The time that has elapsed since the Twenty-sixth Congress of the CPSU has confirmed the accuracy and profundity of the congress's analysis of the principal processes taking place in the development of humankind today. This analysis is very relevant for an understanding of the dialectics of war, peace, and social progress in our epoch. The congress emphasized that the struggle to reduce the threat of world war and to curb the arms race has been, and continues to be, the central (...) direction in the foreign political activity of the CPSU and the Soviet State. "In defending peace," L. I. Brezhnev stated in the Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU, "we are working not just for people living today, and not just for our children and grandchildren: we are working for the happiness of countless future generations.". (shrink)

A connection between two fundamental concepts of information and symmetry breaking (SB) is established. A concept called transform information (TI) is introduced. The known information measures (Hartley, von Neumann-Shannon-Wiener, Fisher informations, Renyi entropies) can be derived as (or mathematically expressed by) the particular forms of TI for certain transforms of a physical systems (when they are described by the probability measures). As TI is zero when the system is invariant under respective transform, it can be considered, when nonzero, as a (...) quantitative SB measure in the system under study. The classical information measures that are derived from TI also can be perceived as SB measures. This fact is a base for assigning a sense to information. The concept of TI is extended to the cases when systems are described without the use of probability concept. (shrink)

It is obvious that A.P. attached importance to chronology and considered it his business to supply his sketch of Athienian constitutional development, at every stage, with such chronological indications as were available. Thus his account of Peisistratos largely follows Herodotus , but with the addition of a more detailed chronology of the tyrant's comings and goings . From the archonship of Solon to that of Xenainetos he has constructed what is evidently intended to be a continuous chronological chain, by marking (...) the intervals between events. (shrink)

This book attempts, through a series of interpretive discussions, to confront a number of well-known perplexities in their structural form of disjunctive moments, of interpretive contexts of 'this is' and 'this is not.'.

In the writings of Soviet philosophers and biologists, both individual and team-written, one finds interesting thoughts on contradictions in animate nature and on the diversity and specifics thereof. It must be stated, however, that biotic contradictions have been studied considerably less than social ones. We are still at the beginning of the road to the solution of this problem. One of the reasons for this is the profoundly erroneous notion that study of contradictions in nature, animate and inanimate, inevitably resolves (...) to adducing illustrations of the operation therein of the universal law of the unity and struggle of opposites. However, research on the objective dialectics of nature, particularly the contradictions inherent in it, signifies not mere adducing of examples illustrating the universal laws of dialectics, but knowledge of the specific ways in which they manifest themselves, particularly of those diverse and contradictory connections and relationships of which life is woven. (shrink)

In this study of advertisements appearing in medical periodicals and by direct mail advertising to general practitioners, Dr. Stimson, a sociologist, concludes that from what is intended to provide therapeutic information hardly any therapeutic information is provided. He reminds the reader of the safeguards which surround all drug advertising by law and by the code of practice of the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry but these safeguards do not appear to control real or potential sins of omission. Frequently in (...) these advertisements the literature relating to the drug is quoted but Dr. Stimson found that it was difficult to trace all the papers quoted in different types of medical library. (Some references quoted were to unpublished papers but surely the blame should be shared in this situation?) Dr. Stimson also gives a vivid and fascinating glimpse of what he calls the 'images and stereotypes' of the patients who, it is claimed, would benefit from the drug being advertised. Certainly most general practitioners must be aware that when they prescribe that image is displaced by an individual but the portrait gallery is indeed depressing. However, to balance these advertisements drug companies issue data sheets which must be more informative than advertisements and conform to regulations in their format. Unfortunately data sheets are only issued every 15 months whereas the 'average general practitioner is potentially exposed to 1,300 advertisements every month'. In other words, the data sheet and not the advertisement should be the guideline but it arrives too infrequently to offset the lack of therapeutic information contained in advertisements. (shrink)

Предназначено для представителей науки и образования, политических партий, общественных и религиозных организаций, органов государственного управления.