The neuroscientific naturalism poses a challenge to any philosophical attempt to determine human nature. Although the neurosciences describe the cognitive capacities of human beings as something that is socially acquired, they lack adequate reflection on the social forms in which these capacities emerge and thereby tend to naturalize not only human beings, but society as a whole. In an attempt to find alternatives to the neuroscientific naturalism, the authors refer to the traditions of Critical Theory and psychoanalysis, which enable a (...) different understanding of human nature. This is followed by the debate between Honneth and Whitebook on the question of an anti- or pre-social self, and in reference to Adorno and Lorenzer, the authors develop a concept of second nature that allows them to adhere to the dynamics of the material nature and sociality within the human subject. (shrink)