chef-d’œuvre de confusion...

Tanrı’nın varlığına dair getirilen argümanlar, başarılı kabul edildiği taktirde en az bir tanrının var olduğu gösterir. Acaba kanıtların gösterdiği özelliklere sahip başka tanrılar da var mıdır? Bu sorun, Tanrı’nın tekliği problemi olarak bilinir ve özellikle orta çağ felsefesinde detaylı olarak tartışılmıştır. İslam kelamcılarının bu bağlamda Tanrı’nın tekliğini göstermek için verdikleri en önemli argümanlardan biri de “burhân-ı temânü”dür. Burhân-ı temânünün modal versiyonuna göre, her mümkün duruma gücü yeten ve iradesinde özgür iki tanrının iradeleri mümkün bir durumda çelişkiye yol açar. Dolayısıyla bu (...) özelliklere sahip iki tanrı varsaymak problemlidir. Bu makale, bahsi geçen argümanın başarılı olduğunu kabul ederek, her mümkün duruma gücü yeten ama iradeleri zorunlu olarak aynı iki tanrının mümkün olup olmadığını tartışıyor. Bu alternatifin söz konusu olabileceği senaryoları ele alarak her bir senaryonun problemli sonuçlara yol açtığını savunuyor. Bu çerçevede kelamda “burhân-ı tevârüd” adıyla bilinen argüman da güncellenerek ele alınan tartışmaya nasıl katkıda bulunabileceğini gösteriliyor. (shrink)