61 found
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  1. Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought.Keith J. Holyoak & Paul Thagard - 1995 - MIT Press.
    Keith Holyoak and Paul Thagard provide a unified, comprehensive account of the diverse operations and applications of analogy, including problem solving, ...
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  2. Darwin's mistake: Explaining the discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds.Derek C. Penn, Keith J. Holyoak & Daniel J. Povinelli - 2008 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31 (2):109-130.
    Over the last quarter century, the dominant tendency in comparative cognitive psychology has been to emphasize the similarities between human and nonhuman minds and to downplay the differences as (Darwin 1871). In the present target article, we argue that Darwin was mistaken: the profound biological continuity between human and nonhuman animals masks an equally profound discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds. To wit, there is a significant discontinuity in the degree to which human and nonhuman animals are able to approximate (...)
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  3.  69
    Analogical Mapping by Constraint Satisfaction.Keith J. Holyoak & Paul Thagard - 1989 - Cognitive Science 13 (3):295-355.
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  4.  65
    Pragmatic reasoning schemas.Patricia W. Cheng & Keith J. Holyoak - 1985 - Cognitive Psychology 17 (4):391-416.
    We propose that people typically reason about realistic situations using neither content-free syntactic inference rules nor representations of specific experiences. Rather, people reason using knowledge structures that we term pragmatic reasoning schemas, which are generalized sets of rules defined in relation to classes of goals. Three experiments examined the impact of a “permission schema” on deductive reasoning. Experiment 1 demonstrated that by evoking the permission schema it is possible to facilitate performance in Wason's selection paradigm for subjects who have had (...)
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  5.  27
    Distributed representations of structure: A theory of analogical access and mapping.John E. Hummel & Keith J. Holyoak - 1997 - Psychological Review 104 (3):427-466.
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  6. (1 other version)Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery.John H. Holland, Keith J. Holyoak, Richard E. Nisbett & Paul R. Thagard - 1988 - Behaviorism 16 (2):181-184.
     
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  7.  30
    Analog retrieval by constraint satisfaction.Paul Thagard, Keith J. Holyoak, Greg Nelson & David Gochfeld - 1990 - Artificial Intelligence 46 (3):259-310.
  8.  56
    A symbolic-connectionist theory of relational inference and generalization.John E. Hummel & Keith J. Holyoak - 2003 - Psychological Review 110 (2):220-264.
  9.  50
    On the natural selection of reasoning theories.Patricia W. Cheng & Keith J. Holyoak - 1989 - Cognition 33 (3):285-313.
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  10.  70
    Bayesian generic priors for causal learning.Hongjing Lu, Alan L. Yuille, Mimi Liljeholm, Patricia W. Cheng & Keith J. Holyoak - 2008 - Psychological Review 115 (4):955-984.
  11.  72
    The analogical mind.Keith J. Holyoak & P. Thagard - 1997 - American Psychologist 52:35-44.
    We examine the use of analogy in human thinking from the perspective of a multiconstraint theory, which postulates three basic types of constraints: similarity, structure and purpose. The operation of these constraints is apparent in both laboratory experiments on analogy and in naturalistic settings, including politics, psychotherapy, and scientific research. We sketch how the multiconstraint theory can be implemented in detailed computational simulations of the analogical human mind.
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  12.  47
    Bidirectional reasoning in decision making by constraint satisfaction.Keith J. Holyoak & Dan Simon - 1999 - Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 128 (1):3.
  13.  20
    Probabilistic analogical mapping with semantic relation networks.Hongjing Lu, Nicholas Ichien & Keith J. Holyoak - 2022 - Psychological Review 129 (5):1078-1103.
  14.  42
    Causal models and the acquisition of category structure.Michael R. Waldmann, Keith J. Holyoak & Angela Fratianne - 1995 - Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 124 (2):181.
  15.  70
    Moral Principles or Consumer Preferences? Alternative Framings of the Trolley Problem.Tage S. Rai & Keith J. Holyoak - 2010 - Cognitive Science 34 (2):311-321.
    We created paired moral dilemmas with minimal contrasts in wording, a research strategy that has been advocated as a way to empirically establish principles operative in a domain‐specific moral psychology. However, the candidate “principles” we tested were not derived from work in moral philosophy, but rather from work in the areas of consumer choice and risk perception. Participants were paradoxically less likely to choose an action that sacrifices one life to save others when they were asked to provide more reasons (...)
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  16. The proper treatment of symbols in a connectionist architecture.Keith J. Holyoak & John E. Hummel - 2000 - In Eric Dietrich Art Markman (ed.), Cognitive Dynamics: Conceptual change in humans and machines. Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 229--263.
  17. A neurocomputational system for relational reasoning.Barbara J. Knowlton, Robert G. Morrison, John E. Hummel & Keith J. Holyoak - 2012 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16 (7):373-381.
  18. Pragmatic reasoning with a point of view.Keith J. Holyoak & Patricia W. Cheng - 1995 - Thinking and Reasoning 1 (4):289 – 313.
  19.  13
    An Individual-Differences Approach to Poetic Metaphor: Impact of Aptness and Familiarity.Dušan Stamenković, Katarina Milenković, Nicholas Ichien & Keith J. Holyoak - 2023 - Metaphor and Symbol 38 (2):149-161.
    Using poetic metaphors in the Serbian language, we identified systematic variations in the impact of fluid and crystalized intelligence on comprehension of metaphors that varied in rated aptness and familiarity. Overall, comprehension scores were higher for metaphors that were high rather than low in aptness, and high rather than low in familiarity. A measure of crystalized intelligence was a robust predictor of comprehension across the full range of metaphors, but especially for those that were either relatively unfamiliar or more apt. (...)
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  20.  21
    Individual Differences in Comprehension of Contextualized Metaphors.Dušan Stamenković, Nicholas Ichien & Keith J. Holyoak - 2020 - Metaphor and Symbol 35 (4):285-301.
    We report a study examining the role of linguistic context in modulating the influences of individual differences in fluid and crystalized intelligence on comprehension of literary metaphors. Three conditions were compared: no context, metaphor-congruent context, and literal-congruent context. Relative to the baseline no-context condition, the metaphor-congruent context facilitated comprehension of the metaphorical meaning whereas the literal-congruent context impaired it. Measures of fluid and crystalized intelligence both made separable contributions to predicting metaphor comprehension. The metaphor-congruent context selectively increased the contribution of (...)
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  21.  50
    The Impact of Goal Specificity on Strategy Use and the Acquisition of Problem Structure.Regina Vollmeyer, Bruce D. Burns & Keith J. Holyoak - 1996 - Cognitive Science 20 (1):75-100.
    Theories of skill acquisition have made radically different predictions about the role of general problem‐solving methods in acquiring rules that promote effective transfer to new problems. Under one view, methods that focus on reaching specific goals, such as means‐ends analysis, are assumed to provide the basis for efficient knowledge compilation (Anderson, 1987), whereas under an alternative view such methods are believed to disrupt rule induction (Sweller, 1988). We suggest that the role of general methods in learning varies with both the (...)
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  22.  40
    Bayesian analogy with relational transformations.Hongjing Lu, Dawn Chen & Keith J. Holyoak - 2012 - Psychological Review 119 (3):617-648.
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  23. Thinking and reasoning: A reader's guide.Keith J. Holyoak & Robert G. Morrison - 2005 - In K. Holyoak & B. Morrison (eds.), The Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1--9.
     
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  24.  84
    The impact of anxiety on analogical reasoning.Jean M. Tohill & Keith J. Holyoak - 2000 - Thinking and Reasoning 6 (1):27 – 40.
    The effect of state anxiety on analogical reasoning was investigated by examining qualitative differences in mapping performance between anxious and non-anxious individuals reasoning about pictorial analogies. The working-memory restriction theory of anxiety, coupled with theories of analogy that link complexity of mapping with working-memory capacity, predicts that high anxiety will impair the ability to find correspondences based on relations between multiple objects relative to correspondences based on overlap of attributes between individual objects. Anxiety was induced in one condition by a (...)
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  25.  44
    Conceptual and procedural distinctions between fractions and decimals: A cross-national comparison.Hee Seung Lee, Melissa DeWolf, Miriam Bassok & Keith J. Holyoak - 2016 - Cognition 147 (C):57-69.
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  26. Structural constraints and object similarity in analogical mapping and inference.Daniel C. Krawczyk, Keith J. Holyoak & John E. Hummel - 2004 - Thinking and Reasoning 10 (1):85 – 104.
    Theories of analogical reasoning have viewed relational structure as the dominant determinant of analogical mapping and inference, while assigning lesser importance to similarity between individual objects. An experiment is reported in which these two sources of constraints on analogy are placed in competition under conditions of high relational complexity. Results demonstrate equal importance for relational structure and object similarity, both in analogical mapping and in inference generation. The human data were successfully simulated using a computational analogy model (LISA) that treats (...)
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  27.  55
    Conceptual Integration of Arithmetic Operations With Real‐World Knowledge: Evidence From Event‐Related Potentials.Amy M. Guthormsen, Kristie J. Fisher, Miriam Bassok, Lee Osterhout, Melissa DeWolf & Keith J. Holyoak - 2016 - Cognitive Science 40 (3):723-757.
    Research on language processing has shown that the disruption of conceptual integration gives rise to specific patterns of event-related brain potentials —N400 and P600 effects. Here, we report similar ERP effects when adults performed cross-domain conceptual integration of analogous semantic and mathematical relations. In a problem-solving task, when participants generated labeled answers to semantically aligned and misaligned arithmetic problems, the second object label in misaligned problems yielded an N400 effect for addition problems. In a verification task, when participants judged arithmetically (...)
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  28.  26
    The One‐to‐One Constraint in Analogical Mapping and Inference.Daniel C. Krawczyk, Keith J. Holyoak & John E. Hummel - 2005 - Cognitive Science 29 (5):797-806.
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  29.  18
    (1 other version)Alternate conceptions of semantic memory.Arnold L. Glass & Keith J. Holyoak - 1974 - Cognition 3 (4):313-339.
  30.  60
    Distributing structure over time.John E. Hummel & Keith J. Holyoak - 1993 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16 (3):464-464.
  31.  40
    Dissociation between magnitude comparison and relation identification across different formats for rational numbers.Maureen E. Gray, Melissa DeWolf, Miriam Bassok & Keith J. Holyoak - 2018 - Thinking and Reasoning 24 (2):179-197.
    The present study examined whether a dissociation among formats for rational numbers can be obtained in tasks that require comparing a number to a non-symbolic quantity. In Experiment 1, college students saw a discrete or else continuous image followed by a rational number, and had to decide which was numerically larger. In Experiment 2, participants saw the same displays but had to make a judgment about the type of ratio represented by the number. The magnitude task was performed more quickly (...)
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  32.  48
    Relational Priming Based on a Multiplicative Schema for Whole Numbers and Fractions.Melissa DeWolf, Ji Y. Son, Miriam Bassok & Keith J. Holyoak - 2017 - Cognitive Science 41 (8):2053-2088.
    Why might it be beneficial for adults to process fractions componentially? Recent research has shown that college-educated adults can capitalize on the bipartite structure of the fraction notation, performing more successfully with fractions than with decimals in relational tasks, notably analogical reasoning. This study examined patterns of relational priming for problems with fractions in a task that required arithmetic computations. College students were asked to judge whether or not multiplication equations involving fractions were correct. Some equations served as structurally inverse (...)
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  33.  20
    A theory of conditioning: Inductive learning within rule-based default hierarchies.Keith J. Holyoak, Kyunghee Koh & Richard E. Nisbett - 1989 - Psychological Review 96 (2):315-340.
  34.  45
    Relational integration in older adults.Indre V. Viskontas, Keith J. Holyoak & Barbara J. Knowlton - 2005 - Thinking and Reasoning 11 (4):390 – 410.
    Reasoning requires making inferences based on information gleaned from a set of relations. The relational complexity of a problem increases with the number of relations that must be considered simultaneously to make a correct inference. Previous work (Viskontas, Morrison, Holyoak, Hummel, & Knowlton, 2004) has shown that older adults have difficulty integrating multiple relations during analogical reasoning, especially when required to inhibit irrelevant information. We report two experiments that examined the ability to integrate multiple relations in younger, middle-aged, and older (...)
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  35.  77
    Pragmatic reasoning from multiple points of view: A response.Keith J. Holyoak & Patricia W. Cheng - 1995 - Thinking and Reasoning 1 (4):373 – 389.
  36.  48
    LISA: A computational model of analogical inference and schema induction.John E. Hummel & Keith J. Holyoak - 1996 - In Garrison W. Cottrell (ed.), Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of The Cognitive Science Society. Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 352--357.
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  37.  36
    Transfer and expertise.Daniel R. Kimball & Keith J. Holyoak - 2000 - In Endel Tulving (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Memory. Oxford University Press. pp. 109--122.
  38.  58
    Rational Hypocrisy: A Bayesian Analysis Based on Informal Argumentation and Slippery Slopes.Tage S. Rai & Keith J. Holyoak - 2014 - Cognitive Science 38 (7):1456-1467.
    Moral hypocrisy is typically viewed as an ethical accusation: Someone is applying different moral standards to essentially identical cases, dishonestly claiming that one action is acceptable while otherwise equivalent actions are not. We suggest that in some instances the apparent logical inconsistency stems from different evaluations of a weak argument, rather than dishonesty per se. Extending Corner, Hahn, and Oaksford's (2006) analysis of slippery slope arguments, we develop a Bayesian framework in which accusations of hypocrisy depend on inferences of shared (...)
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  39. Darwin's triumph: Explaining the uniqueness of the human mind without a deus ex Machina.Derek C. Penn, Keith J. Holyoak & Daniel J. Povinelli - 2008 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31 (2):153-178.
    In our target article, we argued that there is a profound functional discontinuity between the cognitive abilities of modern humans and those of all other extant species. Unsurprisingly, our hypothesis elicited a wide range of responses from commentators. After responding to the commentaries, we conclude that our hypothesis lies closer to Darwin's views on the matter than to those of many of our contemporaries.
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  40.  50
    Semantic alignment across whole-number arithmetic and rational numbers: evidence from a Russian perspective.Yulia A. Tyumeneva, Galina Larina, Ekaterina Alexandrova, Melissa DeWolf, Miriam Bassok & Keith J. Holyoak - 2018 - Thinking and Reasoning 24 (2):198-220.
    Solutions to word problems are moderated by the semantic alignment of real-world relations with mathematical operations. Categorical relations between entities are aligned with addition, whereas certain functional relations between entities are aligned with division. Similarly, discreteness vs. continuity of quantities is aligned with different formats for rational numbers. These alignments have been found both in textbooks and in the performance of college students in the USA and in South Korea. The current study examined evidence for alignments in Russia. Textbook analyses (...)
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  41.  46
    A solution to the binding problem for compositional connectionism.John E. Hummel, Keith J. Holyoak, Collin Green, Leonidas Aa Doumas, Derek Devnich, Aniket Kittur & Donald J. Kalar - 2004 - In Simon D. Levy & Ross Gayler (eds.), Compositional Connectionism in Cognitive Science. AAAI Press.
  42.  39
    Generative Inferences Based on Learned Relations.Dawn Chen, Hongjing Lu & Keith J. Holyoak - 2017 - Cognitive Science 41 (S5):1062-1092.
    A key property of relational representations is their generativity: From partial descriptions of relations between entities, additional inferences can be drawn about other entities. A major theoretical challenge is to demonstrate how the capacity to make generative inferences could arise as a result of learning relations from non-relational inputs. In the present paper, we show that a bottom-up model of relation learning, initially developed to discriminate between positive and negative examples of comparative relations, can be extended to make generative inferences. (...)
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  43.  23
    Two Computational Approaches to Visual Analogy: Task‐Specific Models Versus Domain‐General Mapping.Nicholas Ichien, Qing Liu, Shuhao Fu, Keith J. Holyoak, Alan L. Yuille & Hongjing Lu - 2023 - Cognitive Science 47 (9):e13347.
    Advances in artificial intelligence have raised a basic question about human intelligence: Is human reasoning best emulated by applying task‐specific knowledge acquired from a wealth of prior experience, or is it based on the domain‐general manipulation and comparison of mental representations? We address this question for the case of visual analogical reasoning. Using realistic images of familiar three‐dimensional objects (cars and their parts), we systematically manipulated viewpoints, part relations, and entity properties in visual analogy problems. We compared human performance to (...)
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  44.  33
    (1 other version)No way to start a space program: Associationism as a launch pad for analogical reasoning.Keith J. Holyoak & John E. Hummel - 2008 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31 (4):388-389.
    Humans, including preschool children, exhibit role-based relational reasoning, of which analogical reasoning is a canonical example. The connectionist model proposed in the target article is only capable of conditional paired-associate learning.
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  45. The Taming of Content: Some Thoughts About Domains and Modules.Keith J. Holyoak & Patricia W. Cheng - forthcoming - Thinking and Reasoning.
  46.  22
    Moral judgment as reasoning by constraint satisfaction.Keith J. Holyoak & Derek Powell - 2019 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 42:e156.
    May's careful examination of empirical evidence makes a compelling case against the primacy of emotion in driving moral judgments. At the same time, emotion certainly is involved in moral judgments. We argue that emotion interacts with beliefs, values, and moral principles through a process of coherence-based reasoning (operating at least partially below the level of conscious awareness) in generating moral judgments and decisions.
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  47.  51
    (1 other version)So, are we the massively lucky species?Derek C. Penn, Keith J. Holyoak & Daniel J. Povinelli - 2012 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35 (4):236-237.
    We are in vehement agreement with most of Vaesen's key claims. But Vaesen fails to consider or rebut the possibility that there are deep causal dependencies among the various cognitive traits he identifies as uniquely human. We argue that is one such linchpin trait in the evolution of human tool use, social intelligence, language, and culture.
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  48.  50
    The problem with using associations to carry binding information.Leonidas A. A. Doumas, Keith J. Holyoak & John E. Hummel - 2006 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29 (1):74-75.
    van der Velde & de Kamps argue for the importance of considering the binding problem in accounts of human mental representation. However, their proposed solution fails as a complete account because it represents the bindings between roles and their fillers through associations (or connections). In addition, many criticisms leveled by the authors towards synchrony-based bindings models do not hold.
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  49. Contextual Factors in Deontic Reasoning.Keith J. Holyoak & Patricia W. Cheng - forthcoming - Thinking and Reasoning.
  50.  37
    Deductive Reasoning.John H. Holland, Keith J. Holyoak, Richard E. Nisbett & Paul R. Thagard - 1993 - In Alvin I. Goldman (ed.), Readings in Philosophy and Cognitive Science. Cambridge: MIT Press.
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