The founders of linguistics frequently spoke of languages as living organisms, practically autonomous, invisible and sonorous parasites of man, imposing their variations on him according to their whims or mysterious laws. Mutatis mutandis, this long out-moded point of view is finding new favor today. Our beautiful languages are truly organic constructions which render a mutually comprehensible service and assure regularized relations. We can do no more than use them well. However, as opposed to animals and societies, these organisms are immortal. (...) They can disappear, of course, through suppression or denationalization of their human support, but not through old age or disease. The corruption of a previous state is already the maturation of a successive state just as young and healthy as the other. With uninterrupted adjustments and retouchings, each generation expresses all its knowledge and all its hopes with as many nuances as its own sensitivity requires. Thus the history of a language is a never-ending embryology which passes through metamorphoses without disjunction. Italian and French do not “derive” from Latin, they are Latin in an evolved and evolving state. (shrink)