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John Symons [75]John Francis Symons [1]John William David Symons [1]John F. Symons [1]
  1. Epistemic injustice and data science technologies.John Symons & Ramón Alvarado - 2022 - Synthese 200 (2):1-26.
    Technologies that deploy data science methods are liable to result in epistemic harms involving the diminution of individuals with respect to their standing as knowers or their credibility as sources of testimony. Not all harms of this kind are unjust but when they are we ought to try to prevent or correct them. Epistemically unjust harms will typically intersect with other more familiar and well-studied kinds of harm that result from the design, development, and use of data science technologies. However, (...)
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  2.  78
    Epistemic Entitlements and the Practice of Computer Simulation.John Symons & Ramón Alvarado - 2019 - Minds and Machines 29 (1):37-60.
    What does it mean to trust the results of a computer simulation? This paper argues that trust in simulations should be grounded in empirical evidence, good engineering practice, and established theoretical principles. Without these constraints, computer simulation risks becoming little more than speculation. We argue against two prominent positions in the epistemology of computer simulation and defend a conservative view that emphasizes the difference between the norms governing scientific investigation and those governing ordinary epistemic practices.
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  3.  82
    Software Intensive Science.John Symons & Jack Horner - 2014 - Philosophy and Technology 27 (3):461-477.
    This paper argues that the difference between contemporary software intensive scientific practice and more traditional non-software intensive varieties results from the characteristically high conditionality of software. We explain why the path complexity of programs with high conditionality imposes limits on standard error correction techniques and why this matters. While it is possible, in general, to characterize the error distribution in inquiry that does not involve high conditionality, we cannot characterize the error distribution in inquiry that depends on software. Software intensive (...)
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  4.  78
    Can we trust Big Data? Applying philosophy of science to software.John Symons & Ramón Alvarado - 2016 - Big Data and Society 3 (2).
    We address some of the epistemological challenges highlighted by the Critical Data Studies literature by reference to some of the key debates in the philosophy of science concerning computational modeling and simulation. We provide a brief overview of these debates focusing particularly on what Paul Humphreys calls epistemic opacity. We argue that debates in Critical Data Studies and philosophy of science have neglected the problem of error management and error detection. This is an especially important feature of the epistemology of (...)
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  5.  84
    Reconciling Ontic Structural Realism and Ontological Emergence.João L. Cordovil, Gil C. Santos & John Symons - 2023 - Foundations of Science 28 (1):1-20.
    While ontic structural realism (OSR) has been a central topic in contemporary philosophy of science, the relation between OSR and the concept of emergence has received little attention. We will argue that OSR is fully compatible with emergentism. The denial of ontological emergence requires additional assumptions that, strictly speaking, go beyond OSR. We call these _physicalist closure assumptions._ We will explain these assumptions and show that they are independent of the central commitments of OSR and inconsistent with its core goals. (...)
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  6.  90
    Epistemic logic.John Symons - unknown
    Epistemic logic is the logic of knowledge and belief. It provides insight into the properties of individual knowers, has provided a means to model complicated scenarios involving groups of knowers and has improved our understanding of the dynamics of inquiry.
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  7.  50
    Value judgments in a COVID-19 vaccination model: A case study in the need for public involvement in health-oriented modelling.Stephanie Harvard, Eric Winsberg, John Symons & Amin Adibi - 2021 - Social Science and Medicine 114323 (286).
    Scientific modelling is a value-laden process: the decisions involved can seldom be made using ‘scientific’ criteria alone, but rather draw on social and ethical values. In this paper, we draw on a body of philosophical literature to analyze a COVID-19 vaccination model, presenting a case study of social and ethical value judgments in health-oriented modelling. This case study urges us to make value judgments in health-oriented models explicit and interpretable by non-experts and to invite public involvement in making them.
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  8. Intuition and philosophical methodology.John Symons - 2008 - Axiomathes 18 (1):67-89.
    Intuition serves a variety of roles in contemporary philosophy. This paper provides a historical discussion of the revival of intuition in the 1970s, untangling some of the ways that intuition has been used and offering some suggestions concerning its proper place in philosophical investigation. Contrary to some interpretations of the results of experimental philosophy, it is argued that generalized skepticism with respect to intuition is unwarranted. Intuition can continue to play an important role as part of a methodologically conservative stance (...)
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  9.  22
    Why There is no General Solution to the Problem of Software Verification.John Symons & Jack K. Horner - 2020 - Foundations of Science 25 (3):541-557.
    How can we be certain that software is reliable? Is there any method that can verify the correctness of software for all cases of interest? Computer scientists and software engineers have informally assumed that there is no fully general solution to the verification problem. In this paper, we survey approaches to the problem of software verification and offer a new proof for why there can be no general solution.
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  10.  42
    Why There is no General Solution to the Problem of Software Verification.John Symons & Jack J. Horner - 2020 - Foundations of Science 25 (3):541-557.
    How can we be certain that software is reliable? Is there any method that can verify the correctness of software for all cases of interest? Computer scientists and software engineers have informally assumed that there is no fully general solution to the verification problem. In this paper, we survey approaches to the problem of software verification and offer a new proof for why there can be no general solution.
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  11.  51
    Software engineering standards for epidemiological models.Jack K. Horner & John F. Symons - 2020 - History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 42 (4):1-24.
    There are many tangled normative and technical questions involved in evaluating the quality of software used in epidemiological simulations. In this paper we answer some of these questions and offer practical guidance to practitioners, funders, scientific journals, and consumers of epidemiological research. The heart of our paper is a case study of the Imperial College London covid-19 simulator, set in the context of recent work in epistemology of simulation and philosophy of epidemiology.
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  12.  32
    Understanding Error Rates in Software Engineering: Conceptual, Empirical, and Experimental Approaches.Jack K. Horner & John Symons - 2019 - Philosophy and Technology 32 (2):363-378.
    Software-intensive systems are ubiquitous in the industrialized world. The reliability of software has implications for how we understand scientific knowledge produced using software-intensive systems and for our understanding of the ethical and political status of technology. The reliability of a software system is largely determined by the distribution of errors and by the consequences of those errors in the usage of that system. We select a taxonomy of software error types from the literature on empirically observed software errors and compare (...)
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  13. Experimental philosophy within its proper bounds.John Symons - 2022 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 65 (5):586-606.
    ABSTRACT In Philosophy Within its Proper Bounds, Édouard Machery argues that the results of experimental philosophy should lead us to abandon much of traditional philosophical practice. In its place Machery defends naturalized conceptual analysis as a more modest and pragmatic alternative to standard analytic philosophy. This paper argues that Machery overstates the metaphilosophical significance of x-phi’s results. We can and should keep many of the insights and good methodological habits that come with x-phi. However, if one is not already convinced (...)
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  14.  67
    How Computational Models Predict the Behavior of Complex Systems.John Symons & Fabio Boschetti - 2013 - Foundations of Science 18 (4):809-821.
    In this paper, we argue for the centrality of prediction in the use of computational models in science. We focus on the consequences of the irreversibility of computational models and on the conditional or ceteris paribus, nature of the kinds of their predictions. By irreversibility, we mean the fact that computational models can generally arrive at the same state via many possible sequences of previous states. Thus, while in the natural world, it is generally assumed that physical states have a (...)
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  15.  29
    Reply to Angius and Primiero on Software Intensive Science.Jack Horner & John Symons - 2014 - Philosophy and Technology 27 (3):491-494.
    This paper provides a reply to articles by Nicola Angius and Guiseppe Primiero responding to our paper “Software Intensive Science”.
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  16.  99
    Where’s the Bridge? Epistemology and Epistemic Logic.Vincent F. Hendricks & John Symons - 2006 - Philosophical Studies 128 (1):137-167.
    Epistemic logic begins with the recognition that our everyday talk about knowing and believing has some systematic features that we can track and re‡ect upon. Epistemic logicians have studied and extended these glints of systematic structure in fascinating and important ways since the early 1960s. However, for one reason or another, mainstream epistemologists have shown little interest. It is striking to contrast the marginal role of epistemic logic in contemporary epistemology with the centrality of modal logic for metaphysicians. This article (...)
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  17. Computational Models of Emergent Properties.John Symons - 2008 - Minds and Machines 18 (4):475-491.
    Computational modeling plays an increasingly important explanatory role in cases where we investigate systems or problems that exceed our native epistemic capacities. One clear case where technological enhancement is indispensable involves the study of complex systems.1 However, even in contexts where the number of parameters and interactions that define a problem is small, simple systems sometimes exhibit non-linear features which computational models can illustrate and track. In recent decades, computational models have been proposed as a way to assist us in (...)
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  18.  61
    Value judgments in a covid-19 vaccine model.Eric Winsberg, Stephanie Harvard & John Symons - 2021 - Social Science and Medicine 286.
    Scientific modelling is a value-laden process: the decisions involved can seldom be made using 'scientific' criteria alone, but rather draw on social and ethical values. In this paper, we draw on a body of philosophical literature to analyze a COVID-19 vaccination model, presenting a case study of social and ethical value judgments in health-oriented modelling. This case study urges us to make value judgments in health-oriented models explicit and interpretable by non-experts and to invite public involvement in making them.
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  19.  76
    The Architecture of Cognition: Rethinking Fodor and Pylyshyn's Systematicity Challenge.Paco Calvo & John Symons (eds.) - 2014 - MIT Press.
    Philosophers and cognitive scientists reassess systematicity in the post-connectionist era, offering perspectives from ecological psychology, embodied and distributed cognition, enactivism, and other methodologies.
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  20.  19
    The Ideal of Global Philosophy in an Age of Deglobalization.John Symons - 2023 - Global Philosophy 33 (1):1-6.
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  21.  37
    Emergence and reflexive downward causation.John Symons - 2002 - Principia 6 (1):183-202.
    This paper responds to Jaegwon Kim's powerful objection to the very possibility of genuinely novel emergent properties. Kim argues that the incoherence of reflexive downward causation means that the causal power of an emergent phenomenon is ultimately reducible to the causal powers of its constituents. I offer a simple argument showing how to characterize emergent properties m terms of the effects of structural relations an the causal powers of that. constituents.
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  22. Limiting Skepticism.Vincent F. Hendricks & John Symons - 2011 - Logos and Episteme 2 (2):211–224.
    Skeptics argue that the acquisition of knowledge is impossible given the standing possibility of error. We present the limiting convergence strategy for responding to skepticism and discuss the relationship between conceivable error and an agent’s knowledge in the limit. We argue that the skeptic must demonstrate that agents are operating with a bad method or are in an epistemically cursed world. Such demonstration involves a significant step beyond conceivability and commits the skeptic to potentially convergent inquiry.
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  23.  44
    Ontology and Methodology in Analytic Philosophy.John Symons - 2010 - In Roberto Poli & Johanna Seibt (eds.), Theory and Applications of Ontology: Philosophical Perspectives. Springer Verlag. pp. 349--394.
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  24. Social Agency for Artifacts: Chatbots and the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence.John Symons & Syed AbuMusab - 2024 - Digital Society 3:1-28.
    Ethically significant consequences of artificially intelligent artifacts will stem from their effects on existing social relations. Artifacts will serve in a variety of socially important roles—as personal companions, in the service of elderly and infirm people, in commercial, educational, and other socially sensitive contexts. The inevitable disruptions that these technologies will cause to social norms, institutions, and communities warrant careful consideration. As we begin to assess these effects, reflection on degrees and kinds of social agency will be required to make (...)
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  25. No-Regret Learning Supports Voters’ Competence.Petr Spelda, Vit Stritecky & John Symons - 2024 - Social Epistemology 38 (5):543-559.
    Procedural justifications of democracy emphasize inclusiveness and respect and by doing so come into conflict with instrumental justifications that depend on voters’ competence. This conflict raises questions about jury theorems and makes their standing in democratic theory contested. We show that a type of no-regret learning called meta-induction can help to satisfy the competence assumption without excluding voters or diverse opinion leaders on an a priori basis. Meta-induction assigns weights to opinion leaders based on their past predictive performance to determine (...)
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  26.  34
    Open-mindedness as a Corrective Virtue.Hassan Alsharif & John Symons - 2021 - Philosophy 96 (1):73-97.
    This paper argues that open-mindedness is a corrective virtue. It serves as a corrective to the epistemic vice of confirmation bias. Specifically, open-mindedness is the epistemically virtuous disposition to resist the negative effects of confirmation bias on our ability to reason well and to evaluate evidence and arguments. As part of the defense and presentation of our account, we explore four discussions of open-mindedness in the recent literature. All four approaches have strengths and shed light on aspects of the virtue (...)
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  27. Brute facts about emergence.John Symons - 2018 - In Elly Vintiadis & Constantinos Mekios (eds.), Brute Facts. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
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  28. How deep is AI's love? Understanding relational AI.Omri Gillath, Syed Abumusab, Ting Ai, Michael S. Branicky, Robert B. Davison, Maxwell Rulo, John Symons & Gregory Thomas - 2023 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 46:e33.
    We suggest that as people move to construe robots as social agents, interact with them, and treat them as capable of social ties, they might develop (close) relationships with them. We then ask what kind of relationships can people form with bots, what functions can bots fulfill, and what are the societal and moral implications of such relationships.
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  29.  14
    Formal Philosophy.Vincent F. Hendricks & John Symons (eds.) - 2005 - Automatic Press/VIP.
    Formal Philosophy is a collection of short interviews based on 5 questions presented tosome of the most influential and prominent scholars in formal philosophy.
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  30.  30
    Logic, epistemology and the unity of science: An encyclopedic project in the spirit of Neurath and Diderot.Shahid Rahman & John Symons - 2004 - In S. Rahman (ed.), Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 3--15.
  31.  84
    Systems of Visual Identification in Neuroscience: Lessons from Epistemic Logic.Jaakko Hintikka & John Symons - 2003 - Philosophy of Science 70 (1):89-104.
    The following analysis shows how developments in epistemic logic can play a nontrivial role in cognitive neuroscience. We argue that the striking correspondence between two modes of identification, as distinguished in the epistemic context, and two cognitive systems distinguished by neuroscientific investigation of the visual system (the "where" and "what" systems) is not coincidental, and that it can play a clarificatory role at the most fundamental levels of neuroscientific theory.
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  32.  38
    The individuality of artifacts and organisms.John Symons - 2010 - History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 32 (2-3).
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  33. What Have Google’s Random Quantum Circuit Simulation Experiments Demonstrated about Quantum Supremacy?Jack K. Horner & John Symons - 2021 - In Hamid R. Arabnia, Leonidas Deligiannidis, Fernando G. Tinetti & Quoc-Nam Tran (eds.), Advances in Software Engineering, Education, and E-Learning: Proceedings From Fecs'20, Fcs'20, Serp'20, and Eee'20. Springer.
    Quantum computing is of high interest because it promises to perform at least some kinds of computations much faster than classical computers. Arute et al. 2019 (informally, “the Google Quantum Team”) report the results of experiments that purport to demonstrate “quantum supremacy” – the claim that the performance of some quantum computers is better than that of classical computers on some problems. Do these results close the debate over quantum supremacy? We argue that they do not. In the following, we (...)
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  34.  79
    (2 other versions)The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Psychology.Sarah Robins, John Symons & Paco Calvo (eds.) - 2009 - New York, NY: Routledge.
    _The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Psychology, Second Edition_ is an invaluable guide and major reference source to the major topics, problems, concepts and debates in philosophy of psychology and is the first companion of its kind. A team of renowned international contributors provide forty-nine chapters organised into six clear parts: Historical background to Philosophy of Psychology Psychological Explanation Cognition and Representation The biological basis of psychology Perceptual Experience Personhood. _The Companion_ covers key topics such as the origins of experimental (...)
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  35.  25
    Central Themes and Open Questions in the Philosophy of Computer Science.Nicola Angius & John Symons - 2023 - Global Philosophy 33 (6):1-14.
    This paper introduces the _Global Philosophy_ symposium on Giuseppe Primiero’s book _On the Foundations of Computing_ (2020). The collection gathers commentaries and responses of the author with the aim of engaging with some open questions in the philosophy of computer science. Firstly, this paper introduces the central themes addressed in Primiero’s book; secondly, it highlights some of the main critiques from commentators in order to, finally, pinpoint some conceptual challenges indicating future directions for the philosophy of computer science.
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  36.  6
    On the Need for Multiple, Independent Fact-Checking and Scoring Facilities: A Reply to Gerhard Schurz.Petr Spelda, Vit Stritecky & John Symons - 2024 - Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective 13 (5):1-4.
    We are thankful to Gerhard Schurz for his response (Schurz 2023) to our paper (Spelda et al. 2023). Spelda et al. (2023) shows how a variant of no-regret learning called meta-induction (Schurz 2008; 2019) can be used for optimal selection from available political alternatives and, as a result, also for increasing voter competence that has come under attack from mis/disinformation. Since our paper takes a first step in applying meta-induction to long-standing issues in Democratic Theory (e.g., the usefulness of jury (...)
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  37.  57
    Meaningfulness and Kinds of Normative Reasons.John Symons - 2020 - Philosophia 49 (1):459-471.
    Meaningfulness is the dimension of importance that exists for beings capable of adjudicating between competing kinds of normative reasons. The way an agent decides to rank competing values in terms of importance reflects that agent’s understanding of what counts as meaningful. We can imagine agents who do not engage in this kind of deliberation. Agents who fail to adjudicate between kinds of normative reasons can still act in ways that are prudentially valuable, aesthetically pleasing, and morally praiseworthy. While the actions (...)
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  38.  22
    Special Sciences and the Unity of Science.Olga Pombo, Juan Manuel Torres, John Symons & Shahid Rahman (eds.) - 2012 - Dordrecht, Netherland: Springer.
    Science is a dynamic process in which the assimilation of new phenomena, perspectives, and hypotheses into the scientific corpus takes place slowly. The apparent disunity of the sciences is the unavoidable consequence of this gradual integration process. Some thinkers label this dynamical circumstance a ‘crisis’. However, a retrospective view of the practical results of the scientific enterprise and of science itself, grants us a clear view of the unity of the human knowledge seeking enterprise. This book provides many arguments, case (...)
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  39.  36
    Beyond “Error-Correction”.Paco Calvo, John Symons & Emma Martín - 2012 - Frontiers in Psychology 3.
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  40.  67
    Radical embodiment and morphological computation: Against the autonomy of (some) special sciences.Paco Calvo & John Symons - unknown
    An asymmetry between the demands at the computational and algorithmic levels of description furnishes the illusion that the abstract profile at the computational level can be multiply realized, and that something is actually being shared at the algorithmic one. A disembodied rendering of the situation lays the stress upon the different ways in which an algorithm can be implemented. However, from an embodied approach, things look rather different. The relevant pairing, I shall argue, is not between implementation and algorithm, but (...)
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  41. Routledge Companion to the Philosophy of Psychology.Francisco Garzon & John Symons (eds.) - 2009 - Routledge.
  42.  18
    Masses of Formal Philosophy.Vincent F. Hendricks & John Symons (eds.) - 2006 - Automatic Press/VIP.
    Masses of Formal Philosophy is an outgrowth of Formal Philosophy. That book gathered the responses of some of the most prominent formal philosophers to five relatively open and broad questions initiating a discussion of metaphilosophical themes and problems surrounding the use of formal methods in philosophy. Including contributions from a wide range of philosophers, Masses of Formal Philosophy contains important new responses to the original five questions.
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  43.  44
    Quantifiers, Questions and Quantum Physics: Essays on the Philosophy of Jaakko Hintikka.Daniel Kolak & John Symons (eds.) - 2004 - Dordrecht, Netherland: Springer.
    This volume gathers together essays from some of Hintikka’s colleagues and former students exploring his influence on their work and pursuing some of the insights that we have found in his work. This book includes a comprehensive overview of Hintikka’s philosophy by Dan Kolak and John Symons and an annotated bibliography of Hintikka’s work. Table of Contents: Foreword; Daniel Kolak and John Symons. Hintikka on Epistemological Axiomatizations; Vincent F. Hendricks. Hintikka on the Problem with the Problem of Transworld Identity; Troy (...)
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  44. Quantifiers, Questions and Quantum Physics. Essays in Honour of Jaakko Hintikka.D. Kolak & John Symons (eds.) - 2005
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  45.  33
    The results are in: The scope and import of Hintikka's philosophy.Daniel Kolak & John Symons - 2004 - In Daniel Kolak & John Symons (eds.), Quantifiers, Questions and Quantum Physics: Essays on the Philosophy of Jaakko Hintikka. Dordrecht, Netherland: Springer. pp. 209--271.
  46.  19
    Special Sciences and the Unity of Sciences.Olga Pombo -Universidade Lisboa, Juan Manuel Torres, John Symons & Shahid Rahman (eds.) - 2012 - Springer.
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  47.  70
    A Computational Modeling Strategy for Levels.John Symons - 2008 - Philosophy of Science 75 (5):608-620.
    Rather than taking the ontological fundamentality of an ideal microphysics as a starting point, this article sketches an approach to the problem of levels that swaps assumptions about ontology for assumptions about inquiry. These assumptions can be implemented formally via computational modeling techniques that will be described below. It is argued that these models offer a way to save some of our prominent commonsense intuitions concerning levels. This strategy offers a way of exploring the individuation of higher level properties in (...)
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  48. Applying logic : some remarks on the reciprocal influence of experimental and formal investigations of identification.John Symons - 2013 - In Jaakko Hintikka (ed.), Open problems in epistemology =. Helsinki: The Philosophical Society of Finland.
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  49. A New Kind of Science.John Symons - 2004 - International Journal of Philosophical Studies 12 (4):504.
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  50. A sketch of the history and methodology of ontology in the analytic tradition.John Symons - manuscript
    The analytic tradition is sometimes criticized as being narrowly focused on language, logic or conceptual analysis to the detriment of deeper investigations into ontological, metaphysical or moral questions.1 More specifically, analytic philosophy has been associated with a positivist attitude which favored replacing the philosophy’s traditional focus on fundamental questions with an obsequiously deferential relationship to mathematics and the natural sciences. While this line of criticism obscures the historical reality and contemporary diversity of the analytic tradition, it is certainly true that (...)
     
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