This article attempts to answer the question: what has the current migration crisis revealed in relations between Christianity and Islam, two religions with common Abrahamic roots? What conclusions can be drawn about the state of these relations, particularly with regard to ordinary members of the two religions? How should we assess the reaction of Christians in Europe to the inflow of refugees from Muslim countries in the light of the Gospel, the Second Vatican Council and the teaching of Pope Francis?The (...) article consists of four parts. Part I briefly presents Christian-Muslim relationships over the centuries. Part II focuses on the sense of danger occurring in European societies in connection with the influx of Muslims during the migration crisis. Part III presents the teachings of the Second Vatican Council about Islam and Part IV describes Pope Francis’s attitude towards refugees from Muslim countries. (shrink)

Analiza zdań psychologicznych stanowi jeden z najważniejszych elementów programu semantycznego zainicjowanego przez Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego, zwanego reizmem w wersji semantycznej. Celem tego programu było wyeliminowanie z języka wyrażeń oraz struktur gramatycznych, które reifikowały relacje, własności, zdarzenia oraz zawartości aktów psychicznych. Aby wyeliminować zawartości aktów psychicznych Kotarbiński zaproponował oryginalną analizę wypowiedzeń zdań psychologicznych parafrazowanych w postaci par wypowiedzeń, eliminując tym samym konieczność wprowadzania wszelkich bytów mentalnych lub intencjonalnych. W artykule przedstawiam krótko rozwiązania problemu zdań psychologicznych autorstwa Fregego i Russella, następnie wskazuję na (...) filozoficzne inspiracje reizmu Kotarbińskiego. Analiza zdań psychologicznych przedstawiona przez Kotarbińskiego nie tylko rozwiązuje problem braku zastępowalności ekstensjonalnej, ale doprecyzowuje również jego poglądy reistyczne. Na koniec dokonuję krótkiego porównania analizy Kotarbińskiego z analogicznym rozwiązaniem autorstwa Donalda Davidsona, znanym jako analiza parataktyczna, które było rezultatem innych założeń filozoficznych, w szczególności zaś odmiennej od Kotarbińskiego wersji monizmu oraz innego podejścia do problemu prawdy. (shrink)

Drodzy Czytelnicy, po długiej przerwie spowodowanej, z jednej strony, zmianami w Redakcji, z drugiej – trwającą wiele miesięcy pandemią koronawirusa, ukazuje się kolejny numer „Rocznika Filozoficznego Ignatianum”. Nowy zespół redakcyjny postanowił rozszerzyć formułę wydawniczą o teksty z szeroko rozumianej humanistyki; zatem będą to artykuły nie tylko z dziedziny filozofii, ale również historii, nauk o kulturze i religii, teologii oraz literatury polskiej i obcej. Czasopismo zostało też otwarte na szerokie spektrum zagadnień uwzględniających misję Akademii Ignatianum jako ośrodka naukowego o charakterze katolickim. (...) Ważnym elementem tego podejścia jest kwestia śródziemnomorskiej tradycji cywilizacyjnej i dziedzictwa kulturowego, które w naszym rozumieniu są najważniejszymi źródłami wiedzy i inspiracją do badania także współczesnych problemów pojedynczych ludzi, społeczeństw i państw. (shrink)

The article concerns the problem of master and slave in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. Then I compare this problem with the issues discussed in the Hegel, Haiti and Universal History, an interesting book by Susan Buck-Morss, published in 2009.

Uprawianie zawodu uczonego jest w istocie tworzeniem, ustaniem, stosowaniem szczególnego rodzaju wartości poznawczych. Jest to działalność uczestników mikroświata, w którym ważne są reguły dotyczące wypowiadania się, gdyż to, co w nauce ważne należy do zasobów zobiektywizowanej wiedzy o świecie i o badaniu świata. Dlatego niezmiernie ważne jest kolektywne czuwanie uczonych nad tym, jak przejawiają odpowiedzialność za słowo głoszone i słowo przyjmowane. Kultura tworzenia i stosowania wiedzy naukowej jest kulturą literalną. Świat trzeci (interpretowany i modyfikowany dzięki odpowiedniej inwencji świata drugiego) jest (...) skarbnicą wiedzy zobiektywizowanej przez swój zapis. Dlatego tak ważny jest język wypowiedzi naukowych i umiejętność odczytywania języka takich wypowiedzi. (shrink)

This paper concerns the relations binding British idealist thought to nineteenth and twentieth century disputes in political philosophy. Two of them in particular are considered: the disputes between liberalism and conservatism, and the disputes between liberals and communitarians. The paper explores the conciliatory, individualist-communitarian character of idealist thought. The first step of the argument is the characterization of liberal-conservative/ liberal-communitarian standpoints. Then some of the fundamental elements of idealist social and political thought are analyzed: the social recognition thesis, the concepts (...) of common good and positive liberty. On this basis, the following features are considered crucial to the acceptance of the liberal- communitarian/conservative character of the idealists' theories: teleology; the metaphysical foundation of politics; contextualism; a tension between ethical relativism and universalism; the criticism of the concept of negative freedom; and individualism. (shrink)

We construct a G δ set G ⊆ ω ω ×2 ω with null vertical sections such that each perfect set P ⊆2 ω meets almost all vertical sections of G in the following sense: we can define from P subsets S of ω of density zero such that whenever the section determined by x ∈ ω ω does not meet P , then x ∈ S for all but finitely many i . This generalizes theorems of Mokobodzki and Brendle (...) et al. 185–199). (shrink)

Once regarded as cellular ‘debris’ extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerge as one of the most intriguing entities in cancer pathogenesis. Intercellular trafficking of EVs challenges the notion of cancer cell autonomy, and highlights the multicellular nature of such fundamental processes as stem cell niche formation, tumour stroma generation, angiogenesis, inflammation or immunity. Recent studies reveal that intercellular exchange mediated by EVs runs deeper than expected, and includes molecules causative for cancer progression, such as oncogenes (epidermal growth factor receptor, Ras), and tumour (...) suppressors (PTEN). The uptake of oncogenic EVs (oncosomes) by various cells may profoundly change their biology, signalling patterns and gene expression, and in some cases cause their overt tumorigenic conversion. Moreover, EVs circulating in blood and present in body fluids provide an unprecedented access to the molecular circuitry driving cancer cells, and new technologies are being developed to exploit this property as a source of unique cancer biomarkers. (shrink)

The article discusses the philosophical problems associated with the dualistic conception of the person dominant in traditions influenced by Platonism. The key suggestion made in the article is that opting for an embodied rather than a disembodied posthumous existence for the human person will in no way hinder the theistic philosopher when it comes to arguing that God exists in a disembodied form.

Does the alleged religious experience of a mystic constitute a reliable source of knowledge about the object of his or her experience? Or does it rationally justify a move from such experience to meaningful beliefs about God or the Absolute which is supposed to be the object of that experience? And are religious beliefs in need of being grounded in religious experience in order to be rationally justified? Although it seems pretty obvious that a great many adherents of all religions (...) find reasons for their beliefs in their religious traditions rather than in their personal religious experiences, one could note that usually these traditions present religious experiences of their founder figures as constituting evidence for their authenticity and truthfulness ; the supposed mystical experiences of some adherents of a given religious tradition are often treated by their co-believers as an important evidence which increases credibility of their own religious convictions. (shrink)

Attentional bias and emotion in older adults: Age-related differences in responses to an emotional Stroop task The purpose of the study was to examine whether older adults show an emotional interference effect in a Stroop task, and whether their RTs differ with regard to age, gender and tendencies of mood regulation. The sample consisted of 60 participants at the age from 65 to 85. Emotional version of Stroop task and the Mood Regulation Scales were used. The results showed no significant (...) differences in RTs to emotional and neutral words. Unexpectedly, a speeding effect was observed with the age of women. It appeared also that the effect of mood regulation tendencies was not significant for RTs. The last two effects are not consistent with the literature on cognitive and emotional aging. (shrink)

We are facing a crisis of trust in expertise today. Fewer and fewer people trust experts, and more and more politicians openly ignore expert consensus. 'Democracy in the Post-Truth Era' asks what might happen to democracy if we reject the fundamental liberal assumption that people are capable of making informed choices. The book explores the potential impact on society if people, including politicians, never appreciate the relevance of expert opinions. What if people cannot choose between supporters and opponents of key (...) issues such as the causes of climate change, effectiveness of vaccines and ways of combating economic and social crises? Applying social epistemology to these questions, the book considers whether democracy can be defended in the post-truth era. (shrink)

The European Summer Schools in Logic, Language and Information (ESSLLI) have been organised every year since 1989 under the auspices of the Association for Logic, Language and Information (FoLLI) in different cities around Europe. The 24th European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information (ESSLLI 2012) took place at the University of Opole, Poland, during August 6-17, 2012. The organisation committee was chaired by Janusz Czelakowski and Urszula Wybraniec-Skardowska (Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Opole) and the programme (...) committee was chaired by Andreas Herzig (University of Toulouse and CNRS). During two weeks, over 340 participants from 36 countries were offered a rich academic program of their choice from 9 foundational, 16 introductory and 17 advanced courses and 6 workshops. Just as in the previous years, the 17th conference on Formal Grammar collocated with ESSLLI. Besides the regular courses, a traditional highlight of the summer school were the 4 evening lectures by distinguished academics: - Johan van Benthem (Institute for Logic, Language & Computation (ILLC), Amsterdam and Department of Philosophy, Stanford University), "Computation as Agency''; - Melvin Fitting (Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, City University of New York), "Reasoning About Games''; - Jonathan Ginzburg (UFR Études anglophones, Université Paris-Diderot (Paris 7)), "False starts, jokes, and music:semantics in the 21st century''; - Adam Przepiórkowski (Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw), "Secret life of corpora''. Another traditional event was the student session, organised by a student programme committee chaired by Rasmus K. Rendsvig (University of Copenhagen): master and doctoral students presented 16 papers and 5 posters, and Michał Zawidzki obtained the best paper award and Raul Fervari obtained the best poster award. Moreover, the Beth Dissertation Prizes were announced at the FoLLI General Meeting and went to Andreas Kapsner (University of Barcelona) and Daniel R. Licata (Carnegie Mellon University). Apart from the busy academic programme, participants of the summer school were offered an exciting social program as well. In addition to the traditional ESSLLI Party and the famous Students vs. Lecturers Soccer Match (also called `Johan van Benthem Cup'), kayaking, and excursions to Kraków and Wrocław were offered. -/- . (shrink)

This book makes a significant contribution to the standard decision theory, that is, the theory of choice built around the principle of maximizing expected utility, both to its causal version and to the more traditional noncausal approach. The author’s success in clarifying the foundations of the standard decision theory in general, and causal decision theory in particular, also makes the book uniquely suitable for a person whose research in philosophy has led her to want to learn about contemporary decision theory. (...) The book presupposes some mathematical sophistication, and it contains more philosophical and mathematical argumentation per page than may be suitable for an undergraduate level course; but it stands out as an ideal textbook for a graduate-level course focused on the foundations of the standard decision theory. (shrink)

This study investigates performance of portfolios composed of British socially responsible investments (SRI) stocks. Using the ‘Global-100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World’ list (known also as ‘Global-100’) to select the SRI companies, we found that, in the period 2000–2010, the returns of the SRI portfolios were on average higher compared with the corresponding returns of the market indexes. The annual average difference in returns of the SRI portfolios (with dividends) was 5.26 % and 5.69 % relative to the FTSE100 (...) and FTSE4GOOD indexes (the total return versions), respectively, but the differences in returns in the whole period, in individual years and in other sub-periods were in most cases not statistically significant. Positive performance of SRI stocks in the whole sample is, however, evidenced by risk-adjusted measures such as the modified Sharpe ratio (MSR) and certainty equivalent (CEQ) returns, as well as by incorporating various levels of transaction costs. Furthermore, a simple trading strategy relying on selection of SRI stocks from the Global-100 list would beat the market indexes in the whole period 2000–2010, even after inclusion of various levels of transaction costs. We also estimated the Fama–French and Carhart multi-factor models and found that the returns of the SRI portfolios cannot be consistently explained by conventional factors other than the market factor. (shrink)