Models are of central importance in many scientific contexts. The centrality of models such as inflationary models in cosmology, general-circulation models of the global climate, the double-helix model of DNA, evolutionary models in biology, agent-based models in the social sciences, and general-equilibrium models of markets in their respective domains is a case in point (the Other Internet Resources section at the end of this entry contains links to online resources that discuss these models). Scientists spend significant amounts of time building, (...) testing, comparing, and revising models, and much journal space is dedicated to interpreting and discussing the implications of models. In short, models are one of the principal instruments of modern science. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

This paper focuses on the question of how to resolve disagreement and uses the Lehrer-Wagner model as a formal tool for investigating consensual decision-making. The main result consists in a general definition of when agents treat each other as epistemic peers (Kelly 2005; Elga 2007), and a theorem vindicating the “equal weight view” to resolve disagreement among epistemic peers. We apply our findings to an analysis of the impact of social network structures on group deliberation processes, and we demonstrate their (...) stability with the help of numerical simulations. (shrink)

Keine ausführliche Beschreibung für "Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Erkenntnis" verfügbar.

Exploring the concepts of Freezing: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. Theoretical advancement. Ur Shlonsky and Luigi Rizzi: Criterial Freezing in small clauses and the cartography of copular constructions -- Angel J. Gallego: Freezing Effects in a free-Merge System -- Gereon Maller: Freezing in complex prefields. Empirical domains. Norbert Corver: The Freezing points of the (Dutch) adjectival system -- Jutta M. Hartmann: Freezing in it-clefts: Movement and focus -- Josef Bayer: Criterial Freezing in the syntax of particles -- Michael S. Rochemont: (...) Only syntax -- Maria Polinsky: Freezing and phi-feature agreement: On the role of [PERSON] -- BalÃízs SurÃínyi and Gerg Turi: Freezing, Topic Opacity and Phase-based Cyclicity in Subject Islands. Interface extensions. Peter W. Culicover and Susanne Winkler: Freezing: Between grammar and processing -- Andreas Konietzko: Heavy NP shift in context: On the interaction of information structure and subextraction from shifted constituents -- Rui P. Chaves: Freezing as a probabilistic phenomenon -- Marion Jaeger: An experimental study on freezing and topicalization in English. (shrink)

Bayesian epistemology addresses epistemological problems with the help of the mathematical theory of probability. It turns out that the probability calculus is especially suited to represent degrees of belief (credences) and to deal with questions of belief change, confirmation, evidence, justification, and coherence. Compared to the informal discussions in traditional epistemology, Bayesian epis- temology allows for a more precise and fine-grained analysis which takes the gradual aspects of these central epistemological notions into account. Bayesian epistemology therefore complements traditional epistemology; it (...) does not re- place it or aim at replacing it. (shrink)

Bd. 1. Abhandlungen zur systematischen Philosophie.--Bd. 2. Abhandlungen zur Philosophie-Geschichte.--Bd. 3. Vom Neukantianismus zur Ontologie.

A sentence of first-order logic is satisfiable if it is true in some structure, and finitely satisfiable if it is true in some finite structure. The question arises as to whether there exists an algorithm for determining whether a given formula of first-order logic is satisfiable, or indeed finitely satisfiable. This question was answered negatively in 1936 by Church and Turing (for satisfiability) and in 1950 by Trakhtenbrot (for finite satisfiability).In contrast, the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems are algorithmically solvable (...) for restricted subsets---or, as we say, fragments---of first-order logic, a fact which is today of considerable interest in Computer Science. This book provides an up-to-date survey of the principal axes of research, charting the limits of decision in first-order logic and exploring the trade-off between expressive power and complexity of reasoning. Divided into three parts, the book considers for which fragments of first-order logic there is an effective method for determining satisfiability or finite satisfiability. Furthermore, if these problems are decidable for some fragment, what is their computational complexity? Part I focusses on fragments defined by restricting the set of available formulas. Topics covered include the Aristotelian syllogistic and its relatives, the two-variable fragment, the guarded fragment, the quantifier-prefix fragments and the fluted fragment. Part II investigates logics with counting quantifiers. Starting with De Morgan's numerical generalization of the Aristotelian syllogistic, we proceed to the two-variable fragment with counting quantifiers and its guarded subfragment, explaining the applications of the latter to the problem of query answering in structured data. Part III concerns logics characterized by semantic constraints, limiting the available interpretations of certain predicates. Taking propositional modal logic and graded modal logic as our cue, we return to the satisfiability problem for two-variable first-order logic and its relatives, but this time with certain distinguished binary predicates constrained to be interpreted as equivalence relations or transitive relations. The work finishes, slightly breaching the bounds of first-order logic proper, with a chapter on logics interpreted over trees. (shrink)

The Aristotelian syllogistic cannot account for the validity of certain inferences involving relational facts. In this paper, we investigate the prospects for providing a relational syllogistic. We identify several fragments based on (a) whether negation is permitted on all nouns, including those in the subject of a sentence; and (b) whether the subject noun phrase may contain a relative clause. The logics we present are extensions of the classical syllogistic, and we pay special attention to the question of whether reductio (...) ad absurdum is needed. Thus our main goal is to derive results on the existence (or nonexistence) of syllogistic proof systems for relational fragments. We also determine the computational complexity of all our fragments. (shrink)

Keine ausführliche Beschreibung für "Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Erkenntnis" verfügbar.

Volume IV (which comprises two half-volumes) focuses on the life sciences, whose object of research is life itself, that which (necessarily) mediates between the physical and the psyche. Typical philosophical questions in this context include: What is “life” in the sense of the term relevant to the life sciences? How do we know that life has not “always existed” but must have arisen in the course of abiogenesis from inanimate nature? And how is it possible to know something about how (...) evolution has occurred? These are explored in the first half-volume. In its second half-volume, the book first deals with methodological and conceptual questions regarding the concrete natural history of mankind. Examples for pertinent questions in this context are: "What would be adequate criteria for singling out autapomorphic traits defining the genus "homo"?" and "Has the concept of "race" biological meaning and reality?" (Spoiler: The answer to the latter question is "no".) In the context of that question, a considerable part of the second half-volume deals with the history of "scientific" theories of race from the 17th century up until the 1990ies. In particular, Kant's theory of race and his racism (as well as his sexism) are discussed thoroughly. Pertinent questions are: "Did Kant invent the concept of race?", "Was Kant the founder of "scientific racism"?", "Did Kant invent and promote a concept of "racial purity"?" and "Did Kant endorse slave trade?". Furthermore, for anyone whose own philosophical positions rest on Kantian premises, the following questions will be of special importance: "Is Kant's racism implied by his transcendental philosophy?" and "Is Kant's racism implied by his ethics?" Regarding all these questions, the contributions of important authors like Eze, Bernasconi, Kleingeld and Mills are discussed and critically examined. Finally, the second half-volume closes with a thorough exploration of the methodological foundations of neuroscience and its limitations as a contribution to philosophy of mind (which as such will have its say in Volume VI). (shrink)

"Vortrag, gehalten auf der Vortragsveranstaltung der Nieders'achsischen Landesregierung am 15. Mai 1975.".

This chapter contains sections titled: The Starbucks Aesthetic Starbucks and Ethical Sourcing From Starbucks to Stumptown Fair Trade Revisited The Hermeneutics of Taste Ethics and Aesthetics in Action: The Roast Conclusion.

"Nicolai Hartman ist zu Unrecht vergessen. Wir benötigen eine breite systematische Neubeschäftigung mit seinem großen Entwurf eines realistischen Weltsystems. Im Zeichen der lebenswissenschaftlichen Wende kann man mit seiner überlegenen Darstellung der Teleologie einen Anfang machen." Prof. Dr. Volker Gerhardt, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin.

By a fragment of a natural language we mean a subset of thatlanguage equipped with semantics which translate its sentences intosome formal system such as first-order logic. The familiar conceptsof satisfiability and entailment can be defined for anysuch fragment in a natural way. The question therefore arises, for anygiven fragment of a natural language, as to the computational complexityof determining satisfiability and entailment within that fragment. Wepresent a series of fragments of English for which the satisfiabilityproblem is polynomial, NP-complete, EXPTIME-complete,NEXPTIME-complete (...) and undecidable. Thus, this paper represents a casestudy in how to approach the problem of determining the logicalcomplexity of various natural language constructions. In addition, wedraw some general conclusions about the relationship between naturallanguage and formal logic. (shrink)

Nancy Cartwright is one of the most distinguished and influential contemporary philosophers of science. Despite the profound impact of her work, there is neither a systematic exposition of Cartwright’s philosophy of science nor a collection of articles that contains in-depth discussions of the major themes of her philosophy. This book is devoted to a critical assessment of Cartwright’s philosophy of science and contains contributions from Cartwright's champions and critics. Broken into three parts, the book begins by addressing Cartwright's views on (...) the practice of model building in science and the question of how models represent the world before moving on to a detailed discussion of methodologically and metaphysically challenging problems. Finally, the book addresses Cartwright's original attempts to clarify profound questions concerning the metaphysics of science. With contributions from leading scholars, such as Ronald N. Giere and Paul Teller, this unique volume will be extremely useful to philosophers of science the world over. (shrink)

We present a scenario describing how time emerges in the framework of weak quantum theory. In a process similar to the emergence of time in quantum cosmology, time arises after an epistemic split of an undivided unus mundus as a quality of the individual conscious mind. Synchronization with matter and other mental systems is achieved by entanglement correlations. In the course of its operationalization, time loses its original quality and the time of physics as measured by clocks appears. avoided/explicated.

Frontmatter -- Einleitung -- Erster Teil: Allgemeiner Begriff der Kategorien -- I. Abschnitt. Die Kategorien and das ideale Sein -- 1. Kapitel. Gleichsetzung von Prinzipien und Wesenheiten -- 2. Kapitel. Aufhebung der Gleichsetzung. Die Abgrenzung -- 3. Kapitel. Die Kategorien des idealen Seins -- 4. Kapitel. Inhaltlicher Überschuß der Realkategorien -- II. Abschnitt. Ontologische Fassungen und Fehlerquellen -- 5. Kapitel. Didaktischer Wert der Vorurteile -- 6. Kapitel. Der kategoriale Chorismos und die Homonymie -- 7. Kapitel. Kategoriale Grenzüberschreitung und Heterogeneität -- (...) 8. Kapitel. Kategorialer Teleologismus und Normativismus -- 9. Kapitel. Kategorialer Formalismus -- III. Abschnitt. Erkenntnistheoretische Fassungen und Fehlerquellen -- 10. Kapitel. Neue Aufgaben der Vernunftkritik -- 11. Kapitel. Kategorialer Apriorismus und Rationalismus -- 12. Kapitel. Vorurteile in den Identitätsthesen -- 13. Kapitel. Das Vorurteil der logisch-ontologischen Identität -- 14. Kapitel. Konsequenzen aus der Kritik der Identitätsthesen -- IV. Abschnitt. Fehlerquellen der philosophischen Systematik -- 15. Kapitel. Das Vorurteil des Einheitspostulats -- 16. Kapitel. Das Vorurteil des kategorialen Dualismus -- 17. Kapitel. Das Vorurteil des Harmoniepostulats -- Zweiter Teil: Die Lehre von den Fundamentalkategorien -- I. Abschnitt. Die Schichten des Realen und die Sphären -- 18. Kapitel. Die Erkenntnissphäre und ihre Stufen -- 19. Kapitel. Das Hineinspielen der idealen und logischen Sphäre -- 20. Kapitel. Die Lehre von den Schichten des Realen -- 21. Kapitel. Schichten des Realen und Schichten der Kategorien -- 22. Kapitel. Einordnung der sekundären Sphären in die Schichten des Realen -- II. Abschnitt. Die elementaren Gegensatzkategorien -- 23. Kapitel. Die Stellung der Seinsgegensätze. Geschichtliches -- 24. Kapitel. Die Tafel der Seinsgegensätze -- 25. Kapitel. Die innere Bezogenheit in der Gegensätzlichkeit -- 26. Kapitel. Gegenseitige Überordnung und Implikation der Gegensätze -- III. Abschnitt. Die Abwandlung der Seinsgegensätze in den Schichten -- 27. Kapitel. Kategorien minimaler Abwandlung -- 28. Kapitel. Relation und Substrat, Form und Materie -- 29. Kapitel. Einheit und Mannigfaltigkeit -- 30. Kapitel. Gegensatz und Dimension, Diskretion und Kontinuität -- 31. Kapitel. Determination und Dependenz -- 32. Kapitel. Einstimmigkeit und Widerstreit -- 33. Kapitel. Element und Gefüge -- 34. Kapitel. Inneres und Äußeres -- IV. Abschnitt. Die Kategorien der Qualität -- 35. Kapitel. Das Positive und das Negative -- 36. Kapitel. Identität und Verschiedenheit -- 37. Kapitel. Allgemeinheit und Individualität -- 38. Kapitel. Die qualitative Mannigfaltigkeit -- V. Abschnitt. Kategorien der Quantität -- 39. Kapitel. Eines und Vieles -- 40. Kapitel. Das Unendliche und das Continuum der reellen Zahlen -- 41. Kapitel. Die Rechnung und das Berechenbare -- Dritter Teil: Die kategorialen Gesetze -- I. Abschnitt. Gesetze der kategorialen Geltung -- 42. Kapitel. Das Problem der kategorialen Gesetzlichkeit -- 43. Kapitel. Das Geltungsgesetz des "Prinzips" -- 44. Kapitel. Die drei übrigen Geltungssätze -- II. Abschnitt. Gesetze der kategorialen Kohärenz -- 45. Kapitel. Das Gesetz der Verbundenheit -- 46. Kapitel. Die Gesetzlichkeit der interkategorialen Relation -- 47. Kapitel. Das Wesen der kategorialen Implikation -- 48. Kapitel. Zur Geschichte und Metaphysik der kategorialen Kohärenz -- 49. Kapitel. Hegels Idee der Dialektik -- ¿II. Abschnitt. Gesetze der kategorialen Schichtung -- 50. Kapitel. Das Höhenverhältnis der Kategorien -- 51. Kapitel. Das Gesetz der Wiederkehr -- 52. Kapitel. Zur Metaphysik der kategorialen Wiederkehr -- 53. Kapitel. Gesetz der Abwandlung und Gesetz des Novums -- 54. Kapitel. Das Gesetz der Schichtendistanz -- IV. Abschnitt. Gesetze der kategorialen Dependenz -- 55. Kapitel. Schichtung und Abhängigkeit -- 56. Kapitel. Das kategoriale Grundgesetz -- 57. Kapitel. Das Gesetz der Indifferenz und die lnversionstheorien -- 58. K. (shrink)

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This book explores the many facets of naturalism in social philosophy, investigating the consequences of concepts such as "second nature" and "forms of life" analyse the ways in which social action, gender, work and morality and embodied and surveys the conceptions of nature at play in social criticism.