A total of 366 UK children in four different schools, one in Wales, one in Northern Ireland, and two in England, were asked to respond to 20 potentially stressful life experiences. Each event was rated on a scale ranging from 7 to 1 , and the scale value and interquartile range were calculated. In addition, whether or not a given event was actually experienced was noted. Across the groups, there was a very high degree of agreement on all three measures, (...) the median correlations being 0.95 for scale values, 0.70 for interquartile ranges, and 0.92 for incidence. Furthermore, the pooled UK results were found to correlate equally closely with the figures previously obtained in the USA and five other countries. The possibility of a prevalent ‘culture of childhood’, cutting across geo‐political boundaries and ethnic groupings, appears to receive further support. (shrink)

The definitive translation of the seminal treatise on the code of the samurai. Living and dying with bravery and honor is at the heart of Hagakure, a series of over 1,300 short texts written by eighteenth-century samurai Yamamoto Tsunetomo. These texts illuminate the classic Japanese concept of bushido (the Way of the Warrior), which dictated how samurai were expected to behave, conduct themselves, live, and die. Acclaimed translator William Scott Wilson has selected and translated here three hundred of those (...) texts to create an accessible distillation of this guide, making it one of the most thorough and astonishing windows into the captivating world of the samurai available. This edition includes an introduction that delves into the Zen concept of muga, or “death” of the ego, giving an in-depth historical and philosophical background for the more metaphorical reading of Hagakure that is based on Tsunetomo’s reference to bushido as “the Way of death.” Through this lens, which has held a morbid fascination for readers through the years, the classic takes on a fresh and nuanced appeal. This book was previously published under the title Hagakure. This book is part of the Shambhala Pocket Library series. The Shambhala Pocket Library is a collection of short, portable teachings from notable figures across religious traditions and classic texts. The covers in this series are rendered by Colorado artist Robert Spellman. The books in this collection distill the wisdom and heart of the work Shambhala Publications has published over 50 years into a compact format that is collectible, reader-friendly, and applicable to everyday life. (shrink)

「カワイイ」価値をめぐる冒険の旅へ。「カワイイ」に代表されるポピュラーな感性的価値に、一流の研究者たちが学問領域の枠を超えて真摯に向き合う。社会のダイナミズムとメカニズムの実態に迫る、シリーズ第二弾。 .

1. Tetsugaku jiban no ten'i : hi bunri jutsugosei basho hi jiko --.

BackgroundAlthough, moral distress presents a serious problem among critical care nurses in many countries, limited research has been conducted on it. A validated scale has been developed to evaluate moral distress and has enabled cross-cultural comparison for seeking its root causes.Research aimsThis study aimed to (1) clarify the current status of moral distress among nurses who worked in critical care areas in Japan, (2) compare the moral distress levels among nurses in Japan with previously reported results from the United States (...) (US), and (3) explore the factors associated with moral distress.Research designA nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted.Participants and research contextWe conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey using the Measure of Moral Distress–Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP) among critical care nurses who were randomly selected from hospitals across Japan. The mean differences between the two countries were compared using a Student's t-test with summary statistics. The factors associated with higher levels of moral distress were examined using a multiple regression analysis.Ethical considerationsThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tokyo Medical and Dental University (approval nos. M2018-214 and M2019-045).ResultsWe obtained 955 valid responses from 94 facilities. In Japan, the items with the highest moral distress scores were those related to aggressive/inappropriate treatment. The total MMD-HP score was significantly higher in Japanese nurses compared to US nurses (122.8 ± 70.8 vs 112.3 ± 73.2). Some factors, such as leadership experience, were associated with higher moral distress.DiscussionThe top root causes of moral distress were similar to potentially inappropriate treatments in both countries.ConclusionThis study revealed the factors associated with higher moral distress and its characteristics in each country. These results can be used for reducing moral distress in the future. (shrink)

The Hagakure is one of the most influential of all Japanese texts--written nearly 300 years ago by Tsunetomo Yamamoto to summarize the very essence of the Japanese Samurai bushido ("warrior") spirit. Its influence has been felt throughout the world and yet its existence is scarcely known to many Westerners. This is the first translation to include the complete first two books of the Hagakure and the most reliable and authentic passages contained within the third book; all other English translations (...) published previously have been extremely fragmentary and incomplete. The principal pillars of Bushido are loyalty, filial piety, bravery and mercy. Yamamoto lived his life based on these principles and was willing to sacrifice his own life to bring them to ultimate fruition once his lord died. However, Shogunate law forbade Samurai retainers from taking their lives after their liege and master died, so Yamamoto became a monk instead--spending the last years of life in seclusion recording his wisdom and insights in the Hagakure for the edification and training of future Samurai warriors in the essence of bushido. Alex Bennett's completely new and highly readable translation of this essential work is the only full version of the Hagakure published to date. Its extensive footnotes fill in many cultural and historical gaps found in previous translations. This unique combination of readability and scholarship gives Bennett's translation a distinct advantage over all other English editions of this work. Reading this compendium of tales of a faithful and devoted samurai provides a unique insight into the nature of samurai service and its role in Japanese history and society until today. (shrink)

武士道とは何か。武士はいかに生き、死すべきなのか―。戦乱の世が生み出した軍学書『甲陽軍鑑』『五輪書』から、泰平の時代の倫理書『山鹿語類』『葉隠』へ。そして、幕末維新期の吉田松陰、西郷隆盛へと連なるサム ライの思想水脈を経て、武士道を世界に知らしめた新渡戸稲造まで。日本人必読の名著12冊で知る、高潔にして強靱な武士の倫理と美学。章末には、各書から選りすぐった人生指南の「名言」を付す。.

「人と天地との一体化」とは何か。儒学の「天人合一」説を独自の立論を通して再定義した伊藤仁斎の思想に焦点を当て、その思想的意義を問い直す。仁斎学の思想体系を平易明白に解説した入門書。.

近代仏教の確立者と称される清沢満之の思想を解明するだけでなく、その思想が夏目漱石、正岡子規などをはじめとする同時代の人々や、後世の社会に与えた影響にも着目することで、今後の清沢研究にまったく新しい視座 を提供する刺激的な入門書!

明治期に、はじめて宗教的伝統に基づく他力の発想と西洋から学んだ論理とを結びつけて語ることを試みた清沢満之。これまで清沢が残した思想を高く評価する人物は何度か現れたものの、いまだ忘れられた宗教人・哲学者 である。夏目漱石や正岡子規らとの関係、そして西田幾多郎ら京都学派に与えた影響を辿り、彼の思想が日本思想史に残した大きな影響とその可能性に光を当てる。.

Background:Moral distress has various adverse effects on nurses working in critical care. Differences in personal values, and between values and self-perception of behaviour are factors that may cause moral distress.Research aims:The aims of this study were (1) to identify ethical values and self-perception of behaviour of critical care nurses in Japan and (2) to determine the items with a large difference between value and behaviour and the items with a large difference in value from others.Research design:A nationwide, cross-sectional study was (...) conducted.Participants and research context:We developed a self-administered questionnaire with 28 items, which was completed by 1014 critical care nurses in Japan. The difference between value and self-perception of behaviour was calculated from the score of each value item minus the score of each self-perception of behaviour item. The size of the difference in value from the others was judged by the standard deviation of each item.Ethical considerations:The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tokyo Medical and Dental University (approval nos. M2018-214, M2019-045).Results:The items with a large difference between value and behaviour sources were related to the working environment and decision-making support. The items with a large difference in value from others were related to hospital management and disclosure of information to patients.Discussion:Improving the working environment for nurses is important for reducing moral distress. Nurses are faced with a variety of choices, including advocating for patients and protecting the fair distribution of medical resources, and each nurse’s priorities might diverge from those of other team members, which can lead to conflict within the team.Conclusion:This study revealed items with particularly high risks of moral distress for nurses. The results provide foundational information that can guide the development of strategies to mitigate moral distress. (shrink)

Experimental phenomenology has demonstrated that perception is much richer than stimulus. As is seen in color perception, one and the same stimulus provides more than several modes of appearance or perceptual dimensions. Similarly, there are various perceptual dimensions in form perception. Even a simple geometrical figure inducing visual illusion gives not only perceptual impressions of size, shape, slant, depth, and orientation, but also affective or aesthetic impressions. The present study reviews our experimental phenomenological work on visual illusion and experimental aesthetics, (...) and examines how aesthetic preference is influenced by stimulus factors determining visual illusions including anomalous surface and transparency as well as geometrical illusion. Along with line figures producing geometrical illusions, illusory surface figures inducing neon color spreading and transparency effects were used as test patterns. Participants made both of psychophysical judgments and of aesthetic judgments for the same test pattern. Both of geometrical illusions and aesthetic preferences were found to change similarly as a function of stimulus variables such as the number of filling lines and the size ratio of the inner and outer figural components. Also, following specific stimulus variables such as lightness contrast ratio and spatial interval between inducing figural elements (so called ``packmen''), strong effects of color spreading and transparency were accompanied with strong preferences. It seems that the paradigm to investigate aesthetic phenomena along with perceptual dimensions is useful to bridge the gap between experimental phenomenology and experimental aesthetics. (shrink)

明治の近代化のなかで、日本人が初めて海外に向けて、自国の文化の全体像を示した書である『武士道』。義、勇、仁、礼、信、そして名誉、忠義...。桜花にたとえられた武士の精神と、日本人の依って立つ思考や道徳 意識は、いかにして生まれたか。グローバル・スタンダードの荒波が押し寄せ、寄る辺ない風潮の漂う今だからこそ、本書を通して考える―日本とは、日本人とは何なのか、と。.

商品の魅惑と横暴さによって見えなくされている“資本”、それは「利子生み資本」とは異なる「つつましやかな資本」の可能条件である。「利潤」を生む資本と「剰余価値」を生む資本とを区分し、原発危機・経済危機を 産みだしている悪しき「ふとどきな資本」に分水嶺を設定し、物象化の構造化された諸構造を超えていく自己技術と資本パワーを示す、画期的な書。場所資本、環境資本、文化資本の理論場を切削する。.

西周の私塾での講義「百学連環」の講義録を現代の言葉に置き換え精読することで、文化の大転換期に学術全体をどう見ていたかに迫る。.