_The Lamp that Integrates the Practices_ is a systematic and comprehensive exposition of the most advanced yogas of the Esoteric Community Tantra as espoused by the Noble Tradition, an influential school of interpretation within the Mahayoga traditions of Indian Buddhist esoterism. Equal in authority to Nagarjuna's famous Five Stages, Aryadeva's work is perhaps the earliest prose example of the "stages of the mantra path" genre in Sanskrit. Its studied gradualism exerted immense influence on later Indian and Tibetan tradition, and it (...) is widely cited by masters from all four major lineages of Tibetan Buddhism. This volume presents the _Lamp_ in a tri-lingual format: its Sanskrit original critically-edited from recently-identified manuscripts, a critical edition of the eleventh-century Tibetan translation by Rin-chen Bzang-po, and a thoroughly-annotated English translation. Includes an introductory study discussing the history of the Guhyasamaja and its exegetical traditions, surveying the scriptural and commentarial sources of the Noble Tradition, and analyzing in detail the contents of the _Lamp_. Features a detailed, tri-lingual glossary. Published by American Institute of Buddhist Studies. (shrink)

Les études rassemblées dans cet ouvrage sont le fait de philosophes, de théoriciens des arts, d'écrivains et de plasticiens. Les auteurs ont voulu rencontrer Michel Guérin sur les chemins où il conduit sa pensée, et souhaité dialoguer avec lui à partir de leurs propres préoccupations ou présupposés. Michel Guérin s'intéresse au pouvoir des gestes de faire sens de manière intelligible et sensible d'un même tour; c'est ce qui explique sans doute pourquoi l'histoire des idées comme le regard porté sur les (...) ouvres d'art, et la conceptualisation des outils propres à l'aiguiser, ont sous sa plume un air de famille dont on rencontrera les effets dans ce recueil. Les contributions y reflètent l'étendue des domaines vers lesquels la Figurologie de Michel Guérin porte bénéfice, ainsi que la multiplicité des implications théoriques et pratiques de sa pensée transversale. Le chapitre initial regroupe des commentaires et des réponses au projet global du philosophe de générer des espaces par les Figures qu'il construit. Le second réunit différents gestes et coupes de sensibilité effectués par des amis artistes aussi bien que théoriciens, dont les intentions sont avant tout plastiques (différencier, donner rythme, donner forme). Dans la dernière partie, les auteurs tentent diversement de penser l'époque au sens où Michel Guérin l'entend, sur le plan éthique autant que sur les plans historique, esthétique et sociopolitique."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Mutawatir seven qiraats or ten qiraats It dates back to the time of the Prophet, It is known that the Companions recited these different recitations by presenting them to the Prophet. Although the reading styles of the Com-panions seemed contradictory at first, these readings, which were seen as controversial after the approval of the Prophet, were accepted. It is observed that different recitations, which were read independently and wit-hout being gathered, in the first period, were combined and read collectively as (...) of the fourth century. There-fore, it is important to know which of these two styles is correct and to resolve the conflicts on the subject. It is understood that the disagreements on this subject are related to the differences in the places where the recita-tions are read, and that the scholars have adopted different opinions for this reason. The fact that the recitati-ons are read individually or collectively during the Qur'an education phase brings to mind the idea that these two styles can also be applied in prayers, ceremonies and events, and on television and radio. In this study, the opinions of those who prefer to read the recitations individually and those who prefer to read together by combining the recitations are given. and it is thought to clarify the disputes on this subject. Mütevâtir yedi kıraat veya on kıraatin Hz. Peygamber dönemine dayandığı, sahabelerin bu farklı kıraatleri Hz. Peygambere arz ederek okudukları bilinmektedir. Sahabenin okuyuş tarzları başta birbirine zıt gibi görünse de Hz. Peygamber’in onayından sonra ihtilaflı görülen bu okuyuşlar kabul görmüştür. İlk dönemde birbirin-den bağımsız olarak ve cem‘ edilmeden okunan farklı kıraatlerin, hicri dördüncü asırdan itibaren birleştirile-rek topluca okunduğu müşahede edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu iki tarzdan hangisinin doğru olduğunun bilin-mesi ve konuyla ilgili ihtilafların giderilmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu konudaki ihtilafların, genel anlamda kıraatlerin okunduğu mekanların farklılığıyla ilgili olduğu ve âlimlerin bu nedenden ötürü farklı düşünceler benimsediği anlaşılmaktadır. Kur’an eğitimi safhasında kıraatlerin tek tek ya da topluca okutulması ve âlimle-rin her iki yöntemi de icra etmeleri, bu iki tarzın namazlarda, tören ve etkinliklerde, televizyon ve radyolarda da uygulanabileceği düşüncesini akla getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada ise, kıraatleri birebir okumayı tercih eden-lerle, kıraatleri birleştirerek topluca okumayı tercih edenlerin görüşlerine yer verilmesi ve bu konudaki ihti-laflara açıklık getirmesi düşünülmektedir. (shrink)

Complete works of Źu-chen Tshul-khrims-rin-chen, 1697-1774 on Buddhist philosophy, liturgical and rituals texts of Sakyapa sect.

In the case of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging, image processing is crucial. In the medical industry, MRI images are commonly used to analyze and diagnose tumor growth in the body. A number of successful brain tumor identification and classification procedures have been developed by various experts. Existing approaches face a number of obstacles, including detection time, accuracy, and tumor size. Early detection of brain tumors improves options for treatment and patient survival rates. Manually segmenting brain tumors from a significant (...) number of MRI data for brain tumor diagnosis is a tough and time-consuming task. Automatic image segmentation of brain tumors is required. The objective of this study is to evaluate the degree of accuracy and simplify the medical picture segmentation procedure used to identify the type of brain tumor from MRI results. Additionally, this work suggests a novel method for identifying brain malignancies utilizing the Bagging Ensemble with K-Nearest Neighbor (BKNN) in order to raise the KNN’s accuracy and quality rate. For image segmentation, a U-Net architecture is utilized first, followed by a bagging-based k-NN prediction algorithm for classification. The goal of employing U-Net is to improve the accuracy and uniformity of parameter distribution in the layers. Each decision tree is fitted on a little different training dataset during classification, and the bagged decision trees are effective since each tree has minor differences and generates slightly different skilled predictions. The overall classification accuracy was up to 97.7 percent, confirming the efficiency of the suggested strategy for distinguishing normal and pathological tissues from brain MR images; this is greater than the methods that are already in use. (shrink)

Study of rationalism in Urdu literature.

In the years 1919 to 1923, Otto Warburg published four papers that were to revolutionise the field of photosynthesis. In these articles, he introduced a number of new techniques to measure the rate of photosynthesis, put forward a new model of the mechanism and added a completely new perspective to the topic by attempting to establish the process’s efficiency in terms of the light quantum requirement. In this paper I trace the roots of Warburg’s series of contributions to photosynthesis research (...) by exploring three different contexts of inspiration: Warburg’s own research into cell respiration, his father’s work on the quantum yield of photochemical reactions in general and the photosynthesis work carried out by Richard Willstätter and Arthur Stoll. When these influences are considered together, it becomes clear that Warburg implemented a Building Block Strategy in his research: rather than inventing his photosynthesis model from scratch, he availed himself of fragments from other contexts, which he then recombined in a new and innovative way. This way of working is considered to be standard practice in scientific research. (shrink)

At first glance botanical illustrations of the eighteenth century might be interpreted as being naturalistic portraits of living plants. A more detailed investigation, however, reveals that the pictures were meant to communicate typical features of plant species in the way of a model. To this end, botanists of the period gave botanical draughtsmen specialist training; copying earlier examples and standardised motives from drawing books was a common part of this training. The practice of copying elements of previously published drawings and (...) integrating them into new pictures was also widespread. However, only carefully selected elements were taken over, and even these were improved in terms of their correctness and appropriateness to the new context. This procedure was a strategy that eighteenth-century botanists used so that they would present an illustration that met their own requirements more satisfactorily than existing depictions. From this perspective, botanical illustrations can serve as historical sources on the working practices of eighteenth-century botanists and draughtsmen, which are usually not mentioned in textual sources. (shrink)

A semantics for quantified modal logic is presented that is based on Kleene's notion of realizability. This semantics generalizes Flagg's 1985 construction of a model of a modal version of Church's Thesis and first-order arithmetic. While the bulk of the paper is devoted to developing the details of the semantics, to illustrate the scope of this approach, we show that the construction produces (i) a model of a modal version of Church's Thesis and a variant of a modal set theory (...) due to Goodman and Scedrov, (ii) a model of a modal version of Troelstra's generalized continuity principle together with a fragment of second-order arithmetic, and (iii) a model based on Scott's graph model (for the untyped lambda calculus) which witnesses the failure of the stability of non-identity. (shrink)