The concept of the energid (which refers to “energy,” or “vital force”; in modern terms, adenosine triphosphate, ATP) is that the smallest unity of life is the nucleus and the amount of protoplasm the nucleus can “control” metabolically. The concept of the cell as a nucleus-protoplasm “unit” confined by either a cell membrane or cell wall (e.g., mammalian or land plant cells) is rejected. Examples of multinucleate organisms such as coenocytic algae are presented as “proof of concept” of the energid. (...) [Abstract and keywords not in original.]. (shrink)

Julius Sachs (1832–1897), who has been quite rightly called “the father of plant physiology,” was a German physiologist of international standing, whose research interests contributed to virtually every branch of the plant sciences, and whose work presaged plant molecular biology and systems biology. Here, we focus on one of his last publications, from 1892, wherein he argued that the term “cell” (_Zelle_) is misleading and should be replaced by “energid” (_Energide_), which he defined as “a nucleus together with (...) the corresponding protoplasm that is governed by it,” based on his observations of coenocytic algae such as _Caulerpa_ whose nuclei “can only control” so much cytoplasm. Although most of his colleagues did not accept this novel terminology for the description of the “basic, minimal living unit” (_Elementarorganismus_) of animals, plants, and microbes, we argue that the energid concept prefigured the subsequent discovery of mRNA. We also argue that the resistance to the energid concept revolved around a deep-seated philosophical debate between those adhering to cell theory versus organismal theory. The first English translation of the seminal work by Sachs, “Physiologische Notizen. II. Beiträge zur Zellentheorie. a) Energiden und Zellen,” originally published in _Flora_ (75: 57–67, 1892), is provided as a separate article in this volume as part of the journal’s “Classics in Biological Theory” collection ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-022-00399-w ); the original German version is available here as supplementary material in the online version of this article. (shrink)

The civilisation of space and the civilisation of time -- The breed of the evasive man -- The third sex -- Negrified America -- The decay of words -- The psychoanalysis of skiing -- The myth and fallacy of irrationalism -- The Olympian ideal and natural law -- The taste for vulgarity -- The laughter of the gods -- The concept of initiation -- Freedom of sex and freedom from sex -- Romanness, germanicness, and the 'light of the north' -- (...) Subliminal influences and 'intelligent stupidity' -- The myth of east and west and the 'meeting of religions' -- The youth, the beats, and right-wing anarchists -- Initiatic centres and history -- The metaphysics of sex and the 'one' -- What 'tradition' is. (shrink)

In economic theory it is circumstances that dictate fashion. During the last quarter of the century, years marked by an unprecedented escalation of material production, economists of all persuasions, neoclassicals or Marxists, accorded an important place to theories of growth. Economic reductionism being fundamental, development was likened to growth, which tends to take pars pro toto and to ignore the difference between a necessary condition and a sufficient one. Suddenly economic theory, to which mechanical formalization would confer the appearance of (...) an almost scientific rigour, became a powerful argument for the ideology of growth. (shrink)

I argue that Quine’s naturalization of Lewis’s Kantian pragmatism should be understood in terms of Lewis’s attempt to de-psychologize pragmatist epistemology. Lewis wants epistemology to be a priori in order to be distinct from psychology. Quine’s criticisms of Lewis result in a picture that weakens the distinction between epistemology and psychology. Nevertheless, Quine’s naturalized Kantian pragmatism remains far more Kantian than is widely recognized, due to what Quine retains from Lewis.

Die wirtschaftliche und soziale Bedeutung der Juden im Mittelalter.--John Spencer's Erklärung der biblischen Gesetze in ihrer Beziehung zu Maimonides.--Max Webers Soziologie des antiken Judentums.--Zu Gabirols allegorischer Deutung der Erzählung vom Paradies.--Das Problem der Willensfreiheit bei Ḥasdai Crescas und den islamschen Aristotelikern.--Religion und Wissenschaft im mittelalterlichen und im modernen Denken.--Zur Kritik der Offenbarungsreligion in der islamischen und jüdischen Philosophie.--[Le-ḥeḳer ha-meḳorot shel Sefer ha-ʻiḳarim].--Die Akademie für die Wissenschaft des Judentums.--Die religiösen Motive in der Philosophie des Maimonides.--Das Problem der Kontingenz in der Philosophie (...) des Maimonides.--Die Normierung des Glaubensinhalts im Judentum.--Hermann Cohens Ethik. (shrink)

East & West collects 18 essays and reviews in East-West comparative philosophy and religion. Evola's goal is not simply to identify superficial doctrinal parallels between Eastern and Western traditions, but to use these comparisons to uncover their common root, the one underlying Tradition that is the central focus of his work.

I argue that Sellars's philosophy of perception can be reconciled with recent work in enactive cognitive science. Sellars's critical realism holds that we perceive physical objects with perceptible properties as causally mediated by how these objects affect our sensory receptors. I argue that this theory, while basically right, downplays the role of embodiment in perception: perception essentially involves sensorimotor abilities. I argue that embodied critical realism can resolve the debate between Coates and Noe.

Die Grundprobleme der Logik ist ein unveränderter, hochwertiger Nachdruck der Originalausgabe aus dem Jahr 1895. Hansebooks ist Herausgeber von Literatur zu unterschiedlichen Themengebieten wie Forschung und Wissenschaft, Reisen und Expeditionen, Kochen und Ernährung, Medizin und weiteren Genres.Der Schwerpunkt des Verlages liegt auf dem Erhalt historischer Literatur.Viele Werke historischer Schriftsteller und Wissenschaftler sind heute nur noch als Antiquitäten erhältlich. Hansebooks verlegt diese Bücher neu und trägt damit zum Erhalt selten gewordener Literatur und historischem Wissen auch für die Zukunft bei.

Excerpt from Kants Gottesbegriff in Seiner Positiven Entwicklung Die zu Anfang der sechziger Jahre von Kant vollzogene Wendung zum Empirismus lasst auch seine Gotteslehre nicht nu beruhrt, wenn sie auch so stark rationalistische Gedanken wre den Gottesbeweis aus der Moglichkeit unangetastet lasst. Der neugewonnene Kantische Gedanke der Realrepugnanz notigt Kant. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses (...) state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.". (shrink)

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o conhecimento teórico de conselhos tutelares sobre o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente e suas atuações a partir disso. Para isso, realizamos entrevistas com dois conselhos por meio de um questionário. As respostas foram dadas por escrito e, com elas, pudemos notar convergências e divergências entre esses conselhos. Com a análise, percebemos que cada conselho possui um olhar no seu trabalho, porém ambos possuem consciência de que seu dever é o de proteger e (...) garantir os direitos das crianças e dos adolescentes. Ambos os conselhos admitiram existir interação com a escola, porém, ela se restringe ao controle de frequência e da evasão escolar. Também, ambos remetem casos de violação de direitos à realidade social, afirmando que fatores econômicos não são determinantes nesses atos, porém, nos casos de famílias em situações econômicas desfavoráveis, o conselho tutelar é acionado. Por fim, enquanto um dos conselhos diz que aquele que viola algum direito da criança ou do adolescente deve ser responsabilizado, outro afirma que ele deve intervir com medidas educativas para resgatas a proteção do menor. Concluímos que os conselhos conhecem seus deveres, porém deixam a desejar no que tange à relação com as escolas. (shrink)

Kant.--Stammler.--Critiek van Binder. Anticritiek.--Proeve van methodologische critiek aan de hand van Stammler's theorie (zuivere rechtsleer) Jellinek's "Allgemeine staatslehre.".

The increasing prevalence of ecologically sustainable products in consumer markets, such as organic produce, are generally assumed to curtail anthropogenic impacts on the environment. Here I intend to present an alternative perspective on sustainable production by interpreting the relationship between recent rises in organic agriculture and greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production. I construct two time series fixed-effects panel regressions to estimate how increases in organic farmland impact greenhouse gas emissions derived from agricultural production. My analysis finds that the rise (...) of certified organic production in the United States is not correlated with declines in greenhouse gas emissions derived specifically from agricultural production, and on the contrary is associated positively overall agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. To make sense of this finding, I embed my research within the conventionalization thesis. As a result I argue that the recent USDA certification of organic farming has generated a bifurcated organic market, where one form of organic farming works as a sustainable counterforce to conventional agriculture and the other works to increase the economic accessibility of organic farming through weakening practice standards most conducive to reducing agricultural greenhouse gas output. Additionally, I construct my own theoretical framework known as the displacement paradox to further interpret my findings. (shrink)

Julius Evola was a renowned Dadaist artist, Idealist philosopher, critic of politics and Fascism, 'mystic, ' anti-modernist, and scholar of world religions. Evola was all of these things, but he saw each of them as no more than stops along the path to life's true goal: the realisation of oneself as a truly absolute and free individual living one's life in accordance with the eternal doctrines of the Primordial Tradition. Much more than an autobiography, The Cinnabar Path in describing (...) the course of Evola's life illuminates how the traditionally-oriented individual might avoid the many pitfalls awaiting him in the modern world. More a record of Evola's thought process than a recitation of biographical facts, one will here find the distilled essence of a lifetime spent in pursuit of wisdom, in what is surely one of his most important works. (shrink)

Friedrich Brunstäd, von Haus aus Philosoph in der Tradition Hegels, galt lange als vergessener Theologe des 20. Jahrhunderts, obwohl er zu Lebzeiten über eine grosse Wirksamkeit verfügte. Die vorliegende Studie entreisst ihn dem Vergessen und verortet ihn grundlegend in der theologisch-philosophischen Landschaft seiner Zeit. Brunstäd arbeitete an einer theologischen Hegel-Rezeption, die die programmatische Weichenstellung des Hegel'schen Ansatzes, die Philosophie der Theologie überzuordnen, bewusst nicht mitvollzog. In seinen sozialethischen Grundüberzeugungen wurde er von Reinhold Seeberg geprägt, den er in der Weimarer Republik (...) als Vordenker des christlich-sozialen Protestantismus beerbte. Brunstäd übte als Mitglied im Hauptvorstand der DNVP zeitweilig auch politisch einigen Einfluss aus. Nach 1933 galt sein Interesse der Wahrung der kirchenpolitischen und theologischen Integrität des Luthertums. Die vorliegende Studie erschliesst zum einen das hohe Reflexionsniveau seiner Hegel-Rezeption, zum anderen zeigt sie anhand seiner Person zentrale Problemstellungen im politischen Weg des deutschen Protestantismus nach 1918 auf. (shrink)

A controversial philosopher and critic of modern Western civilization, Julius Evola (1898-1974) writes about the mystical and spiritual expression of sexual love. This in-depth study explores the sexual rites of sacred traditions, and shows how religion, mysticism, folklore, and mythology all contain erotic forms in which the deep potentialities of human beings are recognized.

'The nobility must awaken, or else resign itself to perish, and not even gloriously: to perish by corrosion and fatal submersion. To awaken - that means: to become once more, at any cost, a political class.' Metaphysics of Power is a collection of Julius Evola's powerfully argued articles organised into areas key to Evola's thought: the State, Education, Family, Liberty & Duty, Monarchy, Empire, Modern Society, and Aristocracy. Coursing through much of Evola's work represented here is the key notion (...) of the four-caste system: king, warrior, merchant, and laborer; which is clearly explicated in Decline of the Idea of the State and often referred to in other articles. The theme - namely the deviation from this ancient and nearly universal tradition - is part of the bedrock of Evola's critique on why the modern state often fails. Various articles in this work touch on sensitive themes and demonstrate Evola's nuanced approaches to issues such as divorce, the Catholic Church's understanding of marriage, and individualism, but also handle with humor educational approaches such as the Montessori School, feminism, bureaucracy, and Europe's modern nobility. Most of these articles are translated here for the first time and offer the reader - in strong, erudite English matching Evola's strong, erudite Italian - a deeper dive into Evola's thoughts, philosophy, and opinions, while the tone of these articles ranges from patient and pedagogical to brutal and scathing. Metaphysics of Power represents a must-have for the seasoned disciple of Evola's philosophy, but is also a unique opportunity for the novice in traditionalist studies as it offers smaller, tighter explanations of Evola's views on key issues. (shrink)