Resumo A concepção sobre livre-arbítrio em Abelardo foi definida na obra Theologia scholarium como a própria deliberação do indivíduo em fazer ou renunciar a algo. Na Ethica, essa ideia foi desenvolvida a partir da noção de voluntário. Em se tratando de pecado, base das discussões da Ethica, Abelardo desenvolveu o conceito que conhecemos hoje como “moral da intenção”. Nessa perspectiva de moral, o pecado só se sustentaria a partir da intenção do indivíduo, fruto do seu consentimento, ação livre e voluntária. (...) A proposta do artigo é analisar de forma introdutória como a ideia de livre-arbítrio foi compreendida por Abelardo em relação ao pecado e em relação à vontade de Deus, posicionamento que colaborou para sua condenação no Concílio de Sens, em 1140.Abelard’s conception of free will was defined in the work Theologia scholarium as the deliberation of the individual to do or renounce something. In Abelard’s ethical writings, this idea was developed on the basis of the notion of the voluntary. In his treatment of sin, the basis of Abelard’s discussions, Abelard developed the concept currently known as “intentionalist morals”. In this moral perspective, sin would only result from the intention of the individual, as the result of his or her consent and of free and voluntary action. The purpose of this article is to introduce Abelard’s idea of free will in relation to sin and God’s will, a position that contributed to his condemnation at the Council of Sens in 1140. (shrink)

To most, myths are merely fantastic stories. But for Luc Brisson, one of the great living Plato scholars, myth is a key factor in what it means to be human – a condition of life for all. Essential and inescapable, myth offers a guide for living, forming the core of belonging and group identity. In 1999 Quebec classicist Louis-André Dorion published a series of French conversations with Brisson on the idea of myth. In Making Sense of Myth Gerard Naddaf (...) offers an extended and updated English translation of these conversations, as well as a new set of discussions between himself and Brisson. Beginning with Brisson's childhood in the village of Saint-Esprit, Quebec, through his education as a gifted child in minor seminaries starting at age eleven, and continuing with his years in Paris, first as a graduate student and later at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Brisson tells the story of his escape from an all-encompassing myth – the one promulgated by the Roman Catholic Church. The philosopher situates Quebec society as inseparable from the history of the Catholic Church in Quebec, and argues that this correlation offers a perfect paradigm of myth and mythmaking. Naddaf’s introduction and afterword contextualize the conversations by discussing Brisson’s and Plato’s understanding of the origin and meaning of myth, elaborating on the role of myth in anthropogeny, in the creation of selfhood, and in multiculturalism. Making Sense of Myth promises both a philosophy of myth and a philosophy of life, one inspired by Brisson’s lifelong engagement with the great Western philosopher Plato. (shrink)

Written by one of the most important founding figures of Western philosophy, Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics represents a critical point in the study of ethics which has influenced the direction of modern philosophy. The Routledge Guidebook to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics introduces the major themes in Aristotle’s great book and acts as a companion for reading this key work, examining: The context of Aristotle’s work and the background to his writing Each separate part of the text in relation to its goals, meanings (...) and impact The reception the book received when first seen by the world The relevance of Aristotle’s work to modern philosophy, its legacy and influence. With further reading included throughout, this text is essential reading for all students of philosophy, and all those wishing to get to grips with this classic work. (shrink)

Autobiografisch getint relaas van de protestantse predikant over hoe zijn visie op God en het geloof is veranderd.

Are OCypersonsOCO physical things, members of the species homo sapiens which exist solely in materialist form, continuous in structure with other living things? Or is the issue a more complex one: are there more dimensions to being a person than mere physical, biological existence? These are matters of interest and discussion in many fields of study in this age of individuality. In this wide-ranging essay, the author addresses various aspects of the issue, including the history of self and identity. The (...) ancient tradition of dualism is rejected in favour of a straightforward holistic and naturalistic account of selfhood; it is argued that the mind arises in an emergent sense from the body and personal identity is best expressed in terms of a self-reflective and meaningful narrative. The approach is principally from an analytic philosophy point of view but also takes onOCoboard psychological and sociological aspects of self and identity. (shrink)

It is sometimes said that there has been a ‘paradigm shift’ in the field of assessment over the last two or three decades: a new preoccupation with what learners can do, what they know or what they have achieved. It is suggested in this article that this change has precipitated a need to distinguish two conceptually and logically distinct methodological approaches to assessment that have hitherto gone unacknowledged. The upshot, it is argued, is that there appears to be a fundamental (...) confusion at the heart of current policy, a confusion occasioned by the demand to know what learners know and compounded by a failure to recognise what this properly entails for assessment methodology. (shrink)

The last decade or so has seen a resurgence of interest in Ryle's knowing‐how / knowing‐that (KH/KT) distinction, prompted by Stanley and Williamson's provocative intellectualist reading of the distinction. This chapter argues that even by Ryle's own account the distinction cannot properly be regarded as an epistemological distinction, that is, as demarcating two different kinds of knowledge. It talks about being clear about where our use of the KH/KT distinction does make sense and where it doesn't. More specifically, it leaves (...) us incapable of explaining how we are able to distinguish cases perhaps identical in terms of overt behaviour yet seemingly very different in terms of what is known. Although the KH/KT distinction has some limited viability in the context of knowledge attribution it is simply not viable as an epistemological distinction. (shrink)

One effect of information technology is the increasing need to present information visually. The trend raises intriguing questions. What is the logical status of reasoning that employs visualization? What are the cognitive advantages and pitfalls of this reasoning? What kinds of tools can be developed to aid in the use of visual representation? This newest volume on the Studies in Logic and Computation series addresses the logical aspects of the visualization of information. The authors of these specially commissioned papers explore (...) the properties of diagrams, charts, and maps, and their use in problem solving and teaching basic reasoning skills. As computers make visual representations more commonplace, it is important for professionals, researchers and students in computer science, philosophy, and logic to develop an understanding of these tools; this book can clarify the relationship between visuals and information. (shrink)

In recent years, the relationships between systems of symbolic representations and cities have given rise to an often rich and stimulating consideration among various specialists in human sciences, namely, historians, anthropologists, semiologists and sociologists, among others. Urban conglomerates can no longer be conceived as simple assemblages of more or less functional constructions. The city is as much a mental concept as it is a physical reality. It is made up of images that give it a meaning. It does not exist (...) independently of the sum of subjective interpretations that are continually made by its inhabitants. Our Western perception of the city may be influenced by romanesque literature or the memory of a painting, in other words, by imaginary worlds. It varies according to individual memory: each of us is attached to the different urban spaces of his souvenirs, emotions arising from family history or the duration of a lifetime. These personal projections are all the more important because they command a certain number of daily actions and furnish a framework of orientation to every citizen. They contribute to giving a moral quality to urban space and transform physical objects into concepts, into more or less determined signs. (shrink)

At the start of the 21st century, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) seems to have great potential for innovating business practices with a positive impact on People, Planet and Profit. In this article the differences between the management systems approach of the nineties, and Corporate Social Responsibility are analysed.An analysis is structured around three business principles that are relevant for CSR and management systems: (1) doing things right the first time, (2) doing the right things, and (3) continuous improvement and innovation. (...) Basically CSR is focussing on the second principle, and management systems focus on the first. However, CSR is very likely to build on the management systems as well.From a CSR point of view, the existing generation of management systems with their focus on rational control (= doing things right) can only be of limited use in the development of CSR. However, the preventive rationalities of management systems are important. Values and the principle doing the right things is extremely relevant for CSR. This goes far beyond the present generation of ISO type management systems; opportunities stem from building on TQM approaches like the EFQM Business Excellence model. Continuous improvement and innovation is a permanent challenge underlying the two other business principles, and requires both individual and organisational learning processes. In the present generation of management systems, continuous improvement mainly addresses rational prevention, barely the value aspects of business.For the further development and implementation of CSR, each of the three business management principles are vital. There is a need for a new generation of management systems that addresses the values at stake in strategic decision-making, both at company level and in the behaviour of individuals, while the rationalities of prevention and anticipation are still relevant. In both directions more emphasis for continuous learning and innovation will be needed.CSR is likely to trigger the development of management systems in the directions mentioned. This will support companies to be credible and transparent in improving the performance with respect to people, planet and profit. (shrink)

En premier fut un poète, Parménide, le père de l’ontologie, qui laissa libre cours à une autre manière de penser, plusd’une fois mythique, servie par un talent littéraire que l’on eut tort de sous-estimer. Puis un dialecticien, Zénon d’Élée, voulut ébranler de fausses certitudes et poser des questions nouvelles, en usant au besoin de paradoxes, restés fameux. Enfin dut s’imposer une synthèse, jouant aussi le rôle d’une « défense et illustration » de la philosophie éléatique. Elle fut l’oeuvre d’un amateur, (...) Mélissos, haut responsable (ou ancien haut responsable) civil et militaire de Samos. (shrink)

Qu'est-ce que les temps actuels font au cinéma et au film? La question revêt une double dimension, historique et prospective. Il s'agit de saisir le film en devenir à travers ses métamorphoses et ses interactions dans le champ artistique, politique et social. Le médium ne saurait se réduire à un seul mode de production et de circulation. En se rapprochant toujours davantage de la vie, le film est devenu le lieu de la double transformation des subjectivités et de toutes les (...) réalités. Les chapitres de ce livre oscillent entre ces deux pôles. L'auteur incite le lecteur - même non spécialiste - à un travail de réflexion sur la nature du film, ses dispositifs, sa matière et ses composantes, ses relations à la science et à la technique, son idéologie et son imaginaire. L'écriture, audacieuse, documentée et critique témoigne d'une subjectivité en prise avec le réel du cinéma"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Introduction: catastrophizing: a beginner's guide -- Leonardo's disasters -- Earthquakes of the mind -- Shakespeare's catastrophic "anything" -- The earthquake and the microscope -- Disaster before the sublime; or, Kant's catastrophes -- Afterword: catastrophizing in the age of climate change.

Analyzes the different feelings, drives and instincts we have inherited from other species, to suggest a new understanding of ourselves as part of an eco-political community.

v. 1. Genèse de la personne -- v. 2. Le lieu de la personne.

Le présupposé éthique et politique de la modernité veut que la " nature " soit extérieure aux humains. Les hommes la considèrent comme leur " environnement ", comme si les choses de la nature étaient conçues aux seules fins de les servir. Telle est l'origine de la crise écologique de notre temps : le projet politique et technique d'asservissement d'une nature fantasmatique vouée à satisfaire nos besoins. L'État moderne résulte donc d'un prétendu droit selon lequel nous devons nous organiser en (...) vue de la lutte contre la nature et non d'une vie en harmonie avec elle. Ainsi pensée, la nature n'est plus qu'un vaste magasin où nous puisons notre nourriture. Quant à sa " valorisation ", elle se réduit à la marchandisation capitaliste de ses ressources. Pour faire face à la crise, nous devons requalifier les fondements politiques et moraux de nos façons de penser et d'agir, et substituer au droit naturel un droit biotique permettant une réforme radicale de la relation qu'entretiennent la cité des hommes et la nature. Car, en réalité, la crise n'est pas écologique mais politique : c'est celle des fondements essentiels de la cité. Plutôt qu'une politique des hommes sur les choses de la nature, il nous faut concevoir une cosmopolitique de la nature. (shrink)

The science and technology of genetic testing is rapidly advancing with the consequences that genetic testing may well offer the prospect of being able to detect the onset of future disabilities. Some recent research also indicates that certain behavioural profiles may have a strong genetic basis, such as the determination to succeed and win or the propensity for risk-taking, which may be of interest to third parties. However, as this technology becomes more prevalent there is a danger that the genetic (...) information may be misused by entities such as employers, insurance companies, educational facilities, and finance companies and that people with particular genetic profiles may be discriminated against.This book explores the different types and the potential uses of genetic testing. The book highlights the ethical and legal dilemmas and the challenges arising as a result of emerging and rapidly advancing genetic science. Chapters in the book assess the importance and impact of the US Genetic Information Non-Discrimination Act (GINA) in the employment and health insurance contexts asking whether it is proving to be an effective tool in addressing the issue of genetic discrimination and alleviating individuals' fears of discrimination. The book then goes on to make the case for regulation at the European Union level in order to protect the privacy of genetic information and to prevent the discriminatory use of genetic information in Europe. It considers what can be learnt from the experience of the US in addressing ethical and legal issues as well as the impact that the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is having on this debate within the EU. (shrink)

La tradition utopique compte autant de projets de société promettant l’avènement d’une ère de loisirs que de projets dans lesquels le travail demeure le pilier de la cohésion sociale. Cette double lignée continue d’inspirer certains programmes politiques, mais à la différence des années 1970 une sorte de résignation semble s’être répandue. Cet article propose, au contact de l’histoire des idées politiques et de la philosophie politique contemporaine, de réexaminer les paradigmes de la conception du travail et de sa place dans (...) la société, et de dresser un bilan des théories et utopies sociales qui ont imaginé comment le règne de la liberté peut s’établir sur le règne de la nécessité. La relecture de la tradition utopique permet de faire justice d’une série de lieux communs. Par exemple la crainte qu’une organisation communautaire trop parfaite, « communiste », ne dissuade de travailler – un argument qui ne cesse de polluer toute réflexion sur une conception sociale globale (et non libéraleindividuelle) de la question du travail. (shrink)

Using the latest scientific discoveries and theories of astronomy and genetics, the author discusses the nature of life and the universe and asks big questions like, 'Why are we here?' It is both a critique of scientific atheism, and a scientific argument for the "unknown" that people call 'God'.