Results for 'Ghislaine van Opstal'

969 found
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  1.  34
    Boekbesprekingen.P. C. Beentjes, Erik Eynikel, Paul van Geest, Els Rose, J. Vijgen, Veerle Fraeters, A. H. C. van Eijk, J. Muis, Carlo Leget, Paul Schotsmans, Olav Boelens, Joke Maex, Erik Sengers, Ghislaine van Opstal, Inigo Bocken, H. J. Adriaanse, Roland Duhamel, Wim Smit & Bart J. Koet - 2003 - Bijdragen 64 (2):222-243.
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  2.  11
    Unconscious information integration: A replication and the role of spatial window in masking experiments.Filip Van Opstal & Molly Rooyakkers - 2022 - Cognition 225 (C):105113.
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  3.  41
    Unconscious semantic categorization and mask interactions: An elaborate response to kunde et al. (2005).Filip Van Opstal, Bert Reynvoet & Tom Verguts - 2005 - Cognition 97 (1):107-113.
  4.  47
    Setting the stage subliminally: Unconscious context effects.Filip Van Opstal, Cristian Buc Calderon, Wim Gevers & Tom Verguts - 2011 - Consciousness and Cognition 20 (4):1860-1864.
    An important approach to understand how the brain gives rise to consciousness is to probe the depth of unconscious processing, thus to define the key features that cause conscious awareness. Here, we investigate the possibility for subliminal stimuli to shape the context for unconscious processing. Context effects have generally been assumed to require consciousness. In the present experiment, unconscious context processing was investigated by looking at the impact of the context on the response activation elicited by a subliminal prime. We (...)
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  5.  53
    Rapid parallel semantic processing of numbers without awareness.Filip Van Opstal, Floris P. de Lange & Stanislas Dehaene - 2011 - Cognition 120 (1):136-147.
  6.  16
    Is there a generalized magnitude system in the brain? Behavioral, neuroimaging, and computational evidence.Filip Van Opstal & Tom Verguts - 2013 - Frontiers in Psychology 4.
  7.  23
    Information-Based Social Coordination Between Players of Different Skill in Doubles Pong.A. A. M. van Opstal, Niek H. Benerink, Frank T. J. M. Zaal, Remy Casanova & Reinoud J. Bootsma - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  8.  62
    How to trigger elaborate processing? A comment on Kunde, Kiesel, and Hoffmann.Filip Van Opstal, Bert Reynvoet & Tom Verguts - 2005 - Cognition 97 (1):89-97.
  9.  38
    Unconscious semantic priming from pictures under backward masking and continuous flash suppression.Timo Stein, Vanessa Utz & Filip van Opstal - 2020 - Consciousness and Cognition 78:102864.
  10.  10
    The subjective experience of response conflict: A study on the neural timecourse of metacognition.Desender Kobe, Van Opstal Filip & Van Den Bussche Eva - 2014 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8.
  11.  41
    The Social Value of Pragmatic Trials.Shona Kalkman, Ghislaine van Thiel, Rieke van der Graaf, Mira Zuidgeest, Iris Goetz, Diederick Grobbee & Johannes van Delden - 2017 - Bioethics 31 (2):136-143.
    Pragmatic trials aim to directly inform health care decision-making through the collection of so-called ‘real world data’ from observations of comparative treatment effects in clinical practice. In order to ensure the applicability and feasibility of a pragmatic trial, design features may be necessary that deviate from standard research ethics requirements. Examples are traditional requirements to seek written informed consent and to perform extensive data and safety monitoring. Proposals for deviations from standard research ethics practice have resulted in controversy about their (...)
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  12.  5
    15 The role of CPB in Dutch economic policy.Rocus van Opstal & Jacqueline Timmerhuis - 2006 - In Tremmel J. (ed.), The Handbook of Intergenerational Justice. Edward Elgar.
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  13.  36
    Task-Relevant Information Modulates Primary Motor Cortex Activity Before Movement Onset.Cristian B. Calderon, Filip Van Opstal, Philippe Peigneux, Tom Verguts & Wim Gevers - 2018 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 12.
  14.  17
    The neural timecourse of metacognition. Investigating the subjective experience of response conflict.Desender Kobe, Van Opstal Filip, Hughes Gethin & Van Den Bussche Eva - 2015 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 9.
  15.  46
    A Puzzle in SRI: Stakeholders in the Mist.Jos Leys & Wim Van Opstal - 2009 - Philosophy of Management 8 (3):81-96.
    ‘Stakeholder’ and related notions have been coined to enhance managerial practice in mainstream corporations. Currently, these notions are abundantly present in all kinds of discourses, especially those on ‘socially responsible investing’. But what kind of stakeholder management are these socially responsible investors promoting and what might be reasonable expectations about outcomes? We find that they promote an approach that has shareholder value as motivation and legitimisation and that they nowhere promote sharing of governance with stakeholders other than shareholders. We explain (...)
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  16.  26
    A colorful walk, but is it on the mental number line? Reply to Cohen Kadosh, Tzelgov, and Henik.Tom Verguts & Filip Van Opstal - 2008 - Cognition 106 (1):558-563.
    Cohen Kadosh, Tzelgov, and Henik [Cohen Kadosh, R., Tzelgov, J., and Henik, A. (2008). A synesthetic walk on the number line: The size effect. Cognition, 106, 548-557] present a new paradigm to probe properties of the mental number line. They describe two experiments which they argue to be inconsistent with the exact small number model proposed by Verguts, Fias, and Stevens [Verguts, T., Fias, W., Stevens, M. (2005). A model of exact small-number representation. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 12, 66-80]. We (...)
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  17.  13
    The Principle of Inverse Effectiveness in Audiovisual Speech Perception.Luuk P. H. van de Rijt, Anja Roye, Emmanuel A. M. Mylanus, A. John van Opstal & Marc M. van Wanrooij - 2019 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 13:468577.
    We assessed how synchronous speech listening and lipreading affects speech recognition in acoustic noise. In simple audiovisual perceptual tasks, inverse effectiveness is often observed, which holds that the weaker the unimodal stimuli, or the poorer their signal-to-noise ratio, the stronger the audiovisual benefit. So far, however, inverse effectiveness has not been demonstrated for complex audiovisual speech stimuli. Here we assess whether this multisensory integration effect can also be observed for the recognizability of spoken words. To that end, we presented audiovisual (...)
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  18.  42
    Temporal Cortex Activation to Audiovisual Speech in Normal-Hearing and Cochlear Implant Users Measured with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.Luuk P. H. van de Rijt, A. John van Opstal, Emmanuel A. M. Mylanus, Louise V. Straatman, Hai Yin Hu, Ad F. M. Snik & Marc M. van Wanrooij - 2016 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 10:173204.
    Background Speech understanding may rely not only on auditory, but also on visual information. Non-invasive functional neuroimaging techniques can expose the neural processes underlying the integration of multisensory processes required for speech understanding in humans. Nevertheless, noise (from fMRI) limits the usefulness in auditory experiments, and electromagnetic artefacts caused by electronic implants worn by subjects can severely distort the scans (EEG, fMRI). Therefore, we assessed audio-visual activation of temporal cortex with a silent, optical neuroimaging technique: functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Methods (...)
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  19.  41
    The social licence for data-intensive health research: towards co-creation, public value and trust.Johannes J. M. van Delden, Menno Mostert, Ghislaine J. M. W. van Thiel, Shona Kalkman & Sam H. A. Muller - 2021 - BMC Medical Ethics 22 (1):1-9.
    BackgroundThe rise of Big Data-driven health research challenges the assumed contribution of medical research to the public good, raising questions about whether the status of such research as a common good should be taken for granted, and how public trust can be preserved. Scandals arising out of sharing data during medical research have pointed out that going beyond the requirements of law may be necessary for sustaining trust in data-intensive health research. We propose building upon the use of a social (...)
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  20.  71
    Unconscious task application.Filip Van Opstal, Wim Gevers, Magda Osman & Tom Verguts - 2010 - Consciousness and Cognition 19 (4):999-1006.
    The nature of unconscious information processing is a heavily debated issue in cognitive science, and neuroscience. Traditionally, it has been thought that unconscious cognitive processing is restricted to knowledge that is strongly prepared by conscious processes. In three experiments, we show that the task that is performed consciously can also be applied unconsciously to items outside the current task set. We found that a same–different judgment of two target stimuli was also performed on two subliminally presented prime stimuli. This was (...)
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  21.  14
    The pleasure of mudslinging: an invective dialogue in verse from 10th century Byzantium.Emilie van Opstall - 2015 - Byzantinische Zeitschrift 108 (2):771-796.
    Name der Zeitschrift: Byzantinische Zeitschrift Jahrgang: 108 Heft: 2 Seiten: 771-796.
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  22.  44
    Patients’ and public views and attitudes towards the sharing of health data for research: a narrative review of the empirical evidence.Shona Kalkman, Johannes van Delden, Amitava Banerjee, Benoît Tyl, Menno Mostert & Ghislaine van Thiel - 2022 - Journal of Medical Ethics 48 (1):3-13.
    IntroductionInternational sharing of health data opens the door to the study of the so-called ‘Big Data’, which holds great promise for improving patient-centred care. Failure of recent data sharing initiatives indicates an urgent need to invest in societal trust in researchers and institutions. Key to an informed understanding of such a ‘social license’ is identifying the views patients and the public may hold with regard to data sharing for health research.MethodsWe performed a narrative review of the empirical evidence addressing patients’ (...)
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  23. Post-error slowing: An orienting account.Wim Notebaert, Femke Houtman, Filip Van Opstal, Wim Gevers, Wim Fias & Tom Verguts - 2009 - Cognition 111 (2):275-279.
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  24.  19
    The Ethics of Decentralized Clinical Trials and Informed Consent: Taking Technologies’ Soft Impacts into Account.Tessa I. van Rijssel, Ghislaine J. M. W. van Thiel & Johannes J. M. van Delden - forthcoming - Health Care Analysis:1-12.
    Decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) have the potential to advance the conduct of clinical trials, but raise several ethical issues, including obtaining valid informed consent. The debate on the ethical issues resulting from digitalization is predominantly focused on direct risks relating to for example data protection, safety, and data quality. We submit however, that a broader view on ethical aspects of DCTs is needed to touch upon the new challenges that come with the DCT practice. Digitalization has impacts that go beyond (...)
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  25.  18
    Which Benefits Can Justify Risks in Research?Tessa I. van Rijssel, Ghislaine J. M. W. van Thiel, Helga Gardarsdottir, Johannes J. M. van Delden & on Behalf of the Trials@Home Consortium - forthcoming - American Journal of Bioethics:1-11.
    Research ethics committees (RECs) evaluate whether the risk-benefit ratio of a study is acceptable. Decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) are a novel approach for conducting clinical trials that potentially bring important benefits for research, including several collateral benefits. The position of collateral benefits in risk-benefit assessments is currently unclear. DCTs raise therefore questions about how these benefits should be assessed. This paper aims to reconsider the different types of research benefits, and their position in risk-benefit assessments. We first propose a categorization (...)
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  26.  59
    Assistance in dying for older people without a serious medical condition who have a wish to die: a national cross-sectional survey.Natasja J. H. Raijmakers, Agnes van der Heide, Pauline S. C. Kouwenhoven, Ghislaine J. M. W. van Thiel, Johannes J. M. van Delden & Judith A. C. Rietjens - 2015 - Journal of Medical Ethics 41 (2):145-150.
  27. Reflective Equilibrium as a Normative Empirical Model.Ghislaine J. M. W. van Thiel & Johannes J. M. van Delden - 2010 - Ethical Perspectives 17 (2):183-202.
    People who work and live in a certain moral practice usually possess a specific form of moral wisdom. If we manage to incorporate their moral intuitions in ethical reasoning, we can arrive at judgements and theories that grasp a moral experience that generally cannot be found outside the said practice. To achieve this goal, we need a legitimate way to balance moral intuitions, ethical principles and general theories. In the present contribution, we describe a version of the model of Reflective (...)
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  28.  66
    Reflective Equilibrium as a Normative Empirical Model.Ghislaine Jmw| van Delden van Thiel & Johannes Jm van Delden - 2010 - Ethical Perspectives 17 (2):183.
    People who work and live in a certain moral practice usually possess a specific form of moral wisdom. If we manage to incorporate their moral intuitions in ethical reasoning, we can arrive at judgements and theories that grasp a moral experience that generally cannot be found outside the said practice. To achieve this goal, we need a legitimate way to balance moral intuitions, ethical principles and general theories. In the present contribution, we describe a version of the model of Reflective (...)
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  29.  41
    The Need to Explicate the Ethical Evaluation Tools to Avoid Ethical Inflation.Rosemarie Bernabe, Ghislaine van Thiel, Jan Raaijmakers & Johannes van Delden - 2009 - American Journal of Bioethics 9 (11):56-58.
  30.  13
    Learning accountable governance: Challenges and perspectives for data-intensive health research networks.Ghislaine Jmw van Thiel, Thomas Schillemans, Johannes Jm van Delden, Menno Mostert & Sam Ha Muller - 2022 - Big Data and Society 9 (2).
    Current challenges to sustaining public support for health data research have directed attention to the governance of data-intensive health research networks. Accountability is hailed as an important element of trustworthy governance frameworks for data-intensive health research networks. Yet the extent to which adequate accountability regimes in data-intensive health research networks are currently realized is questionable. Current governance of data-intensive health research networks is dominated by the limitations of a drawing board approach. As a way forward, we propose a stronger focus (...)
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  31.  45
    Non-physician-assisted suicide in The Netherlands: a cross-sectional survey among the general public.Merel Kristi Schoonman, Ghislaine José Madeleine Wilhelmien van Thiel & Johannes Jozef Marten van Delden - 2014 - Journal of Medical Ethics 40 (12):842-848.
  32.  69
    The fiduciary obligation of the physician-researcher in phase IV trials.Rosemarie Dlc Bernabe, Ghislaine Jmw van Thiel, Jan Am Raaijmakers & Johannes Jm van Delden - 2014 - BMC Medical Ethics 15 (1):11.
    BackgroundIn this manuscript, we argue that within the context of phase IV, physician-researchers retain their fiduciary obligation to treat the patient-participants.DiscussionWe first clarify why the perspective that research ethics ought to be differentiated from clinical ethics is not applicable in phase IV, and therefore, why therapeutic orientation is most convivial in this phase. Next, assuming that ethics guidelines may be representative of common morality, we show that ethics guidelines see physician-researchers primarily as physicians and only secondarily as researchers. We then (...)
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  33.  40
    Responsible data sharing in international health research: a systematic review of principles and norms.Shona Kalkman, Menno Mostert, Christoph Gerlinger, Johannes J. M. van Delden & Ghislaine J. M. W. van Thiel - 2019 - BMC Medical Ethics 20 (1):21.
    Large-scale linkage of international clinical datasets could lead to unique insights into disease aetiology and facilitate treatment evaluation and drug development. Hereto, multi-stakeholder consortia are currently designing several disease-specific translational research platforms to enable international health data sharing. Despite the recent adoption of the EU General Data Protection Regulation, the procedures for how to govern responsible data sharing in such projects are not at all spelled out yet. In search of a first, basic outline of an ethical governance framework, we (...)
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  34. News media coverage of euthanasia: a content analysis of Dutch national newspapers.Judith Ac Rietjens, Natasja Jh Raijmakers, Pauline Sc Kouwenhoven, Clive Seale, Ghislaine Jmw van Thiel, Margo Trappenburg, Johannes Jm van Delden & Agnes van der Heide - 2013 - BMC Medical Ethics 14 (1):1-7.
    The Netherlands is one of the few countries where euthanasia is legal under strict conditions. This study investigates whether Dutch newspaper articles use the term ‘euthanasia’ according to the legal definition and determines what arguments for and against euthanasia they contain. We did an electronic search of seven Dutch national newspapers between January 2009 and May 2010 and conducted a content analysis. Of the 284 articles containing the term ‘euthanasia’, 24% referred to practices outside the scope of the law, mostly (...)
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  35. Opinions about euthanasia and advanced dementia: a qualitative study among Dutch physicians and members of the general public.Pauline S. C. Kouwenhoven, Natasja J. H. Raijmakers, Johannes J. M. van Delden, Judith A. C. Rietjens, Donald G. Van Tol, Suzanne van de Vathorst, Nienke de Graeff, Heleen A. M. Weyers, Agnes van der Heide & Ghislaine J. M. W. van Thiel - 2015 - BMC Medical Ethics 16 (1):7.
    The Dutch law states that a physician may perform euthanasia according to a written advance euthanasia directive when a patient is incompetent as long as all legal criteria of due care are met. This may also hold for patients with advanced dementia. We investigated the differing opinions of physicians and members of the general public on the acceptability of euthanasia in patients with advanced dementia.
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  36.  83
    What do international ethics guidelines say in terms of the scope of medical research ethics?Rosemarie D. L. C. Bernabe, Ghislaine J. M. W. van Thiel & Johannes J. M. van Delden - 2016 - BMC Medical Ethics 17 (1):1-18.
    BackgroundIn research ethics, the most basic question would always be, “which is an ethical issue, which is not?” Interestingly, depending on which ethics guideline we consult, we may have various answers to this question. Though we already have several international ethics guidelines for biomedical research involving human participants, ironically, we do not have a harmonized document which tells us what these various guidelines say and shows us the areas of consensus. In this manuscript, we attempted to do just that.MethodsWe extracted (...)
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  37.  60
    Ethics and the marketing authorization of pharmaceuticals: what happens to ethical issues discovered post-trial and pre-marketing authorization?Rosemarie D. L. C. Bernabe, Ghislaine J. M. W. van Thiel, Nancy S. Breekveldt, Christine C. Gispen & Johannes J. M. van Delden - 2020 - BMC Medical Ethics 21 (1):1-8.
    Background In the EU, clinical assessors, rapporteurs and the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use are obliged to assess the ethical aspects of a clinical development program and include major ethical flaws in the marketing authorization deliberation processes. To this date, we know very little about the manner that these regulators put this obligation into action. In this paper, we intend to look into the manner and the extent that ethical issues discovered during inspection have reached the deliberation processes. (...)
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  38.  88
    The risk-benefit task of research ethics committees: An evaluation of current approaches and the need to incorporate decision studies methods. [REVIEW]Johannes J. M. Van Delden Rosemarie D. L. C. Bernabe, Ghislaine J. M. W. Van Thiel, Jan A. M. Raaijmakers - 2012 - BMC Medical Ethics 13 (1):6.
    BackgroundResearch ethics committees (RECs) are tasked to assess the risks and the benefits of a trial. Currently, two procedure-level approaches are predominant, the Net Risk Test and the Component Analysis.DiscussionBy looking at decision studies, we see that both procedure-level approaches conflate the various risk-benefit tasks, i.e., risk-benefit assessment, risk-benefit evaluation, risk treatment, and decision making. This conflation makes the RECs’ risk-benefit task confusing, if not impossible. We further realize that RECs are not meant to do all the risk-benefit tasks; instead, (...)
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  39. News media coverage of euthanasia: a content analysis of Dutch national newspapers. [REVIEW]Rosemarie D. L. C. Bernabe, Ghislaine J. M. W. Van Thiel, Jan A. M. Raaijmakers & Johannes J. M. Van Delden - 2013 - BMC Medical Ethics 14 (1):6-.
    BackgroundThe Netherlands is one of the few countries where euthanasia is legal under strict conditions. This study investigates whether Dutch newspaper articles use the term ‘euthanasia’ according to the legal definition and determines what arguments for and against euthanasia they contain.MethodsWe did an electronic search of seven Dutch national newspapers between January 2009 and May 2010 and conducted a content analysis.ResultsOf the 284 articles containing the term ‘euthanasia’, 24% referred to practices outside the scope of the law, mostly relating to (...)
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  40.  67
    On the masking and disclosure of unconscious elaborate processing. A reply to Van opstal, reynvoet, and Verguts (2005).Wilfried Kunde, Andrea Kiesel & Joachim Hoffmann - 2005 - Cognition 97 (1):99-105.
  41.  61
    John Geometres - Van Opstall Jean Géomètre. Poèmes en hexamètres et en distiques élégiaques. Pp. xvi + 606, pls. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2008. Cased, €160, US$234. ISBN: 978-90-04-16444-4. [REVIEW]Andrew Faulkner - 2010 - The Classical Review 60 (1):103-104.
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  42.  15
    Red-Hair Medicine: Dutch-Japanese Medical RelationsH. Beukers A. M. Luyendijk-Elshout M. E. van Opstall F. Vos.William Johnston - 1992 - Isis 83 (3):472-473.
  43.  10
    Wetenschap, wijsheid, filosoferen: opstellen aangeboden aan Hendrik van Riessen bij zijn afscheid als hoogleraar in de wijsbegeerte aan de Vrije Universiteit te Amsterdam.H. van Riessen & P. Blokhuis (eds.) - 1981 - Assen: Van Gorcum.
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  44.  52
    (1 other version)Essays on Gödel’s Reception of Leibniz, Husserl, and Brouwer.Mark van Atten (ed.) - 2014 - Cham: Springer Verlag.
    This volume tackles Gödel's two-stage project of first using Husserl's transcendental phenomenology to reconstruct and develop Leibniz' monadology, and then founding classical mathematics on the metaphysics thus obtained. The author analyses the historical and systematic aspects of that project, and then evaluates it, with an emphasis on the second stage.
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  45.  55
    Design for value change.Ibo van de Poel - 2018 - Ethics and Information Technology 23 (1):27-31.
    In the value sensitive design literature, there has been little attention for how values may change during the adoption and use of a sociotechnical system, and what that implies for design. A value change taxonomy is proposed, as well as a number of technical features that allow dealing with value change.
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  46.  9
    A heart for everyone? The need to include diverse populations in first-in-human trials.Lieke van Kempen, Martine C. de Vries & Nienke de Graeff - forthcoming - Journal of Medical Ethics.
    ### ­ In Who shall go first? A multicriteria approach to patient selection for first clinical trials of cardiac xenotransplantation, Kögel et al recommend the inclusion of patients who (1) have a (high) medical need for an allograft, (2) have the capacity to benefit from a xenograft, (3) have a ‘real’ choice between enrolment in a first-in-human clinical trial and an alternative life-sustaining treatment option and (4) have no clear record of previous non-compliance.1 As the authors discuss, patient selection must (...)
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  47.  67
    (1 other version)Functional neuroimages fail to discover pieces of mind in the parts of the brain.G. C. van Orden - 1997 - Philosophy of Science Supplement 64 (4):85-94.
    The method of positron emission tomography illustrates the circular logic popular in subtractive neuroimaging and linear reductive cognitive psychology. Both require that strictly feed-forward, modular, cognitive components exist, before the fact, to justify the inference of particular components from images after the fact. Also, both require a "true" componential theory of cognition and laboratory tasks, before the fact, to guarantee reliable choices for subtractive contrasts. None of these possibilities are likely. Consequently, linear reductive analysis has failed to yield general, reliable, (...)
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  48. (2 other versions)The slippery slope argument.Wibren van der Burg - 1991 - Ethics 102 (1):42-65.
    I analyze three forms of the slippery slope argument (two logical and one empirical) using two questions: 1) in the context of what kind of norms are we considering a first step on a possible slope: statute law, precedent law, positive morality, or critical morality? 2) What is meant by "If we allow this first step"? The conclusion is that the argument's greatest force is in a context of institutionalized norms, like law, whereas its importance in morality is only marginal.
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  49.  18
    Trust in farm data sharing: reflections on the EU code of conduct for agricultural data sharing.Simone van der Burg, Leanne Wiseman & Jovana Krkeljas - 2020 - Ethics and Information Technology 23 (3):185-198.
    Digital farming technologies promise to help farmers make well-informed decisions that improve the quality and quantity of their production, with less labour and less impact on the environment. This future, however, can only become a reality if farmers are willing to share their data with agribusinesses that develop digital technologies. To foster trust in data sharing, in Europe the EU Code of Conduct for agricultural data sharing by contractual agreement was launched in 2018 which encourages transparency about data use. This (...)
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  50. Signalling games select horn strategies.Robert van Rooy - 2004 - Linguistics and Philosophy 27 (4):493-527.
    In this paper I will discuss why (un) marked expressionstypically get an (un)marked interpretation: Horn''sdivision of pragmatic labor. It is argued that it is aconventional fact that we use language this way.This convention will be explained in terms ofthe equilibria of signalling games introduced byLewis (1969), but now in an evolutionary setting. Iwill also relate this signalling game analysis withParikh''s (1991, 2000, 2001) game-theoretical analysis ofsuccessful communication, which in turn is compared withBlutner''s: 2000) bi-directional optimality theory.
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