RésuméLe mathématicien et astronome andalou Ibn Muʿāḏ al-Jayyānī est l'auteur d'un important commentaire sur le concept de rapport, dans lequel il se propose de justifier la définition euclidienne de la proportionnalité entre grandeurs – la célèbre Définition V.5 – et celle du rapport plus grand. Nous donnons, en plus d'une analyse de ce commentaire, une traduction française et une édition critique du texte original arabe. Nous avons également tenté de faire le point sur certains détails liés à la biographie d'Ibn (...) Muʿāḏ. (shrink)

The Andalusian mathematician and astronomer Ibn Mun the celebrated Definition V.5.

Ibn Sīnā proposed an analysis of arguments by reductio ad absurdum. His analysis contains, perhaps for the first time, a workable method for handling the making and discharging of assumptions in a formal proof. We translate the relevant text of Ibn Sīnā and put his analysis into the context of his general approach to logic.

Ibn Taymīyah, Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm, 1263-1328; criticism and interpretation; Islamic philosophy.

The Buyide wezir Abū I-Faḍl Ibn al-‘Amīd became famous as a poet and expert in epistolary literature, but also as a scholar and scientist. His letters, published here together with translation, commentary and complete glossary, inform us on questions of meteorology, physics, mechanics and psychology.

Farīd al-Dīn Abu al-Ḥasan ‘Alī b. al-Fahhād’s astronomical tradition as represented in the prolegomenon to his Alā’ī zīj (1172 AD) shows his experimental examination of the theories of his predecessors and testing the circumstances of the synodic phenomena as derived from the theories developed in the classical period of medieval Middle Eastern astronomy against his own observations. This work was highly influential in late Islamic astronomy and was translated into Greek in the 1290s. He evaluated al-Battānī’s Ṣābi’ zīj (d. 929 (...) AD) and al-Khāzinī’s Sanjarī zīj (fl. 1115 AD) with regard to the conjunction between Jupiter and Saturn in 1166 AD and found the errors of, respectively, about 35 and 10 days in the times predicted, which are verified by a recalculation on the basis of these works and modern theories. His inspection of the four solar theories established by his Islamic predecessors with respect to the quantitative differences between their predicted times for the occurrence of the vernal equinoxes is also correct. His calculation of the parameters of the solar and lunar eclipses in April 1176 has the errors of up to 1 h in the time and one digit in the magnitude. A general result of this study is that solely the evaluation of the synodic phenomena could mislead the judgment about the reliability and worthiness of the contemporary theories. (shrink)

Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, 1201-127 ; Risālah-i is̲bāt al-ʻaql - Criticism and interpretation.

I argue that St. Augustine of Hippo was the first in the history of Christian spirituality who expressed a key tendency of Christian mysticism, which implies a gradual intellectual ascent of the human soul to God, consisting of the three main stages: external, internal, and supernal. In this ascent a Christian mystic proceeds from the knowledge of external beings to self-knowledge, and from his inner self to direct mystical contemplation of God. Similar doctrines may be found in the writings of (...) the Greek Fathers. Although there are many similarities in the overall doctrine and in particular details between them, it does not imply the direct impact of Augustine’s theological thought on the Greek Fathers but rather the influence of the Neoplatonic philosophy on both Western and Eastern Christianity, in particular, of Plotinus’ theory of intellectual cognition. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Der Islam Jahrgang: 92 Heft: 2 Seiten: 548-550.

This research aims to study the description, life and biography of the Ayyubid sultan Saladin by Ibn Jubayr, and the economic and social conditions of Egypt as witnessed and described by the traveler Ibn Jubayr and the following results are concluded: First: Ibn Jubayr praised the Ayyubid sultan Saladin and his good conduct and behavior with the subjects, his fairness, his patience and forbearance, modesty and his keen in interest in Jihad for the Sake of Allah. He called him the (...) (Just Sultan).Second: Ibn Jubayr talked about the keen interest of the sultan in the economic matters of the subjects and especially in regard to tax reform in the state where he dropped them completely, and worked to promote security and order, and securing the trade routes, and also gave an accurate description of the international trade stations in Egypt between the east and the west and the markets in some of the cities.Third: Ibn Jubayr described the keen interest of the Sultan in regard to the religious and scientific institutions in the society like schools, mosques, religious landmarks and hospitals through the establishment of some of those institutions, and creating the endowments connected to each one of them, in addition to securing steady salaries for those working and serving in those institutions, and spending on the scholars, students and the poor who came to those institutions. (shrink)

Few figures have been of such enduring importance as Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna (980-1037 AD), the great Persian philosopher and physician of the Abassid period. This work is a study of the fourth part of Ibn Sina's late and most comprehensive book al-Isharat wat-Tanbihat, Remarks and Admonitions, a book which Ibn Sine describes as 'the cream of the truth', containing 'the best pieces of wisdom' expressed 'in sensitive words'. The present volume includes an introduction, discussing the nature of (...) the fourth part of al-Isharat and the procedures followed in analyzing and translating it; a lengthy analysis of Ibn Sina's ideas on the three main topics in this part of al-Isharat (the nature of happiness, the stations of the knowers, and the signs manifested by the knowers); and a translation of this part. The work shows that, to Ibn Sina, knowledge of the eternal aspects of the universe, primarily of God, is the highest human objective and the only thing that secures human happiness or heavenly existence. While no permanent knowledge of this kind is possible for a human being on earth, signs of its temporary acquisition are evidenced in many ways, one of which is possession of powers that a person who does not know the secrets of the universe may consider extraordinary. Although the focus of this volume is on the fourth part of al-Isharat, many references are made to some of Ibn Sina's other writings by way of clarifying certain points and placing this part of al-Isharat in the context of Ibn Sina's general philosophy. (shrink)

Auf dem 1913 in Wien stattfindenden Zionistischen Kongress wurde Chaim Weizmann beauftragt die auf Achad Ha’am zurückgehende Idee eines jüdisch-geistigen Zentrums durch die Gründung der Hebräischen Universität in Jerusalem zu realisieren. Die Vorstellung einer Universität des jüdischen Volkes blieb auch dann fester Bestandteil der zionistischen Vision, als mit der Balfour-Erklärung von 1917 die politische Begründung einer jüdischen Heimstätte in greifbare Nähe rückte. Beides fand 1925 auf dem Skopusberg bei der Inauguration der Universität in Anwesenheit des britischen Außenministers Arthur James Balfour (...) seinen symbolischen Ausdruck. Mit der Flucht deutsch-jüdischer Gelehrter in den 1930er-Jahren und aufgrund der verzweifelten Versuche jüdischer Studierender, Mittel- und Osteuropa zu verlassen, änderten sich die Erwartungen an die Universität. Von nun an sollte sie zu einem „Nachtasyl“ werden. Bald darauf, ab Mitte der 1940er-Jahre, geriet sie zum Kampfschauplatz zwischen Juden und Arabern, um schließlich zur Universität des jüdischen Staates zu avancieren und als Ort der Gelehrsamkeit inmitten einer geteilten Stadt zu wirken. Der Aufsatz bietet einen Blick in das erst vor Kurzem konservierte Historische Archiv der Hebräischen Universität, um diese Entwicklungen zu erhellen. (shrink)

Kur’ân’ın Kur’ân’la tefsirini tefsir metotları içinde ilk sırada zikreden isimler arasında genellikle İbn Teymiyye’nin adı geçmektedir. İbn Teymiyye, Mukaddime fî usûli’t-tefsîr’de ortaya koyduğu delil hiyerarşisinde bu metodu en ön sıraya almakta, görebildiğimiz kadarıyla ondan önce herhangi bir âlimin ismine konu bağlamında atıf yapılmamaktadır. Hâlbuki İbn Teymiyye’den iki asır önce yaşayan Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî de tıpkı İbn Teymiyye gibi önerdiği tefsir metotları içinde ilk sırada Kur’ân’ın Kur’ân’la tefsirini göstermiştir. Bu tespitten hareketle makalede, Kur’ân’ın Kur’ân’la tefsiri metoduna kısaca değinildikten sonra İbnü’l-Arabi’nin Kânûnu’t-Te’vîl’ine (...) dair kısa bir değiniden sonra onun Kur’ân’ı Kur’ân’la tefsirini bir metot olarak sunması konusu ayrıntılı olarak incelenmektedir. Her iki müellifin de Kur’ân’ı Kur’ân’la tefsir metotlarının müşterek ve muhtelif yanları ortaya konulmaktadır. Buna ilaveten müelliflerin Kur’ân’ı Kur’ân’la tefsir metodunu ilk sıraya almalarından kaynaklanan problemlere ilişkin bulgular paylaşılmaktadır. Son olarak, iki müellifin de Kur’ân’ın Kur’ân’la tefsirini delil hiyerarşisinde ilk sıraya almasının muhtemel nedenleri üzerinde durulmaktadır. (shrink)

Este artículo presente y analiza el legado de Abū Madyan cuyas bases van a quedar ilustrado perfectamente en el posterior desarrollo del sufismo andalusi-magrebi de origen šāḏilī y la doctrina de ibn ‘Arabī: traduccion española y estudio critico de las evidencias y cotejos textuales, ensenanzas y practicas espirituales y funcionalidad social.

“Maqamat as-Sufiyya” is a small theoretical works of Shihab ad-Din as-Suhrawardi (ab. 1154-1191), the founder of the Philosophy of Illumination. It contains practical instructions and theoretical reflections and proofs. As-Suhrawardi especially notes terminology used by philosophers and terminology used by sufis in “Maqamat as-Sufiyya”.