Institutions represent a solid basis to organize and stabilize human life in diferent social contexts. They are external events in the world, but they also have a strong anchorage in the mind and in last years many scholars tried to explore their cognitive ground. Starting from the original attempt of Douglass C. North, who at the end of his career tried to establish a program called “Cognitive Institutionalism”, we discuss the merits and the limits of this approach. First, we show (...) that his statements are cognitively onerous as they imply the notions of mental models and beliefs. Instead, we argue that shared institutions do not require such a convergence and that coordination takes place in the form of social practices and habits. Second, we clarify some aspects of North’s cognitive theory avoiding the ontological reading, i.e. explaining in what sense institutions might depend on the human mind and how people are joined into a practice made possible via institutions. (shrink)

This article proposes to identify risk factors for moral distress from the literature, validate them through expert analysis and provide the basis for a new tool to assess the risk of moral distress among nurses. Moral distress is related to the psychological, emotional and physiological aspects of nursing. It arises from constraints caused by various circumstances and can lead to significant negative consequences. A scoping review and validation through expert analysis were used. The research question guiding this study was as (...) follows: What is known about risk factors for moral distress in nursing? The research was conducted using multiple sources including electronic databases and lists of references from relevant literature. The final sample consisted of 38 studies. A validation analysis was conducted by experts during December 2014 and June 2015. To exclude a risk factor item, at least 80% of the experts had to agree with the exclusion. In total, 53 risk factors for moral distress were identified, reviewed by the experts and grouped to form a new instrument that may help to identify risk for moral distress and to address its consequences. (shrink)

In the ambit of the debate on “personal autonomy”, we propose to intend “personal autonomy” in a social sense. We undertake this move because we think that autonomy is compatible with socialization and we’ll give reasons for this claim. Moreover, we must consider the role of the wide variety of informational sources we are exposed to, which influence our behavior. Social background represents the ontological ground from which we develop the capacity for autonomy; at the same time, interaction with others (...) (real or virtual) enlarges the possibility for autonomous judgements. Our attempt is, first, to try to sketch a social notion of personal autonomy and, second, to elucidate the connection between autonomy and the exposition to informational and social diversity. -/- . (shrink)

This book reports on cutting-edge research concerning social practices. Merging perspectives from various disciplines, including philosophy, biology, psychology and cognitive science, and economy, it discusses theoretical aspects of social behavior along with models to investigate them, and presenting key case studies as well. Further, it describes concepts related to habits, routines, and rituals and examines important features of human action, such as intentionality and choice, exploring the influence of specific social practices in different situations. Based on a workshop held on (...) April 2022 at the World Congress on Universal Logic (UNILOG 22), in Crete, and including additional invited chapters, the book offers fresh insights into the fields of social practice and the cognitive, computational, and philosophical tools to understand them. (shrink)

Serpa, Leal, and Muñoz’s article proposes that learning through narrative is fundamental in the field of mental health, including clinical practice, caregiving, and research. The reason is that mental health patients’ experiences are marked by pain, suffering, and stigma, and are of themselves a call for stories, a call to be heard and socially legitimized. The narratives, whose relevance should be situated in the broader movement of the narrative turn, therefore have a key role in overcoming epistemic injustice—a concept put (...) forward by the feminist philosopher Miranda Fricker—by offering a place for the speech and legitimacy for the accounts of mental health sufferers. The authors’ thesis is presented as an... (shrink)

Female sex steroids can affect the motor system, modulating motor cortex excitability as well as performance in dexterity and coordination tasks. However, it has not yet been explored whether FSS affects the cognitive components of motor behavior. Mu is a sensorimotor rhythm observed by electroencephalography in alpha and beta frequency bands in practices such as motor imagery and action observation. This rhythm represents a window for studying the activity of neural circuits involved in motor cognition. Herein we investigated whether the (...) alpha-mu and beta-mu power in the sensorimotor region and the alpha and beta power over frontal, parietal, and occipital regions are modulated differently in the menstrual, follicular, and luteal phases of menstrual cycles in right-handed dominant women. To do so, these women underwent MI and AO in the three menstrual cycle phases. The spectral activity of the cortical regions for the alpha and beta bands were compared between phases of the menstrual cycle and a correlation analysis was also performed in relation to estrogen and progesterone levels. For the hypothesis-based approach, beta-mu event-related desynchronization was significantly stronger in the C3 channel in the follicular phase than in the menstrual and luteal phases. For the data-driven approach, beta ERD during MI was higher in the follicular phase than in the menstrual and luteal phases in the frontal region. These findings suggest the effect of FSS on executive movement control. No effect of menstrual cycle phases was observed in cortical areas investigated during OA, but alpha and beta bands correlated positively with the follicular phase plasma estradiol level. Thus, the attenuation of alpha and beta bands referring to mirror neuron activities appears to be associated with inhibition of cortical activity when estradiol levels are lower, improving cognitive processing of motor action. (shrink)

O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura gestáltica e fenomenológica acerca do conceito de corpo na abordagem, objetivando identificar as possíveis contribuições da epistemologia para o tema nas diversas concepções encontradas na literatura cientifica consultada, bem como oferecer aos Psicólogos insumos para focalizar na prática clínica psicoterapêutica alguns sintomas ligados às demandas do cliente. Diversos autores produziram estudos a respeito do assunto, visto que um dos fundadores da Gestalt-terapia, Frederick Salomon Perls inclui em suas obras, nos textos fundadores da (...) Gestalt-terapia, a preocupação com a vivência do corpo. Metodologicamente realizamos uma revisão de literatura a respeito de livros, artigos e dissertações afins ao tema com a finalidade de obter essas informações. Situamos o período de 2015 a 2017 para a coleta, contudo houve um afrouxamento do marco temporal dada a escassez de produções específicas. Entre os resultados, foi observado que as concepções de corpo, de maneira geral, apontam para o reconhecimento do corpo como essencial para o fluxo da psicoterapia; os autores refutam a divisão mente-corpo estabelecida pela filosofia Cartesiana; o corpo é colocado como essencial para os processos de awareness e ajustamento criativo, os quais são fundamentais para a saúde do indivíduo. Concluiu-se que as pesquisas apontam o autorreconhecimento do corpo como fator que promove a conscientização de si como uma totalidade, haja vista que pensar o corpo no âmbito gestáltico significa refletir a corporeidade do organismo. Nesse sentido, estudos referentes ao assunto promovem inovações nas formas de pensar a clínica e o indivíduo. (shrink)

Child poly-victimization is a risk factor for psychopathology in adulthood, such as anxiety and depression. Despite that, there is minus investment regarding psychotic symptoms and the mechanisms explaining the relationship between poly-victimization and psychoticism. The purpose of this study is to investigate these variables and explain how they might be associated. A sample of 246 adults participated in this study, aged between 18 and 68 years (M = 37.5, SD = 12.5) and mostly females (76.8%). The results revealed a significant (...) mediating effect of anxiety and depression in the relationship between childhood victimization and psychoticism (b =.12, p =.011), but not a significant moderating effect of gender, Δχ2(5) = 3.87, p =.568. The affective pathway was supported by our findings. These results suggest the need of additional efforts on prevention of child victimization, as well as of intervention programs aiming to prevent its cumulative effect. (shrink)

O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura gestáltica e fenomenológica acerca do conceito de corpo na abordagem, objetivando identificar as possíveis contribuições da epistemologia para o tema nas diversas concepções encontradas na literatura cientifica consultada, bem como oferecer aos Psicólogos insumos para focalizar na prática clínica psicoterapêutica alguns sintomas ligados às demandas do cliente. Diversos autores produziram estudos a respeito do assunto, visto que um dos fundadores da Gestalt-terapia, Frederick Salomon Perls inclui em suas obras, nos textos fundadores da (...) Gestalt-terapia, a preocupação com a vivência do corpo. Metodologicamente realizamos uma revisão de literatura a respeito de livros, artigos e dissertações afins ao tema com a finalidade de obter essas informações. Situamos o período de 2015 a 2017 para a coleta, contudo houve um afrouxamento do marco temporal dada a escassez de produções específicas. Entre os resultados, foi observado que as concepções de corpo, de maneira geral, apontam para o reconhecimento do corpo como essencial para o fluxo da psicoterapia; os autores refutam a divisão mente-corpo estabelecida pela filosofia Cartesiana; o corpo é colocado como essencial para os processos de awareness e ajustamento criativo, os quais são fundamentais para a saúde do indivíduo. Concluiu-se que as pesquisas apontam o autorreconhecimento do corpo como fator que promove a conscientização de si como uma totalidade, haja vista que pensar o corpo no âmbito gestáltico significa refletir a corporeidade do organismo. Nesse sentido, estudos referentes ao assunto promovem inovações nas formas de pensar a clínica e o indivíduo. (shrink)

Neste artigo, tratamos de um desafio lançado inicialmente por Derek Parfit contra a teoria da justiça de Rawls, que diz respeito ao problema da identidade pessoal e como isso pode se relacionar com os princípios distributivos da justiça. Acreditamos, como indicado por Paul Weithman, que tal problema desempenha um papel relevante na guinada política de Rawls – movimento pelo qual designamos as transformações em sua teoria do período de Uma Teoria da Justiça para o da publicação de Political Liberalism. O (...) próprio Weithman já forneceu uma análise acurada de como essa objeção, a qual daqui em diante nos referimos como a objeção do self parfitiano, minou a primeira tentativa de Rawls de mostrar como sua concepção de justiça seria estável. É provável, no entanto, que seja fácil perder o rumo desse debate, que foi de certa forma mediado por Samuel Scheffler. É por isso que fornecemos uma exposição cronológica desse debate na seção 1. Depois disso, na seção 2, reafirmamos o relato de Weithman de como o self parfitiano mina a estabilidade da concepção de justiça de Rawls em Uma Teoria da Justiça. Por fim, na seção 3, examinamos se essa dificuldade é devidamente tratada em Political Liberalism. Assim, sobretudo com este último passo, esperamos que esta abordagem possa acompanhar e complementar as contribuições anteriores de Weithman. (shrink)

Ao longo da história muito se tem pesquisado sobre o fenômeno da morte autoprovocada e a compreensão acerca do suicídio tem variado de acordo com a época e cultura nas quais os estudos se inserem. Este texto discorre a problemática da visão hegemônica contemporânea do suicídio em nossa cultura ocidental e de que forma podemos pensá-lo sob o enfoque da abordagem fenomenológica. Considerações críticas são apresentadas quanto ao que espera-se da pessoa com o comportamento suicida ante a sociedade e seu (...) próprio comportamento, e de que modo a sociedade responde a isso, apresentandose a noção de uma visão fenomenológica e do que temos atualmente como paradigma hegemônico e de suicidologia crítica. (shrink)

Este artigo visa apresentar a abordagem de um ensino de filosofia pautado majoritariamente em problemas filosóficos, e busca defendê-la como um método eficaz para o uso em sala de aula, especialmente na educação popular. O método conforme endossado por este trabalho consiste na utilização de problemas como mote principal para a elaboração e condução de uma aula de filosofia. No aspecto prático, o artigo se vale da experiência adquirida em dois anos (2018 e 2019) de aulas ministradas no âmbito do (...) Pré-Universitário Popular Alternativa (PUPA), com turmas distintas em cada ano. O Alternativa é um projeto que visa preparar estudantes ao longo de um ano para capacitá-los a realizar o Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM). O curso é voltado à população de baixa renda de Santa Maria e região e seu público é majoritariamente composto por alunos(as) formandos do terceiro ano do ensino médio de escolas públicas da cidade. Dado o objetivo do Alternativa, que consiste em revisar os conteúdos centrais do ensino médio no período de menos de um ano, é de vital importância a escolha de um método de ensino que seja dinâmico ao apresentar os conteúdos e hábil em relacioná-los às demais áreas do saber. Desse modo, a melhor metodologia é aquela que se utiliza melhor do tempo disponível de aula para apresentar o essencial a um público com pouca ou nenhuma iniciação no assunto. (shrink)

O verbete que ora apresentamos em tradução para a língua portuguesa foi originalmente publicado por Marianne Janack na Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Seu principal objetivo é apresentar um mapeamento da subárea de pesquisa denominada “epistemologia feminista” detalhando algumas de suas principais abordagens. A autora mostra que existem diversas epistemologias feministas cujo traço em comum é o uso da noção de gênero como categoria fulcral de análise das modalidades de conhecimento, suas interações, hierarquizações e relações com a esfera propriamente normativa ou (...) valorativa da vida humana. (shrink)

It is assumed that social bonds in humans have consequences for virtually all aspects of behavior. Social touch-based contact, particularly hand caressing, plays an important role in social bonding. Pre-programmed neural circuits likely support actions (or predispositions to act) towards caressing contacts. We searched for pre-set motor substrates towards caressing by exposing volunteers to bonding cues and having them gently stroke a very soft cloth, a caress-like movement. The bonding cues were pictures with interacting dyads and the control pictures presented (...) non-interacting dyads. We focused on the readiness potential, an electroencephalographic marker of motor preparation that precedes movement execution. The amplitude of the readiness potential preceding the grasping of pleasant emotional-laden stimuli was previously shown to be reduced compared with neutral ones. Fingers flexor electromyography measured action output. The rationale here is that stroking the soft cloth when previously exposed to bonding cues, a compatible context, would result in smaller amplitudes of readiness potentials, as compared to the context with no such cues. Exposure to the bonding pictures increased subjective feelings of sociability and decreased feelings of isolation. Participants who more frequently engage in mutual caress/groom a “significant other” in daily life initiated the motor preparation earlier, reinforcing the caress-like nature of the task. As hypothesized, readiness potentials preceding the caressing of the soft cloth were significantly reduced under exposure to bonding as compared to control pictures. Furthermore, an increased fingers flexor electromyographic activity was identified under exposure to the former as compared to the latter pictures. The facilitatory effects are likely due to the recruitment of pre-set cortical motor repertoires related to caress-like movements, emphasizing the distinctiveness of neural signatures for caress-like movements. (shrink)

In the applied sciences and in engineering there is often a significant overlap between work at universities and in industry. For the individual scholar, this may lead to serious conflicts when working on joint university–industry projects. Differences in goals, such as the university’s aim to disseminate knowledge while industry aims to appropriate knowledge, might lead to complicated situations and conflicts of interest. The detailed cases of two electrical engineers and two architects working at two different universities of technology illustrate the (...) kinds of problems individual scholars face in university–business collaborations. These cases are based on qualitative interviews and additional data and demonstrate that, while value conflicts emerge on the organizational level, it is primarily the individual researcher who must deal with such conflicts. This analysis adds to existing studies in two ways: first, it explicitly addresses normative issues framed in terms of ethical and social values, thereby going beyond the common social-science perspective of university–business collaboration. Secondly, it provides qualitative insights, thereby identifying details and issues not apparent in quantitative studies. In particular, it is evident that university–industry collaborations are prone to value conflicts not only in research but also in education and job training. (shrink)

O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a experiência vivida como estudante de licenciatura em Filosofia do Programa de Residência Pedagógica da UFRGS durante o ano de 2019 no Colégio Estadual Coronel Afonso Emílio Massot em Porto Alegre, RS. O relato em questão é voltado para principalmente uma pergunta que tem marcado profundamente minha experiência: o que é ser professora de filosofia no ensino médio da escola pública brasileira? Desde o início do ano letivo na turma 106 do Colégio Massot, houve (...) forte predisposição dos alunos com a disciplina e com o modo como as aulas e discussões eram conduzidas, bem como a percepção de que muitas vezes o espaço da nossa aula era um espaço motivador, desafiador e até esperado. Porém, por diversas vezes, foi notado que essa predisposição não era suficiente para a obtenção de resultados mais objetivos e profundos em relação ao aprendizado. Esses resultados começaram a ser alcançados a partir do momento em que eu consegui aplicar em sala de aula a noção de diálogo, uma noção pouco tradicional, pois é vista como elemento fundamental para a possibilidade do aprendizado - uma vez que é apenas através dessa que se alcança o elemento mais importante do aprendizado, aquilo que chamo de resíduo. Entender como todos esses processos e práticas didáticas se deram, apontando seus resultados e podendo explicar de que maneira tal experiência caracteriza, ou pode caracterizar, a experiência de ser professora de filosofia de adolescentes no Brasil atual é o que pretendo contar. (shrink)

Através dos parâmetros pós-estruturalistas, busca-se uma prática crítica e humanizada da clínica e que esteja aberta para repensar seus próprios acordos conceituais, ao abrirem-se para métodos que concedam em alguma medida reconhecimento aos pacientes psicóticos que não são capazes de realizar transferência em terapia. A loucura, sendo um fenômeno de dissociação com o nexo dos regimes de verdade estabelecidos, é uma tecnologia de defesa da psique contra a ultra identificação cultural com o Ego da sociedade contemporânea neoliberal. É através das (...) noções descritas por Michael Pollak, sociólogo que escreve sobre identidade social e memória, em que diversas instituições como o Estado e a ciência difundem uma linha histórica progressiva e linear, que não passa de uma construção narrativa ideológica que atualiza o seu poder e domina o corpo social. Neste artigo identifica-se em alguma medida o caráter transgressivo da loucura que pode impulsionar a crítica das normas sociais, em defesa da autonomia do sujeito e da produção livre de seus próprios métodos artísticos, políticos e místicos da psicose. Em relação à epistemologia formadora das instituições, verifica-se o processo crítico necessário à psicanálise tradicional. (shrink)

Between the fourth and the recent fifth IPCC report, science as well as policy making have made great advances in dealing with uncertainties in global climate models. However, the uncertainties public decision making has to deal with go well beyond what is currently addressed by policy makers and climatologists alike. It is shown in this paper that within an anthropocentric framework, a whole hierarchy of models from various scientific disciplines is needed for political decisions as regards climate change. Via what (...) is sometimes referred to as ‘uncertainty cascade’ in the technical literature, the uncertainties of various models accumulate in the input to political decision making. This paper aims to chart the uncertainties in the multi-disciplinary enterprise of current climate modeling in broad strokes. It is shown that the uncertainty cascade makes it impossible to quantify uncertainties in the form of probability estimates. Moreover the paper highlights how global climate models fail to provide probability estimates. A better treatment of the uncertainties of climate predictions on the political level would require an overhaul of the current IPCC practice that separates the various scientific fields in various working groups. (shrink)

In the applied sciences and in engineering there is often a significant overlap between work at universities and in industry. For the individual scholar, this may lead to serious conflicts when working on joint university–industry projects. Differences in goals, such as the university’s aim to disseminate knowledge while industry aims to appropriate knowledge, might lead to complicated situations and conflicts of interest. The detailed cases of two electrical engineers and two architects working at two different universities of technology illustrate the (...) kinds of problems individual scholars face in university–business collaborations. These cases are based on qualitative interviews and additional data and demonstrate that, while value conflicts emerge on the organizational level, it is primarily the individual researcher who must deal with such conflicts. This analysis adds to existing studies in two ways: first, it explicitly addresses normative issues framed in terms of ethical and social values, thereby going beyond the common social-science perspective of university–business collaboration. Secondly, it provides qualitative insights, thereby identifying details and issues not apparent in quantitative studies. In particular, it is evident that university–industry collaborations are prone to value conflicts not only in research but also in education and job training. (shrink)

The debate over the civilian use of nuclear power is highly polarised. We argue that a reasonable response to this deep disagreement is to maintain that advocates of both camps should modify their positions. According to the analysis we propose, nuclear power is neither entirely right nor entirely wrong, but rather right and wrong to some degree. We are aware that this non-binary analysis of nuclear power is controversial from a theoretical point of view. Utilitarians, Kantians, and other moral theorists (...) make sharp, binary distinctions between right and wrong acts. However, an important argument speaking in favour of our non-binary analysis is that it better reflects our considered intuitions about the ethical trade-offs we face in discussions of nuclear power. The aim of this article is to make this argument sharp by explaining how it can be rendered compatible with, and supported by, the Capability Approach, which is quickly becoming one of the most influential frameworks for thinking about human development. (shrink)

After explaining the interdisciplinary aspect of the series of events organized around the square of opposition since 2007, we discuss papers related to the 4th World Congress on the Square of Opposition which was organized in the Vatican at the Pontifical Lateran University in 2014. We distinguish three categories of work: those dealing with the evolution and development of the theory of opposition, those using the square as a metalogical tool to give a better understanding of various systems of logic (...) and those related with applications of the theory of opposition to conceptual analysis and pedagogy. (shrink)

In recent years, computational sciences such as computational hydrodynamics or computational field theory have supplemented theoretical and experimental investigations in many scientific fields. Often, there is a seemingly fruitful overlap between theory, experiment, and numerics. The computational sciences are highly dynamic and seem a fairly successful endeavor---at least if success is measured in terms of publications or engineering applications. However, for theories, success in application and correctness are two very different things; and just the same may hold for "methodologies" like (...) computer simulations. A lively debate on the epistemic status of computer simulations has thus emerged within the philosophy of science. This paper discusses possible problems when computer simulation and laboratory experiment are intertwined. In present experiments, stochastic methods in the form of Monte Carlo simulations are often involved in generating experimental data. It is questioned as to how far a realistic stance can be maintained when such stochastic elements are involved. Taking experiments in high energy physics as a study case, this paper contends that using these types of entangled material and numerical experiments as a source of new phenomena or for theory testing must presuppose a certain understanding of causality and thus binds us at least to a weak form of realism. (shrink)

Resumo: A falência do feminismo liberal é apontada como uma realidade por filósofas feministas como Nancy Fraser. A partir disso, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo esclarecer ideias centrais do feminismo liberal, as principais críticas direcionadas à teoria e a sua utilidade a um projeto feminista emancipador das mulheres, com base, principalmente, nos escritos de Martha Nussbaum. Autonomia, racionalidade e liberdade são as principais reivindicações do feminismo liberal, e por isso, busca-se demonstrar a interlocução entre essas questões e a objetificação, (...) bem como esclarecer que existem interpretações diversas dentro do próprio movimento, a respeito de qual liberdade se interessa, e que nesse sentido, o feminismo liberal igualitário é o mais útil a um projeto emancipador. Palavras-chave: Feminismo liberal; Autonomia; Objetificação; Racionalidade. Autonomy, rationality and freedom: liberal feminism is bankrupt? Abstract: The failure of liberal feminism is pointed out as a reality by feminist philosophers such as Nancy Fraser. From this, the present research aims to clarify central ideas of liberal feminism, the main criticisms directed to the theory and its usefulness to a feminist emancipatory project for women, based mainly on the writings of Martha Nussbaum. Autonomy, rationality and freedom are the main claims of liberal feminism, and therefore, it seeks to demonstrate the dialogue between these issues and objectification, as well as clarify that there are different interpretations within the movement itself, regarding which freedom is interested, and that in this sense, egalitarian liberal feminism is the most useful to an emancipatory project. Key-words: Liberal feminism; Objectification; Autonomy; Rationality. Autonomía, racionalidad y libertad: ¿está en bancarrota el feminismo liberal? Resumen: El fracaso del feminismo liberal es señalado como una realidad por filósofas feministas como Nancy Fraser. A partir de ello, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo esclarecer ideas centrales del feminismo liberal, las principales críticas dirigidas a la teoría y su utilidad para un proyecto feminista emancipador de las mujeres, apoyándose principalmente en los escritos de Martha Nussbaum. La autonomía, la racionalidad y la libertad son los principales reclamos del feminismo liberal, y por ello, busca evidenciar el diálogo entre estos temas y la objetivación, así como aclarar que existen diferentes interpretaciones dentro del propio movimiento, respecto a lo que le interesa la libertad, y que en este sentido, el feminismo liberal igualitario es el más útil para un proyecto emancipador. Palabras clave: Feminismo Liberal; Objetivación; Autonomía; Racionalidad. Data de registro: 28/04/2022 Data de aceite: 17/08/2022. (shrink)

Assume-se a investigação narrativa (auto)biográfica como modo de documentar as experiências ambientais da formação docente. Desse modo, apresentam-se as narrativas das experiências envolvendo a Educação Ambiental na formação inicial de uma professora-pesquisadora, as quais mostram, que a temática da sua pesquisa de mestrado está relacionada com as experiências ambientais vividas no contexto escolar e acadêmico reforçando a perspectiva da investigação a partir das memórias da infância e o reencontro com narrativas construídas na formação inicial. Apresentam-se compreensões relacionadas a formação docente (...) ambiental e as potencialidades do processo narrativo (auto)biográfico centrado nas narrativas revividas e recontadas ao resgatar o diário de formação da professora-pesquisadora. Argumenta-se que o ato de documentar a experiência de formação mostra às potencialidades da pesquisa narrativa e reafirma a importância da escrita (auto)biográfica no processo de investigação. (shrink)

Muitas revisões e críticas são feitas a partir dos estudos da teoria kantiana, e a crítica feminista é uma delas. A posição da mulher na filosofia de Kant é de exclusão da vida pública, sendo relacionada ao belo, guiada pelas emoções e não pela razão. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho busca inicialmente demonstrar aspectos da teoria kantiana sobre a posição da mulher e considerações sobre o imperativo categórico, para após, adentrar às críticas feministas direcionadas ao filósofo. Para sua realização serão (...) utilizados quatro textos principais que envolvem as filósofas Esperanza Guisán, Luisa Posada Kubissa, Stella Villarmea e Nagl-Docekal. A partir das críticas, é apresentada uma releitura feminista que utiliza os estudos de Kant para fundamentar um feminismo ético. (shrink)

Facing the progress of science and technology, Hans Jonas believes that traditional ethical theories are insufficient to guide the actions of contemporary man. To formulate his own theory, the philosopher takes as its basis the responsibilities of parents towards their children and the one the public man has in relation with his community. Despite their differences, these forms of liability are intertwined and complementary. Then arise in jonas' theory the concepts of wholeness, continuity and future, which will cover following the (...) thinking of the philosopher. (shrink)

¿Qué hacer con la escuela para que lo que ocurra hoy en las aulas tenga algún sentido? Esta pregunta evidencia cierta tensión entre la matriz escolar moderna y las nuevas subjetividades y modalidades, estilos, matrices de aprendizajes que los sujetos construyen. Aportamos elementos y claves para formular algunas respuestas y abordajes desde las perspectivas histórica, psicológico-social, pedagógica, didáctica y psicopedagógica.

Bis in die Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts war die philosophische Ethik neben Vertragstheorien geprägt von zwei ethischen Theoriefamilien: der deontologischen Ethik und dem Konsequentialismus, Letzter vor allem in Form des Utilitarismus. Diese beiden Ethiktheorien scheinen in vielerlei Hinsicht diametral entgegengesetzt zu sein, etwa wenn die moralische Korrektheit einer Handlung entweder an ihren Folgen oder in Übereinstimmung mit einem allgemeinen moralischen Gesetz bemessen wird. Dennoch sind es in beiden Theorien die Handlungen, die bewertet werden.

This book is about nature considered as the totality of physical existence, the universe, and our present day attempts to understand it.

Some risks have extremely high stakes. For example, a worldwide pandemic or asteroid impact could potentially kill more than a billion people. Comfortingly, scientific calculations often put very low probabilities on the occurrence of such catastrophes. In this paper, we argue that there are important new methodological problems which arise when assessing global catastrophic risks and we focus on a problem regarding probability estimation. When an expert provides a calculation of the probability of an outcome, they are really providing the (...) probability of the outcome occurring, given that their argument is watertight. However, their argument may fail for a number of reasons such as a flaw in the underlying theory, a flaw in the modeling of the problem, or a mistake in the calculations. If the probability estimate given by an argument is dwarfed by the chance that the argument itself is flawed, then the estimate is suspect. We develop this idea formally, explaining how it differs from the related distinctions of model and parameter uncertainty. Using the risk estimates from the Large Hadron Collider as a test case, we show how serious the problem can be when it comes to catastrophic risks and how best to address it. (shrink)

The aim of my contribution is to investigate the ground of habits and rituals; they are based on the same processes even though they have different functions depending on the context (personal or social). My discussion will mostly centered on the nature and function of rituals, as necessary practices in human social life (but also in animal life). After a brief introduction of different perspectives on the notions of “habit” and “ritual”, I propose an interpretation of rituals as collective activity, (...) which is based on the same mechanisms of habits formation but it is expressed in a “we-form”, from which is created and institutionalized. (shrink)

This text presents the research field of natural/unconventional computing as it appears in the book COMPUTING NATURE. The articles discussed consist a selection of works from the Symposium on Natural Computing at AISB-IACAP (British Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour and The International Association for Computing and Philosophy) World Congress 2012, held at the University of Birmingham, celebrating Turing centenary. The COMPUTING NATURE is about nature considered as the totality of physical existence, the universe. (...) By physical we mean all phenomena, objects and processes, that are possible to detect either directly by our senses or via instruments. Historically, there have been many ways of describing the universe (cosmic egg, cosmic tree, theistic universe, mechanistic universe) while a particularly prominent contemporary approach is computational universe, as discussed in this article. See more: http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.7784. (shrink)

This observational study analyzes the impact of Internet use on the quality of life and well-being of the elderly. Specifically, it seeks to understand and clarify the effects of Internet use on relationships in terms of self-esteem, life satisfaction and online and offline social support in a sample of senior and elderly Italian people (over 60 years of age). A cohort of 271 elderly people (133 males, 138 females) aged between 60 and 94 years old participated in the study: 236 (...) were Internet Users while the other 35 were Non-Internet Users. The results showed that the time elderly people spend online has a negative effect on their perception of Offline Social Support (Offline Emotional and Informational, and Offline Affective Social Support) and a positive effect on their perception of Online Social Support (particularly on Online Positive Social Interactions). Surprisingly, Internet Use among elderly people seems to impact positively on the perception of Offline Social Support. Indeed, Elderly Internet Users have a more positive perception of Offline Social Support (particularly Offline Positive Social Interactions and Offline Affective Social Support) than Non-Internet Users. A discussion of this finding is provided, positing that the Internet seems to represent the technological side of a functional organ that allows the elderly to stay in closer touch with their family and friends, and in doing so to also overcome some age-related difficulties. (shrink)

Building on agency and resource-based view theories, this study investigates the level of environmental disclosure (ED) practices of family versus non-family firms and explores the moderating role of board gender diversity. We test our hypotheses on a 3-year (2018–2020) panel data sample comprising 324 observations of Italian small- and medium-sized enterprises traded on the Euronext Growth Milan. Findings show that, compared to non-family firms, companies with a family firm status are characterized by lower levels of ED. Gender diversity on the (...) board, however, moderates this relationship, reducing this gap, to the extent that the family firm status is associated with higher ED when the number of women directors is high enough to constitute a critical mass. We consequently contribute to the studies on family business, corporate governance, and corporate social responsibility. (shrink)

This chapter deals with the relationship between representation and language, which becomes more relevant if we do not intend the process of forming internal representations of reality but rather the representative function of language. Starting from some Fregean ideas, we present the notion of representation theorized by Searle. According to Searle, a belief is a “representation” that has a propositional content and a psychological mode: the propositional content or intentional content determines a set of conditions of satisfaction under certain aspects (...) and the psychological mode determines the direction of fit of the propositional content. We draw attention to some very interesting ideas proposed by Brandom in response to the challenge of Searle to AI, as they propose formal aspects of representation that rely on the use of ordinary language while avoiding the psychological order of explanation. (shrink)

Our contribution aims at individuating a valid philosophical strategy for a fruitful confrontation between human and artificial representation. The ground for this theoretical option resides in the necessity to find a solution that overcomes, on the one side, strong AI (i.e. Haugeland) and, on the other side, the view that rules out AI as explanation of human capacities (i.e. Dreyfus). We try to argue for Analytic Pragmatism (AP) as a valid strategy to present arguments for a form of weak AI (...) and to explain a notion of representation common to human and artificial agents. (shrink)

We’ll sketch the debate on testimony in social epistemology by reference to the contemporary debate on reductionism/anti-reductionism, communitarian epistemology and inferentialism. Testimony is a fundamental source of knowledge we share and it is worthy to be considered in the ambit of a dialogical perspective, which requires a description of a formal structure which entails deontic statuses and deontic attitudes. In particular, we’ll argue for a social reformulation of the “space of reasons”, which establishes a fruitful relationship with the epistemological view (...) of Wilfrid Sellars. (shrink)

A preocupação com a saúde física e mental de crianças, adolescentes, jovens, adultos e idosos tem crescido ao longo dos últimos anos, sobretudo a partir da pandemia de Covid-19. Tal preocupação tem produzido estudos e pesquisas acadêmicas; levantamentos e análises realizados por organizações nacionais e internacionais; políticas públicas nacionais; e orientações e planos de ação dirigidos às diversas nações. Se por um lado a atenção e o cuidado com as questões relativas à saúde física e mental são importantes e necessários, (...) por outro, fazem pensar no risco da medicalização da vida, do sofrimento e do mal-estar. Tendo em vista que a escola tem sido lócus privilegiado de discursos e práticas medicalizantes, foi realizada uma pesquisa com o objetivo de averiguar se o processo de medicalização é abordado na formação inicial de pedagogos e investigar os conhecimentos dos participantes sobre a temática. Para tal fim, foi aplicado um questionário em 19 (ex)estudantes de uma universidade pública federal através do aplicativo Google Forms. Dentre os resultados, a análise indica que o tema ainda é pouco estudado no curso e que há pouca clareza na definição e diferenciação dos termos medicalização, patologização e medicação, e na compreensão das causas e desdobramentos do processo. (shrink)