The topic of this article is the analysis of the relations between different levels of reality. The core argument is based on considerations of both an epistemology of action and manipulative causality as a criterion of object identity. The argumentation is extended towards the concepts of self-organization and self-regulation. Finally, several views on reduction and the problems of emergence and complexity are discussed.

Bei transzendenten Erfahrungen treten Aspekte und Dimensionen der vertrauten Wirklichkeit hervor, die normalerweise verborgen sind. Gewohnte Deutungsmuster und Erklarungskategorien versagen. Kognitive Spannungen sind die Folge. Das Bedurfnis nach ihrer Losung fuhrt oft zu vorschnellen Interpretationen und Erklarungen oder gar zur apriorischen Abwertung und Ignorierung transzendenter Erfahrungen. Sorgfaltige und umsichtige wissenschaftliche Studien sind daher immer noch ein Desiderat. Die Beitrage basieren auf einer Ringvorlesung an der Universitat Basel. Sie thematisieren an einschlagigen Beispielen die Phanomenologie transzendenter Erfahrungen, ihre biographischen Wirkungen, ihr Zusammenspiel (...) mit kunstlerischem Schaffen und Erleben, die Schwierigkeit ihrer Deutung und Beurteilung und ihre Abwertung und Pathologisierung durch Aufklarung und Wissenschaft. Inhalt: Heiner Schwenke: Einleitung: Was sind und zu welchem Ende erforscht man transzendente Erfahrungen? Heiner Schwenke: Begegnungen mit Personen aus anderen Welten Jorg-Andreas Botticher: Wo das Unsagbare horbar wird - Musik und Transzendenz David-Marc Hoffmann: Rudolf Steiner als Lehrer der Transzendenz Heiner Schwenke: Swedenborg und Kant - Zur Schwierigkeit, transzendente Erfahrung zu verstehen Saskia Wendel: Unterscheidung der Geister - Zur Kriteriologie religioser Erfahrung Andreas Sommer: Geisterglaube, Aufklarung und Wissenschaft - Historiographische Skizzen zu einem westlichen Fundamentaltabu. (shrink)

The mainly medical law and health economics treatise follows the interdisciplinary theoretical approach of health services research. The focus is on managing health care in Germany through minimum numbers of cases. What effects does this concept have on the quality aspect and the needs-based approach to inpatient care. Methodologically, a selective literature search is used. In a comparative analysis between the states of Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein, empirical data are examined. As a result, it can be stated that the actors have (...) experienced a power shift in the health system due to the relevant legislation. In the future, it will be less the hospital planning of the federal states than the intermediary Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) and corporate structural development that will drive the centralization of the care landscape. (shrink)

In 1871, the German philosopher Gustav Teichmüller moved from his Basel chair to the much better paid chair in Tartu, and taught there until his untimely death. Besides philosophy, he had studied various disciplines, including the natural sciences. In the preparation of his own philosophy, he explored the history of philosophy for more than twenty years and made pioneering contributions to the history of concepts. Only by the early-1880s did he begin to elaborate his "new philosophy", an original version of (...) personalism, both anti-idealist and anti-materialist. He did this in three major works which built upon each other. Unwritten remained the keystone of his philosophy, the Philosophie des Christentums, in which Teichmüller wanted to show that the philosophical contents of Christianity were encapsulated by his own personalism. One major objective of his philosophy, as I see it, was regaining reality---in particular the reality of the person---after it had been lost in the wake of the failure of modern representationalism. Notwithstanding its coherentist elements, I see Teichmüller's philosophy as a precursor of direct realism. Although he fell into oblivion soon after, his thoughts were received throughout Europe, notably by Friedrich Nietzsche, Aleksey Kozlov and Nicholas Lossky. His extensive literary remains, which are kept in Basel, remain to be explored. (shrink)

In 1871, the German philosopher Gustav Teichmüller (1832-1888) moved from his Basel chair to the much better paid chair in Tartu, and taught there until his untimely death. Besides philosophy, he had studied various disciplines, including the natural sciences. In the preparation of his own philosophy, he explored the history of philosophy for more than twenty years and made pioneering contributions to the history of concepts. Only by the early-1880s did he begin to elaborate his "new philosophy", an original version (...) of personalism, both anti-idealist and anti-materialist. He did this in three major works ( Die wirkliche und die scheinbare Welt 1882, Religionsphilosophie 1886, Neue Grundlegung der Psychologie und Logik , posthumous 1889) which built upon each other. Unwritten remained the keystone of his philosophy, the Philosophie des Christentums , in which Teichmüller wanted to show that the philosophical contents of Christianity were encapsulated by his own personalism. One major objective of his philosophy, as I see it, was regaining reality---in particular the reality of the person---after it had been lost in the wake of the failure of modern representationalism. Notwithstanding its coherentist elements, I see Teichmüller's philosophy as a precursor of direct realism. Although he fell into oblivion soon after, his thoughts were received throughout Europe, notably by Friedrich Nietzsche, Aleksey Kozlov and Nicholas Lossky. His extensive literary remains, which are kept in Basel, remain to be explored. (shrink)

Which Books by Teichmüller Did Nietzsche Have Access to? An Attempt at a Reconstruction. The question of which books by Gustav Teichmüller Nietzsche had available has not been satisfactorily clarified to this day. Drawing on sources not considered so far, including the correspondence between Teichmüller and Franz Overbeck and a list that Teichmüller kept about copies of his writings he had sent to colleagues and friends found in his Nachlass, I conclude that Nietzsche only had four books by Teichmüller at (...) his disposal (apart from the opusculum Ueber die Reihenfolge der platonischen Dialoge). Three of these were loans: Aristotelische Forschungen I from the University Library of Basel in the summer semester of 1870, Die Wirkliche und die scheinbare Welt, from Overbeck between late summer 1882 (at the earliest) and November 1885, and the Neue Studien zur Geschichte der Begriffe III also from Overbeck from October 1883 to November 1885. Only the Aristotelischen Forschungen II seem to have been Nietzsche’s personal property (since 1869). Although it is often assumed that Nietzsche also read other books by Teichmüller – e. g., the Studien zur Geschichte der Begriffe, the Neue Studien zur Geschichte der Begriffe II, and the two volumes of the Literarische Fehden im vierten Jahrhundert v. Chr. – they were most likely not available to Nietzsche. (shrink)

Bei einer idealtypischen »past life«-Erfahrung erlebt sich der Betroffene visionär mit einen anderen physischen Körper als Akteur in einem Geschehen, das anscheinend vor der Zeit des eigenen (aktuellen) Lebens spielt. Regelmäßig werden solche Erfahrungen als Erinnerung an ein eigenes früheres Leben und somit als Beleg für Reinkarnation aufgefasst. In dieser Studie wird gezeigt, dass Phänomenologie und Begleitumstände von »past life«-Erfahrungen gegen ihre Interpretation als Erinnerungen im Sinne eines Wiedererlebens sprechen.

Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest problematyce fleksji i derywacji i ich stosunku do leksyki i gramatyki. Pierwsza część traktuje o kryteriach gramatyczności i pokazuje, że kwestia, czy dana jednostka należy do gramatyki, zależy ani od obligatoryjności, ani od regularności i przewidywalności, ani od mechanizmu tworzenia, lecz tylko i wyłącznie od tożsamości semantycznej między formą podstawową a formą tworzoną, co sprawia, że gramatyczność nie ogranicza się do form fleksyjnych, lecz obejmuje też formy derywacyjne. W drugiej części autor udowadnia na przykładzie języka angielskiego, (...) że tak naprawdę nie można mówić o dwóch różnych procesach tworzenia jednostek gramatycznych, czyli fleksji i derywacji, że dokonanie zmian morfologicznych za pomocą morfem sprowadza się do jedynego procesu tworzenia, a mianowicie modyfikacji, przy czym z procesu modyfikacji powstają różne produkty, raz formy a raz słowa, innymi słowy: nie ma fleksji i derywacji, jest tylko modyfikacja dwóch rodzajów, modyfikacja formotwórcza i modyfikacji słowotwórcza. (shrink)

Niniejszy artykuł traktuje o derywacji i jej stosunku do gramatyki. Zwykle derywacja postrzegana jest jedynie jako proces tworzenia słów i jako taka stawiana jest w opozycji do fleksji, którą z kolei badacze jednomyślnie uważają za mechanizm pełniący funkcję tworzenia form gramatycznych. Można jednakże wykazać, że derywacji nie należy redukować tylko do wyżej wymienionej roli, gdyż bierze ona udział również w tworzeniu jednostek gramatycznych. Różnica między derywacją a fleksją polega na tym, że derywacja prowadzi do powstania niezależnych i autonomicznych jednostek, podczas (...) gdy fleksja tworzy jednostki językowe nie mogące występować samodzielnie, czyli poza poszczególnymi kontekstami. Autor zaznacza, że fleksja, która znajduje swe odbicie w formach, mając w ten sposób wydźwięk czysto gramatyczny, różni się od derywacji, która powoduje słowa będące zarówno gramatyczne, jak i leksykalne. (shrink)

On its establishment, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as a fundamental human right deserving legal protection. Subsequently, the Ottawa Charter reaffirmed health as a fundamental right, and emphasized health promotion as the most appropriate response to global health issues. Here we suggest that the WHO definition of health as more than simply the absence of illness is not normative, and therefore requires standardization. To date such standardization unfortunately is lacking.

How micro- and macroevolutionary evolutionary processes produce phenotypic change is without question one of the most intriguing and perplexing issues facing evolutionary biologists. We believe that roadblocks to progress lie A) in the underestimation of the role of the environment, and in particular, that of the interaction of genotypes with environmental factors, and B) in the continuing lack of incorporation of development into the evolutionary synthesis. We propose the integration of genetic, environmental and developmental perspectives on the evolution of the (...) phenotype in the form of the concept of the developmental reaction norm (DRN) The DRN represents the set of multivariate ontogenies that can be produced by a single genotype when it is exposed to environmental variation. It encompasses: 1) the processes that alter the phenotype throughout the ontogenetic trajectory, 2) the recognition that different aspects of the phenotype are (and must be) correlated and 3) the ability of a genotype to produce phenotypes in different environments. This perspective necessitates the explicit study of character expression during development, the evaluation of associations between pairs or groups of characters (e.g., multivariate allometries), and the exploration of reaction norms and phenotypic plasticity. We explicitly extend the concept of the DRN to encompass adjustments made in response to changes in the internal environment as well. Thus, ‘typical’ developmental sequences (e.g., cell fate determination) and plastic responses are simply manifestations of different scales of ‘environmental’ effects along a continuum. We present: (1) a brief conceptual review of three fundamental aspects of the generation and evolution of phenotypes: the changes in the trajectories describing growth and differentiation (ontogeny), the multivariate relationships among characters (allometry), and the effect of the environment (plasticity); (2) a discussion of how these components are merged in the concept of the developmental reaction norm; and (3) a reaction norm perspective of major determinants of phenotypes: epigenesis, selection and constraint. (shrink)