Let R be an associative ring with identity. It is shown that every Σ-cotorsion left R-module satisfies the descending chain condition on divisibility formulae. If R is countable, the descending chain condition on M implies that it must be Σ-cotorsion. It follows that, for countable R, the class of Σ-cotorsion modules is closed under elementary equivalence and pure submodules. The modules M that satisfy this descending chain condition are the cotorsion analogues of totally transcendental modules; we characterize them as the (...) modules M for which , for every countably presented flat module F. (shrink)

Classification of sciences; Moslem scholars; Africa, North.

Background: Adolescence is a period with physical, psychological, biological, intellectual, and social changes in which there is usually little perception of risk. COVID-19 has generated constant situations of change and uncertainty worldwide. During the pandemic, the acquisition of preventive behaviors has been relevant. Various studies carried out with adults associate risk perception and the implementation of preventive behaviors with knowledge about the COVID-19 and with age, but there are not many studies with adolescents. Therefore, the objective is to validate, in (...) Spanish, the questionnaire of the knowledge, attitudes, risk perceptions, and practices of adolescents toward the pandemic, and analyze it according to sociodemographic characteristics.Method: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study, which included adolescents between the ages of 12–18. First, a translation and a back-translation of the questionnaire were performed. The questionnaire was presented in several high schools chosen by convenience sampling and following a non-probabilistic snowball sampling. Reliability and validity analyses were then carried out and the relationships between the different sociodemographic variables were analyzed.Results: The reliability of the questionnaire is acceptable. Knowledge was higher in women, and in those with a higher level of education; and were lower in those who lived in smaller towns, as well as in those who had a member of their family receiving financial aid. In terms of attitudes and risk perceptions, younger adolescents had higher scores, and those who had a member of their family receiving financial aid, lower.Conclusion: The questionnaire is a reliable tool in the Spanish adolescent population. Knowledge was influenced by gender, place of residence, level of education, and financial aid. Attitudes and risk perceptions were influenced by age and financial aid. For practices, no predictors were found. In general, adolescents scored lower on knowledge about COVID-19, but they scored higher on COVID-19 safety practices. (shrink)

Desde el surgimiento de la biopolítica esta ha ido evolucionando hacia unos planteamientos neoliberales y hacia la construcción de una ingeniería social a través de una agenda política donde el problema del cambio climático se encuentra muy presente. Este es un problema que ha movilizado a la comunidad científica. Gracias al progreso tecnológico se están planteando soluciones para frenar la degradación del planeta. Sin embargo, cada vez hay más artistas contemporáneos que a través de sus obras quieren difundir el asunto (...) medioambiental con el fin de contribuir a la sensibilización de la sociedad. (shrink)

In Practicing Safe Sects F. LeRon Shults provides scientific and philosophical resources for having “the talk” about religious reproduction: where do gods come from – and what are the costs of bearing them in our culturally pluralistic, ecologically fragile environment?

Este documento ofrece, con algunas explicaciones y añadidos, una conferencia pronunciada por su autor durante las 9ª Jornadas de Teología celebradas este presente año 2000 en el Centro de Estudios Teológicos de Sevilla, cuyo tema general fue "La Iglesia entre dos milenios: profecía e historia".

El objeto de este trabajo es reflexionar acerca de la autonomía del paciente en tiempo de pandemia. En concreto, en la cuestión de la posible limitación de la autonomía del paciente en virtud de la existencia de un interés público a la salud que estaría por encima del interés individual del paciente.

We characterize strict Mittag-Leffler modules in terms of free realizations of positive primitive formulas, and rings over which projectives are trivial in terms of various notions of separability of strict Mittag-Leffler modules. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Se pretende ofrecer claves para presentar y comprender la estructura antropológica del sujeto nietzscheano en códigos hermenéuticos. Para ello se utilizará vehicularmente la idea de la voluntad de poder, que se desplegará a lo largo de distintos hitos de la filosofía del autor. Se rastrearán elementos fundamentales del pensamiento de Nietzsche con el fin de mostrar la coherencia de la unidad conceptual de términos aparentemente distantes como los de “devenir”, “genealogía”, “cuerpo” o “ser”, articulados desde la condición perspectivista a la (...) que aboca la original obra de Nietzsche. La integración sintética de los mencionados términos se apoyará, también, en la experiencia radical del nihilismo decimonónico, ofreciendo finalmente un original criterio de verdad cuya ontología respeta tanto la precariedad de la existencia humana como la indigencia de un tiempo privado de sentido último. Tras el diagnóstico de la sintomatología epocal y de la integración del hombre en tal espacio asignificativo y horizonte perspectivista se ofrecerán algunas tentativas de existencia que respeten la peculiaridad hermenéutica del hombre nietzscheano. Teniendo siempre por límite la propia vida efectiva. (shrink)

A new English translation of Schelling’s unfinished magnum opus, complete with a contextualizing introduction by the translator.

Resumen: El Preámbulo del Código francés de 1804 anuncia un nuevo orden basado en la recta razón y en los valores político-jurídicos de la Revolución francesa, en un intento de sustituir el papel tradicional que las iglesias habían jugado en la moralidad de la sociedad. Es más, la nueva ley civil se presenta como un sustituto de la ley moral y de la religión con intención de ocupar su lugar en la nueva sociedad que alumbra. Aparece la norma unidimensional con (...) pretensión de regular todos los ámbitos de la vida y que, en de nitiva, acabará con la dicotomía pecado/delito Palabras clave: Derecho, religión, pecado, delito. (shrink)

El Preámbulo del Código francés de 1804 anuncia un nuevo orden basado en la recta razón y en los valores político-jurídicos de la Revolución francesa, en un intento de sustituir el papel tradicional que las iglesias habían jugado en la moralidad de la sociedad. Es más, la nueva ley civil se presenta como un sustituto de la ley moral y de la religión con intención de ocupar su lugar en la nueva sociedad que alumbra. Aparece la norma unidimensional con pretensión (...) de regular todos los ámbitos de la vida y que, en definitiva, acabará con la dicotomía pecado/delito. (shrink)

Resumen: El Preámbulo del Código francés de 1804 anuncia un nuevo orden basado en la recta razón y en los valores político-jurídicos de la Revolución francesa, en un intento de sustituir el papel tradicional que las iglesias habían jugado en la moralidad de la sociedad. Es más, la nueva ley civil se presenta como un sustituto de la ley moral y de la religión con intención de ocupar su lugar en la nueva sociedad que alumbra. Aparece la norma unidimensional con (...) pretensión de regular todos los ámbitos de la vida y que, en definitiva, acabará con la dicotomía pecado/delito Palabras clave: Derecho, religión, pecado, delito. (shrink)

The preface to the French Civil Code of 1804 announced a New Order based on Right Reason and the political-legal values of the French Revolution, in an attempt to replace the role which churches had traditionally played in the morality of society. Moreover, the new civil law was presented as a substitute for moral law and religion with the aim of taking their place in that burgeoning society. One-dimensional law came into being in order to regulate all aspects of life (...) and was ultimately to do away with the sin/crime dichotomy..Key words: Law, religión, sin, crime. (shrink)

Part novella, part philosophy, Clara was Schelling's most popular work during his lifetime, and appears here in English for the first time.

Portraits of Wittgenstein is a major collection of memoirs and reflections on one of the most influential and yet elusive personalities in the history of modern philosophy, Ludwig Wittgenstein. Featuring a wealth of illuminating and profound insights into Wittgenstein's extraordinary life, this unique collection reveals Wittgenstein's character and power of personality more vividly and comprehensively than ever before. With portraits from more than seventy-five figures, Portraits of Wittgenstein brings together the personal recollections of philosophers, students, friends and acquaintances, including Bertrand (...) Russell, G. E. Moore, F. R. Leavis, A. J. Ayer, Karl Popper, Friedrich von Hayek, G. H. von Wright, Rush Rhees, Freeman Dyson, G. E. M. Anscombe, Iris Murdoch, Mary Midgley and Mary Warnock. These authors testify to the life-long influence Wittgenstein had on the lives of those he met. Their fascinating memoirs, reflections and commentaries, often at odds with each other, reveal Wittgenstein's kindness, and how much genuine friendship meant to him, as well as his suffering and despair. They show too how the philosopher's ruthless honesty and uncompromising integrity often resulted in stern advice and harsh rebukes to friends and foes alike. Now available in a single, revised and updated volume, Portraits of Wittgenstein includes new selections, revised contributions, photographs, maps and introductory overviews that provide historical context to Wittgenstein's relationships with his intellectual and social circle. This collection of valuable and hard-to-find material is an indispensable resource for scholars and students of the life and work of Ludwig Wittgenstein. (shrink)

Preface -- Prolegomenon : Hayek's three unsettling theses -- Beyond human nature -- Beyond moral justification -- Beyond human governance -- Three enquiries on the open society -- The rise of a normative species -- A natural history of moral order -- The "starting point" -- The egalitarian revolution -- Self-interest, reciprocity and altruism -- Internalized, enforced, social rules -- The other side of morality -- Cultural evolution -- Part I : the rise and fall of inequality -- A complex (...) moral species -- The diversity and self-organized complexity -- Liberalism and the open society -- Understanding diversity -- Autocatalytic diversity -- Diversity and complexity -- Too much complexity? -- The morality of self-organization -- The social contract -- A self-organization model -- Moral diversity In the open society -- Part II: the complexities of self-governance -- Self-governance -- Macro control -- Macro structure -- Strategic dilemmas and polycentricity -- Meso-level goal pursuit -- Sectoral policy -- Self-governance from the bottom-up : simplifying the problems of governance -- Our moral nature and governance in the open society -- Liberal democracy -- Epilogue -- Appendix A -- Appendix B. (shrink)

Schelling's 1806 polemic against Fichte, and his last major work on the philosophy of nature. The heat of anger can concentrate the mind. Convinced that he had been betrayed by his former collaborator and colleague, Schelling attempts in this polemic to reach a final reckoning with Fichte. Employing the format of a book review, Schelling directs withering scorn at three of Fichte’s recent publications, at one point likening them to the hell, purgatory, and would-be paradise of Fichtean philosophy. The central (...) bone of contention is the understanding of nature: Fichte sees it as lifeless matter in motion, sheer opposition to be overcome, while Schelling waxes poetic in his defense of a living, organic nature of which humanity is a vital part. Indeed, we do not know ourselves without understanding our connection to nature, argues Schelling, anticipating many thinkers in contemporary environmental ethics. Dale E. Snow’s introduction sets the stage and explains the larger context of the conflict, which was already visible in the correspondence of the two philosophers, which broke off by 1802. Notes are included throughout the text, providing background information and identifying the many references to Fichte. Dale E. Snow is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Loyola University of Maryland and the author of Schelling and the End of Idealism, also published by SUNY Press. (shrink)

Summary: A review of the cognitivist/extended cognition and extended mind landscape.

Bredo C. Johnsen: Observation: What Quine calls observation sentences lie at the heart of his reflections on observation and its roles in prompting our theorizing, providing evidence for our theories, and serving as the test of those theories' truth. The first four sections of this chapter – “Observation sentences,” “The two types of observation sentence,” “Introspection,” and “Roles of experience” – are devoted to expounding and clarifying his fundamental conception of these sentences, showing that he recognized both objective and subjective (...) observation sentences, that correlatively he gives introspection an important place in our cognitive lives, and, in particular, that he assigns our introspective knowledge of our sensory experiences three important roles in his epistemology. Since about 1970, Quine's conception of what constitutes our evidence about the nature of empirical reality has been radically misunderstood by almost all his readers, with disastrous consequences for the understanding of his entire epistemology; a final section – “Stimulations as evidence” – is therefore devoted to remedying this situation. (shrink)