Hervé Barreau | : Dans la Leçon inaugurale au Collège de France et dans un article de 1942 que Lavelle écrivit sur la pensée religieuse d’Henri Bergson, nous trouvons des témoignages frappants sur l’héritage spirituel que Lavelle reçut de Bergson : d’abord, un encouragement à rompre avec le positivisme et le kantisme ; ensuite, une doctrine du réalisme spirituel que Lavelle interpréta comme une théorie de la participation ; et enfin, une valorisation du passé où Lavelle vit « l’avenir (...) de l’avenir » et le lieu jamais immuable de la constitution de la personne. | : In his Inaugural Lecture at the Collège de France and in an article on Henri Bergson’s religious thought (1942), published shortly after Bergson’s death, one finds striking testimonies of the spiritual inheritance Lavelle received from Bergson : first an encouragement to break with positivism and Kantianism ; second, a doctrine of spiritual realism which Lavelle interpreted as a theory of participation ; and finally, an enhancement of the past wherein Lavelle saw “the future of the future” and the never immutable place for the constitution of the person. (shrink)

André Jacob ne s'est pas contenté de diriger la rédaction de l'Encyclopédie philosophique universelle. Il a poursuivi une œuvre personnelle, dont les trois derniers ouvrages forment une trilogie originale concernant l'anthropo- logique et l'éthique qu'il veut fonder sur elle. Après un rapide coup d'œil sur les Cheminements et une attention plus soutenue portée à l'Anthropologie du langage, on s'attarde davantage sur L'Homme et le Mal, livre dont la brièveté expose à des objections, mais qui devrait être suivi d'un ouvrage plus (...) développé. André Jacob did not content himself leading the compiling of the Encyclopédie philosophique universelle.He carried out his own personal work whose three latest books represent an original trilogy about the anthropologies and ethics which he wishes to ground on it. After a quick glance on the Cheminements and a more careful look at the Anthropologie du Langage, one lingers more on L'Homme et le Mal, a book whose briefness is indeed liable to objections but which should be followed by afar more developed one. (shrink)

Restituer la pensée d'Aristote c'est retrouver les problèmes qu'il s'était lui-même posés, sans avoir le souci de ce que la postérité pourrait y trouver par la suite pour éclairer ses propres problèmes. Le Corpus de l'œuvre d'Aristote est constitué de notes de cours inédits, qui furent probablement corrigées et augmentées tout au long d'une carrière d'un enseignant chercheur. Elles n'étaient pas destinées à la publication. Quand on les étudie aujourd'hui, il faut donc s'armer de la conviction qu'Aristote, même s'il a (...) dépassé son temps, puisque son œuvre a été exhumée presque trois siècles après sa mort, appartient néanmoins à son époque, à la fois par sa formation et par les auditeurs ou lecteurs qu'il pouvait y trouver. Son œuvre, élaborée dans un climat platonicien qu'elle critique, propose une réforme de la pensée, qui est intéressante en elle-même, même si elle s'est trouvée reprise ou, au contraire, rejetée au cours des âges qui l'ont suivie. Pour l'apprécier vraiment, il faut se garder de tout anachronisme, c'est-à-dire de la projection des problèmes d'un temps sur un temps antérieur, où ces problèmes n'étaient pas apparus. Si un auteur est grand, c'est sans doute parce que la postérité peut s'y instruire, mais on se ferait une fausse idée de cette grandeur si on la réduisait à l'usage qu'on a pu déjà en faire ou qu'on peut en faire aujourd'hui. La vraie grandeur réside dans les pas que cet auteur a accomplis en son temps, et qui ne dispensent pas d'en fournir d'autres, même si l'exemple ancien est digne d'être retenu. (shrink)

The hermeneutic context of scientific activity requires that scientific discovery be attributed not only to historical factors but also to transcendental factors (in the sense exemplified by Kant and Husserl, but without their respective idealism). Together these factors can account for a scientific discovery. This is manifest in the invention of Relativity by Einstein. Thomas Kuhn considered the first factors and neglected the seconds. As a consequence the "paradigms" are, for him, incommensurable. But this negligence is the effect of a (...) "positivism of mentalities" which replaced in Kuhn the positivism of facts. This residual positivism is not alleviated by the relativist theses that the last Kuhn borrowed from his colleague, the philosopher Quine. In the line of this positivism and relativism, the successors of Kuhn and Quine are obliged to under-estimate the value of scientific knowledge. (shrink)

Bien qu’il ait été dans sa jeunesse un admirateur de la philosophie de Spencer, Bergson fit dans sa thèse, Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience, une critique sévère de la conception spencérienne de l’espace et du temps. Cependant ses études de psychologie amenèrent Bergson à ne plus réserver l’espace à la matière et le temps à la conscience, et la question de l’Evolution, que s’était posée Spencer se posa de nouveau à Bergson. Ce dernier la résolut en posant (...) l’existence d’un « élan vital » qui a toutes les propriétés de la « durée créatrice ». C’est un nouvel évolutionnisme auquel correspond un nouveau positivisme, car le mécanisme se trouve réservé à l’explication de la matière inerte.Though Bergson was, as a young philosopher, full of admiration for the philosophy of Spencer, he severely criticized the spencerian conceptions about space and time in his thesis Les Données immédiates de la conscience. However Bergson was led by his psychological studies no more to restrict space to matter and time to consciousness so that the question of Evolution, formerly handled by Spencer, was set again by Bergson. The « vital impulse » of Bergson, which is the motor of Evolution, has all the properties of « creative duration ». The result is a new evolutionism, which is also a new positivism, because mecanism only holds for inert matter. (shrink)

La reconnaissance accordée en sciences cognitives à l’analyse husserlienne du présent mental en termes de rétention et protension a manqué sa radicalité transcendantale, qui est aussi la limite de cette analyse. Si l’on recherche dans la subjectivité l’origine de notre sens du temps, il ne suffit pas de revenir au présent mental par réduction du temps objectif, il faut élargir aux aspects grammaticaux et aux rythmes biologiques l’éventail des moyens d’accès au temps d’un sujet incarné dans le monde de la (...) vie. (shrink)

Au coeur du parcours philosophique d'André Jacob, qui enseigna la philosophie du langage et l'éthique à l'université de Paris X de 1966 à 1990 et a dirigé l'Encyclopédie philosophique universelle aux P.U.F. entre 1980 et 1998, ce volume s'ouvre avec le texte inaugural (prononcé au Congrès mondial de Philosophie à Brighton en 1988) "De la théorisation de la condition humaine" qui l'a toujours retenu : "Une Anthropo-logique : comprendre ou expliquer l'homme?" ; suivi de six autres conférences, appelant à être (...) relayées par une éthique renouvelée correspondant à la seconde partie de l'ouvrage. Une axio-genèse y apporte sa signifiante au "devenir Sujet" du corps, dans un versant d'altérité. On croisera le parcours singulier "de la langue au mal" dans le débat avec Robert Lafont, initiateur d'une praxématique linguistique à Montpellier, comme dans la Postface d'Hervé Barreau. A côté de conférences à l'UNESCO (1991), à Houston (1993) ou à Tokyo (1997), dont "Temps et liberté" (2000) pourrait annoncer l'éthicité ; tandis que "Langue et pouvoir" (2009) éclairera plus directement la figuration anthropo-logique, impensable dans les philosophies de la conscience traditionnelles. La diversité des approches pourrait compléter les témoignages venus d'horizons différents, lors d'un Colloque récent à l'E.N.S. de la rue d'Ulm sur Les conditions de l'humain, autour de la pensée de l'auteur, à paraître. (shrink)

O presente artigo se propõe a relacionar as considerações de cunho psicanalítico e estético de Freud com a complementação de outros autores, levando-nos a capturar aspectos sobre a complexidade das reações humanas diante das representações artísticas. É por meio da complementação conceitual psicanalítica, estética e filosófica que realçaremos as determinações da capacidade de representação, assim como suas diferenciações; além disso, tentaremos descrever as dependências humanas e associar a aspectos artísticos e ver como este processo está ligado à satisfação. Uma possível (...) padronização da forma com que lidamos com nossa realidade, nos levando ao passo da criação e da utilização de objetos artísticos, como uma forma histórica de como a humanidade tem se satisfeito diante de seu cotidiano amparada à arte. (shrink)

Eigenfeatures are created by the principal component approach (PCA) used on objects described by a low-level code (i.e., pixels, Gabor jets). We suggest that eigenfeatures act like the flexible features described by Schyns et al. They are particularly suited for face processing and give rise to class-specific effects such as the other-race effect. The PCA approach can be modified to accommodate top-down constraints.

The problem of measurement is often considered an inconsistency inside the quantum formalism. Many attempts to solve it have been made since the inception of quantum mechanics. The form of these attempts depends on the philosophical position that their authors endorse. I will review some of them and analyze their relevance. The phenomenon of decoherence is often presented as a solution lying inside the pure quantum formalism and not demanding any particular philosophical assumption. Nevertheless, a widely debated question is to (...) decide between two different interpretations. The first one is to consider that the decoherence process has the effect to actually project a superposed state into one of its classically interpretable component, hence doing the same job as the reduction postulate. For the second one, decoherence is only a way to show why no macroscopic superposed state can be observed, so explaining the classical appearance of the macroscopic world, while the quantum entanglement between the system, the apparatus and the environment never disappears. In this case, explaining why only one single definite outcome is observed remains to do. In this paper, I examine the arguments that have been given for and against both interpretations and defend a new position, the “Convivial Solipsism”, according to which the outcome that is observed is relative to the observer, different but in close parallel to the Everett’s interpretation and sharing also some similarities with Rovelli’s relational interpretation and Quantum Bayesianism. I also show how “Convivial Solipsism” can help getting a new standpoint about the EPR paradox providing a way out of the seemingly unavoidable non-locality of quantum mechanics. (shrink)

This article proposes a new reading of transformative learning theory (TAT), proceeding from an examination of three concepts: the function of habit in the processes of constructing experience, the notion of trial and its potential, and the biographical dimensions of Transformative Learning Theory. This approach leads us to question the theories of experience that tacitly underlie the learning models proposed by Mezirow. The discussion thus opened is part of the controversy and dialogue between the currents of pragmatism, critical hermeneutics and (...) biographical research. (shrink)

The practice and development of modern medicine requires large amounts of data, particularly in the domain of cancer. The future of personalized medicine lies neither with “genomic medicine” nor with “precision medicine”, but with “data medicine”. The establishment of this DM has required far-reaching changes, to establish four essential elements connecting patients and doctors: biobanks, databases, bioinformatic platforms and genomic platforms. The “transformation” of scientific research areas, such as genetics, bioinformatics and biostatistics, into clinical specialties has generated a new vision (...) of care. Molecular tumor boards are one response to these changes and are now providing better access to next-generation sequencing and new cancer treatments to patients with inoperable or metastatic cancers, and those for whom the usual treatment has failed. However, MTB face a crucial ethical challenge: maintaining and improving the trust of patients, clinicians, researchers and industry in academic medical centers supported by private or public funding rather than providing genetic data directly to private companies. We believe that, in this era of DM, appropriate modern digital communication networks will be required to maintain this trust and to improve the organization and effectiveness of the system. There is, therefore, a need to reconsider the form and content of informed consent documents at all academic medical centers and to introduce dynamic and electronic informed consent. (shrink)

BackgroundAt the start of 2021, oncologists lacked the necessary scientific knowledge to adapt their clinical practices optimally when faced with cancer patients refusing or reluctant to be vaccinated against COVID-19, despite the marked vulnerability of these patients to severe, and even fatal forms of this new viral infectious disease. Oncologists at Foch Hospital were confronted with this phenomenon, which was observed worldwide, in both the general population and the population of cancer patients.MethodsBetween April and November 2021, the Ethics and Oncology (...) Departments of Foch Hospital decided to investigate this subject, through an empirical and interdisciplinary study in bioethics. Our scientific objective was to try to identify and resolve the principal bio-ethical issues, with a view to improving clinical practices in oncology during future major pandemics of this kind, from a highly specific bio-ethical standpoint. We used a mainly qualitative methodological approach based on questionnaires and interviews.ResultsIn April 2021, 29 cancer patients refused or were reluctant to be vaccinated. Seventeen of these patients said that making vaccination mandatory would have helped them to accept vaccination. In October 2021, only 10 cancer patients continued to maintain their refusal. One of the main reasons for the decrease in refusals was probably the introduction of the “pass sanitaire” in July 2021, which rendered vaccination indispensable for many activities. However, even this was not sufficient to convince these 10 cancer patients.ConclusionWe identified a key bio-ethical issue, which we then tried to resolve: vaccination policy. We characterized a major tension between “the recommendation of anti-COVID-19 vaccination” and “free will”, and the duty to “protect each other”. Mandatory vaccination, at least in France, could resolve this tension, with positive effects on quality of life, or survival, in cancer patients initially refusing or reluctant to be vaccinated, but only if collective and individual scales are clearly distinguished. (shrink)

BackgroundImplementing responsible conduct of research and monitoring bad practices requires time and tact. In France, it was in 2015 that the wishes of those in charge of research proposed the appointment of research integrity officers (RIOs) in all universities, national higher education schools, and research institutions. Our objectives were to search for information to describe the RI development and to analyze the RIOs’ profiles.MethodsThe OFIS (Office Français de l’Intégrité Scientifique) website lists all public research institutions and universities (RIUs) and their (...) designated RIOs. During the period between 6 and 14 October 2018, and on 2 May 2019 (updating), we entered two keywords (“plagiat” and “intégrité”) into the search engines on the RIU homepages and retrieved the relevant information (including “research” and “scientific” integrity when “intégrité” was entered). We consulted the governance and downloaded the organigram to determine whether the RIO positions and names were mentioned. We searched for the domains of expertise, sex, and age of the RIOs from their CVs (institutional websites), LinkedIn profiles, and various Google links.ResultsThe OFIS website lists 142 RIUs. Searching for the keyword “plagiarism” retrieved 25 RIUs; however, the web information was minimal, and consisted entirely of charters, interviews, and rare training modules. The keyword “integrity” turned up 23 RIUs. Nonetheless, there was little information available beyond notices for seminars, events, and a few training modules. Of the total 142 RIUs, 66.2% (n = 94) had named 96 RIOs. Furthermore, 29.2% RIOs (n = 28) were female and 70.8% (n = 68) were male; 38 RIOs were retired (> 65 years old) 58 were active (< 65 years old), and had a RIO function added to their usual laboratory activities.ConclusionThere is a lack of information about RI on the websites of French universities and research organizations, which may reflect a lack of information and commitment in the institutions themselves. (shrink)

This article aims to establish that literature is an ideal laboratory for undertaking some phenomenological experimentations, even when not explicitly intended by the author. By considering three works that all tell the story of one man gone far away from his country and isolated in a mysterious, fascinating and closed place, we propose to study the complex relations that weave between space and time and between landscape and consciousness, and to deduce from it their phenomenological impact. We attempt to show (...) that space localization and organisation influence and even modify the behaviour and the personality of humans, and induce a new relation to temporality: the mountain arouses boredom, the desert prepares the expectation and the shore brings the facing of one’s fate. (shrink)

This essay attempts to reconfigure our understanding of the relationship between Michel Foucault and the French photographer and writer Hervé Guibert. It contends that this relationship has been mi...

A large number of physicists now admit that quantum mechanics is a non-local theory. The EPR argument and the many experiments showing the violation of Bell’s inequalities seem to have confirmed convincingly that quantum mechanics cannot be local. Nevertheless, this conclusion can only be drawn inside a standard realist framework assuming an ontic interpretation of the wave function and viewing the collapse of the wave function as a real change of the physical state of the system. We show that this (...) standpoint is not mandatory and that if the collapse is not considered an actual physical change it is possible to recover locality. (shrink)

A large number of physicists now admit that quantum mechanics is a non-local theory. The EPR argument and the many experiments showing the violation of Bell’s inequalities seem to have confirmed convincingly that quantum mechanics cannot be local. Nevertheless, this conclusion can only be drawn inside a standard realist framework assuming an ontic interpretation of the wave function and viewing the collapse of the wave function as a real change of the physical state of the system. We show that this (...) standpoint is not mandatory and that if the collapse is not considered an actual physical change it is possible to recover locality. (shrink)

Trust is a key ingredient of business activities. Scams are spectacular betrayals of trust. When the victim is a powerful organization that does not look vulnerable at first sight, we can suspect that this organization has developed an excessive trust, or over-trust. In this article, we take over-trust as the result of the intentional production of gullibility by the scammer. The analysis of a historically famous scam case, the Elf “Great Sniffer Hoax,” suggests that the victim is made gullible by (...) the scammer through a range of seduction and protection maneuvers that prevent the victim from developing doubts and suspicions. An integrated framework of the production of gullibility in organizations is proposed in order to further our understanding of over-trust. We discuss how these insights might be extended, beyond the case of scams, to more ordinary contexts of business activities. (shrink)

Through a close analysis of various moments within two hours of video-taped interaction, we investigate properties of the setting that the participants cannot ignore even as they transform them in various ways. These properties are not under local control. What is under control is revealed in the participants' “play” with the properties, including dangerous, “deep” play. In this process, some properties of the participants are rarely mentioned (e.g., that the laboring woman is an MD), others are repeatedly emphasized (e.g. the (...) strength of contractions). And others appear in ways that have not been dealt with adequately in current theoretical frameworks. To deal with life-threatening lies, and jokes about lies, we must move away from theories of hegemonic particularity that rely on a habitus. Rather we must acknowledge the practical understandings revealed in the collective submergence of that which may be actively noted as potentially relevant and then set aside so that other tasks can be foregrounded and achieved. (shrink)

A large number of physicists now admit that quantum mechanics is a non-local theory. The EPR argument and the many experiments showing the violation of Bell’s inequalities seem to have confirmed convincingly that quantum mechanics cannot be local. Nevertheless, this conclusion can only be drawn inside a standard realist framework assuming an ontic interpretation of the wave function and viewing the collapse of the wave function as a real change of the physical state of the system. We show that this (...) standpoint is not mandatory and that if the collapse is not considered an actual physical change it is possible to recover locality. (shrink)