The timing of the Japanese Government's acceptance of the United Nations multilateral treaties governing several environmental concerns indicates Japan's priorities: biodiversity, global warming, and depletion of the ozone layer. Banning transboundary movement of hazardous wastes is the least prioritized, as indicated by Japan's failure to accept the Ban Amendment to the Basel Convention. The Japanese Environment Agency's policy statements and budget allocations between 1985 and 2000, as well as other official statements and programs, likewise indicate the same priorities. Moreover, of (...) the three priorities, global warming is the top. (shrink)

There is a question that has not been raised in the literature on Japan's regionalism: Why does it have a strong tendency toward making the boundary of the proposed East Asian community fluid? By looking back beyond the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere of the 1940s, a method hitherto untried, the paper shows that this Japanese propensity was also present in the first half of the twentieth century, especially in the 1920s and 1930s. Moreover, both then and now, Japan did (...) not and does not have a firm adherence to an ideology. These are two similarities between the pre-World War II period and the present (from the 1960s). On the other hand, Japan's present international situation is very different from its pre-World War II position. The paper uses the logic of the comparative method, which states that in two cases that are different in most aspects but the same in some, one or some of the similarities may explain the other similarity or similarities. It concludes that in both periods, the lack of a firm commitment to an ideology explains Japan's prejudice toward boundary fluidity. This explanation has the potential to contribute to a more comprehensive, if not yet a general theory of Japan's approach to regionalism because it applies not only to the present, but to the past as well. And it has to be stressed, the past refers not only to the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere of the 1940s but also to the decades before. (shrink)

A reconstrução racional do programa de pesquisa do racionalismo clássico sob a perspectiva da abordagem de solução de problemas.

Challenges to Legal Theory offers the reader a fascinating journey though a variety of multi-disciplinary topics, ranging from law and literature, and law and religion, to legal philosophy and constitutional law. The collection reflects some of the challenges that the field of legal theory currently faces. It is compiled by a selection of international and Spanish scholars, whose essays are made available in English translation for the first time. The volume is based on a collection of essays, published in Spanish, (...) in honour of Professor José Iturmendi Morales, of Complutense University, Madrid, and brings the rich scholarship of pre-eminent Spanish scholars of law and legal theory to an international audience. (shrink)

La restauración borbónica en España se extendió entre el 29 de diciembre de 1874 (pronunciamiento de Martínez Campos) y el 14 de abril de 1931 (proclamación de la Segunda República española). José Ortega y Gasset nació en 1883 y vivió casi medio siglo, 48 años, en este periodo. Durante el mismo desarrolló parte de su trabajo. Sin embargo, la fragilidad del sistema político, social y económico que desembocó en la II República y más tarde en la Guerra Civil española motivó (...) una obra de Ortega que fue recibida desde unas tensiones que en gran medida la hicieron incomprensible en unos casos, enemiga en otros, pero también, al mismo tiempo, atractiva, genuina, cercana, universal y necesaria para gran parte del público. Estas líneas receptivas se agudizaron a partir de la Guerra Civil española. El presente estudio las recorre por las distintas generaciones de autores desde los marcos filosóficos, las líneas políticas, las posiciones hacia la religión y, especialmente, un sinfronismo que el propio Ortega toma gracias a la vida que magníficamente refleja Azorín en su libro Un pueblecito: Riofrío de Ávila. Ortega, filósofo in partibus infidelium, se constituyó así en una especie de figura paterna de un cuerpo frágil que, sin embargo, logró, a pesar de los grandes contratiempos, asimilar y valorar su obra hasta consolidar e influir en las nuevas generaciones de pensadores llegando a nuestros días. (shrink)

In this article, we review the conceptions of Collective Effervescence –a state of intense shared emotional activation and sense of unison that emerges during instances of collective behavior, like demonstrations, rituals, ceremonies, celebrations, and others– and empirical approaches oriented at measuring it. The first section starts examining Émile Durkheim's classical conception on CE, and then, the integrative one proposed by the sociologist Randall Collins, leading to a multi-faceted experience of synchronization. Then, we analyze the construct as a process emerging in (...) collective encounters when individuals contact with social ideal and values, referring to the classical work of Serge Moscovici as well as those more recent empirical approaches. Third, we consider CE as a set of intense positive emotions linked to processes of group identification, as proposed by authors of the Social Identity Theory tradition. Finally, we describe CE from the perspective of self-transcendence, and propose a unified description of this construct. The second section shows the results of a meta-analytical integration aimed at analyzing CE's proximal effects or construct validity as well as its association with more distal variables, such as Collective Emotions, Social Integration, Social Values and Beliefs and Empowerment. Results indicate that CE strongly associates with Individual Emotions –in particular, Self-Transcendent Emotions– and Communal Sharing constructs, providing construct validity. Among the distal effects of CE, it is associated with Collective Positive Emotions, long-term Social Integration, Social Values and Beliefs and Empowerment-related variables. Among the moderation analyses carried out, the effects of CE in demonstrations are noticeable, where this variable is a factor that favors other variables that make collective action possible, such as Group Identity, Collective Efficacy, Negative and Self-Transcendent Emotions, and Morality-related beliefs. (shrink)

8 March, now known as International Women’s Day, is a day for feminist claims where demonstrations are organized in over 150 countries, with the participation of millions of women all around the world. These demonstrations can be viewed as collective rituals and thus focus attention on the processes that facilitate different psychosocial effects. This work aims to explore the mechanisms involved in participation in the demonstrations of 8 March 2020, collective and ritualized feminist actions, and their correlates associated with personal (...) well-being and collective well-being, collective efficacy and collective growth, and behavioral intention to support the fight for women’s rights. To this end, a cross-cultural study was conducted with the participation of 2,854 people from countries in Latin America and Europe, with a retrospective correlational cross-sectional design and a convenience sample. Participants were divided between demonstration participants and non-demonstrators or followers who monitored participants through the media and social networks. Compared with non-demonstrators and with males, female and non-binary gender respondents had greater scores in mechanisms and criterion variables. Further random-effects model meta-analyses revealed that the perceived emotional synchrony was consistently associated with more proximal mechanisms, as well as with criterion variables. Finally, sequential moderation analyses showed that proposed mechanisms successfully mediated the effects of participation on every criterion variable. These results indicate that participation in 8M marches and demonstrations can be analyzed through the literature on collective rituals. As such, collective participation implies positive outcomes both individually and collectively, which are further reinforced through key psychological mechanisms, in line with a Durkheimian approach to collective rituals. (shrink)

In this paper Marie-Jose N'zengou-Tayo draws on a variety of sources, both historical and contemporary, to describe the journey of Haitian women from nineteenth-century post-War of Independence, to present-day Haitian society. The paper is divided in two sections. In the first, the author traces a brief social history of women, quoting anthropological and sociological studies from the 1930s to the 1970s. She begins with rural peasant women noting their significant involvement in farming, marketing and in the internal food trade sector. (...) The development of polygamy and common law unions as the most common form of conjugal union is seen as a practical response to survival in rural Haiti. The author notes the major impact on women's lives of continued political upheavals, violent repression, rural degradation and migration to the cities. Opportunities for employment in a deprived urban setting, and women's initiatives in income generating are also described under the Duvalier regimes. A brief overview of the lives of the middle class is included, although there is a paucity of research in this area available to the author. Violence against women is a regular threat facing domestic workers, and a means of repression used by the state against women across classes. In the second section N'Zengou-Tayo addresses the literary representation of Haitian women by both female and male Haitian writers. The paper examines how female writers have developed subversive narrative strategies to shape a female identity in order to break away from the stereotypes portrayed in men's writing. N'Zengou-Tayo concludes that the tremendous contribution of Haitian women to their society has neither been recognized nor documented. Despite this, the resilience of Haitian women, whether in their daily lives or in their writing, has enabled them to make strides towards improving their lives. (shrink)

A incorporação econômica gradual da livre circulação de bens, pessoas, serviço ou capitais e a paulatina reengenharia da homogeneização tecnológica e social dos povos da terra não dispensam uma concepção política prévia do sumo bem político que consiste na paz perpétua. O artigo tem por objeto o contratualismo kantiano e trata das formas organizacionais planetárias de Kant. O texto busca esclarecer como Kant vê, elabora e soluciona o problema de um dever moral condenado a acercar-se progressivamente de um ideal racional (...) que permanece historicamente desconhecido. Para o autor, Kant traça o tempo da história segundo o esquema da razão do direito. (shrink)

O artigo retoma a interpretação de Macpherson do estado natural e a confronta com a concepção hobbesiana da verdadeira liberdade dos súditos. O trabalho expõe os desafios teóricos do fisicalismo vital na obra de Hobbes e assume e posição de que o teórico político inglês não prova que os homens evitam pela luta e ou pela fuga a morte violenta movidos unicamente por uma necessidade natural.

O trabalho apresenta o encaminhamento dado ao fato kantiano da razão em dois artigos recentes e retoma, a seguir, a discussão em torno do sentimento do respeito pela lei moral para concluir que a concepção fichteana de razão prática configura o primeiro mal-entendido do Faktum.

Para Kant, a luta pelo aprimoramento do direito é travada com as armas da argumentação. Trata-se de emancipar a comunidade jurídica da tutela oriunda do senhorio violento das origens. rumo ao Estado republicano. O processo desemboca na constituição de um Estado estabelecido pela união de uma multidão de seres humanos submetida a leis de direito, no qual o povo exerce, na figura de seus representantes, a soberania e os poderes da República estão comprometidos com a eficácia do direito. O artigo (...) expõe tópicos do pensamento político do pensador alemão e destaca traços relevantes da filosofia da história no Kant tardio. O trabalho visa contribuir para o debate político, jurídico e filosó-fico atual sobre globalização e o futuro do Estado nacional de direito. (shrink)

A Doutrina do direito apenas nas últimas décadas voltou a merecer o interesse dos estudiosos da filosofia. O presente texto procura mostrar a filiação iluminista da ciência kantiana do direito. O artigo privilegia o caráter racional das concepções jurídicas do pensador alemão.

A incorporação econômica gradual da livre circulação de bens, pessoas, serviço ou capitais e a paulatina reengenharia da homogeneização tecnológica e social dos povos da terra não dispensam uma concepção política prévia do sumo bem político que consiste na paz perpétua. O artigo tem por objeto o contratualismo kantiano e trata das formas organizacionais planetárias de Kant. O texto busca esclarecer como Kant vê, elabora e soluciona o problema de um dever moral condenado a acercar-se progressivamente de um ideal racional (...) que permanece historicamente desconhecido. Para o autor, Kant traça o tempo da história segundo o esquema da razão do direito. (shrink)

A Doutrina do direito é um dos últimos trabalhos de Kant. Recomposto para uma nova editoração, o texto tem merecido a atenção de e teóricos do direito. A presente contribuição examina a repercussão da obra jurídica de Kant nos escritos recentes de Tugendhat, um dos críticos mais notórios do pensamento kantiano. O artigo privilegia asrelações entre direito e moral, procura dar uma feição mais nítida à chamada razão trivial, tendo em vista as clássicas objeções de Hegel à razão prática kantiana.

Neste artigo, o autor apresenta osproblemas relacionados ao jusnaturalismo -posição que prescreve um conjunto de normaspara a conduta humana, anteriores àquilo que éfixado pelo Estado.

O ensaio expõe a posição kantiana tardia em relação ao direito e à ética, com destaque para as noções de direito subjetivo e de dever jurídico intemo. Trata-se de mostrar a originalidade de Kant na última versão redacional das doutrinas do direito e da virtude. O trabalho realça a contribuição do direito racional kantiano para os limites da dogmática jurídica atual em face da crescente juridificação das ciênciasnormativas.

Today it is possible to screen for mutated DNA sequences which do not induce any diseases but predispose to develop diseases under certain environmental condition. These latter disorders are called multifactorial since they result from the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Among multifactorial disorders there are job-related diseases whose genetic component can be identified by genetic screening tests. The use of these tests to predict occupational disorders, to cut down on them, and to save costs—in particular for absenteeism, health (...) care, and lawsuits—is of interest to employers and insurers. As for employees, it could entail an extremely deep invasion of privacy, economic problems and, very likely, a jeopardy of the present position of the individual who may be screened even if his/her potential disease is never developed. (shrink)

Richard Rorty claims that philosophy can either be seen as a practice whose primary goal is to show the interrelationship between the different practices in our society or as a discipline whose main aim is to discover the essence of the objects we posit as well as the normative concepts we employ in different discourses. Michel Foucault’s works have usually been associated with the initial characterization of philosophy mentioned above. However, in what follows, I demonstrate how Foucault’s general theme, what (...) he dubs “the discourse of true and false,” intersects with the view that philosophy is the search for the nature of the normative notions we employ in different discourses. In a similar manner, I demonstrate how Foucault’s conception of truth conforms to minimalism’s schema for truth. Though his theme’s intersection with the characterization of philosophy as the search for universal categories and essences is in line with his criticism of how discourses dictate the ways of constituting, seeing and compartmentalizing an object, the manner in which his conception of truth conforms to minimalism’s schema for truth leads to a paradoxical situation for his conception of truth may also be seen as a byproduct of a discourse about truth itself. Keywords - Rorty, Foucault, truth, minimalism, deflationism, discourse of true and false. (shrink)

SÍNTESE - o artigo sumaria o modo peculiar como Kant lida com o estado de natureza hobbesiano e estabelece o espaço público do meum vel tuum extemum na Doutrina do Direito. O texto visa realçar a originalidade de Kant como filósofo político.

The study of human behaviour, and the minds that produce that behaviour, has been an occupation of scholars, artists, and philosophers for millennia. But it was not until the turn of the twentieth century that psychology came into its own as a distinct field of study—and, more importantly, as a scientifically legitimate field of study. When we view psychology as a science, certain questions naturally emerge: what sorts of phenomena does psychology seek to explain? What is distinctive about the kinds (...) of explanations adduced in this science? How do these explanations integrate with theories and explanations in other fields of study? Does psychology aim to explain all mental phenomena, or are there some areas, such as consciousness, that will be forever beyond its explanatory powers? Due to its very nature, psychology is a field that both philosophers and scientists have critically examined over the years. This critical examination has, in turn, generated a literature that is voluminous, heavily contested, and increasingly technical. To help users to make sense of this large and complex scholarly corpus, this new four-volume collection from Routledge is both comprehensive and sensitive to the ongoing nature of debates in the field. Two expert editors have carefully assembled classic contributions, as well as more recent work, to create an indispensable ‘mini library’ of the best and most influential scholarship in the philosophy of psychology. With a comprehensive index and newly written introductions by the editors, The Philosophy of Psychology will be welcomed by a broad range of scholars, researchers, and advanced students, especially those working in philosophy, psychology, linguistics, and cognitive science. (shrink)

Aunque política y ciencia constituyen hoy en día ramas casi antagónicas del conocimiento humano -acaso combinables en ámbitos ficcionales como el cine y la literatura-, la relación entre filosofía política y astronomía es una constante histórica que alcanza especial fuerza en el pensamiento emancipatorio del siglo xix. El presente artículo sitúa en ese marco La eternidad por los astros y, asimismo, somete a contraste la peculiaridad retórica e ideológica de esta obra, en donde Louis-Auguste Blanqui propone una contigüidad entre orbe (...) celeste y sociedades humanas, basada en su análogo funcionamiento y su común atavismo. (shrink)

If Unamuno had been able to choose how to be remembered, he would have wanted him to be a poet. This book wants to do justice to that happy possibility. But above all because Unamuno was a poet in the highest sense: he was while writing the same essay as a novel, or theater, letter or verse, and he was also a poet when he passionately lived all the facets of his intense existence. His intellectual work was poetic and his (...) personal relationships, as well as his political activity, also responded to that peculiar Unamunian aesthetic in which the vital horizon is inescapably confused with the tasks of thought." --Translated from back cover. (shrink)

O ensaio expõe a posição kantiana tardia em relação ao direito e à ética, comdestaque para as noções de direito subjetivo e de dever jurídico interno. Trata-se de mostrar aoriginalidade de Kant na última versão redacional das doutrinas do direito e da virtude. Otrabalho realça a contribuição do direito racional kantiano para os limites da dogmática jurídicaatual em face da crescente juridificação das ciências normativas.