The issue of democracy is alive once more. There is a growing number of works debating the current state of democracy both in theory and practice.1 In particular a pragmatist conception of democracy has also been revived. Not only has a Deweyan version of a participatory democracy become the focus but the intricacies of a Rortian version have also come to the forefront, from both sympathetic as well as critical viewpoints.2 Thus the impression that the contemporary world is in quite (...) an exigent need of reconsidering—and perhaps even forming a novel conception of—democracy seems to be obvious, at least from a global point of view.3 Moreover, the fact that the idea or ideal of democracy still seems to be .. (shrink)

The Elementary Forms Of The Religious Life: Translated From The French By Joseph Ward Swain, M.A. This book is a result of an effort made by us towards making a contribution to the preservation and repair of original classic literature. In an attempt to preserve, improve and recreate the original content, we have worked towards: 1. Type-setting & Reformatting: The complete work has been re-designed via professional layout, formatting and type-setting tools to re-create the same edition with rich typography, graphics, (...) high quality images, and table elements, giving our readers the feel of holding a 'fresh and newly' reprinted and/or revised edition, as opposed to other scanned & printed (Optical Character Recognition - OCR) reproductions. 2. Correction of imperfections: As the work was re-created from the scratch, therefore, it was vetted to rectify certain conventional norms with regard to typographical mistakes, hyphenations, punctuations, blurred images, missing content/pages, and/or other related subject matters, upon our consideration. Every attempt was made to rectify the imperfections related to omitted constructs in the original edition via other references. However, a few of such imperfections which could not be rectified due to intentional\unintentional omission of content in the original edition, were inherited and preserved from the original work to maintain the authenticity and construct, relevant to the work. We believe that this work holds historical, cultural and/or intellectual importance in the literary works community, therefore despite the oddities, we accounted the work for print as a part of our continuing effort towards preservation of literary work and our contribution towards the development of the society as a whole, driven by our beliefs. We are grateful to our readers for putting their faith in us and accepting our imperfections with regard to preservation of the historical content. HAPPY READING! (shrink)

We show how to formalize approximate counting via hash functions in subsystems of bounded arithmetic, using variants of the weak pigeonhole principle. We discuss several applications, including a proof of the tournament principle, and an improvement on the known relationship of the collapse of the bounded arithmetic hierarchy to the collapse of the polynomial-time hierarchy.

Posthumanism’s abandonment of language and embrace of natural sciences can impede thinking about “selfhood, embodiment, mate-riality.” The role of language in a posthuman context involves a tri-ple consideration: ethics, history, and enunciation. The ethical di-mension works through the biopolitical risk of determinism. Any ethical “situatedness” must account for history. Finally, working through Agamben’s thought via Benvenistian linguistics (which in-fluence Agamben), I examine the interplay of ethics and history with respect to enunciation as an alternative to the legacy of de-construction. The (...) claim here is that the gaps between embodiment and materiality, and the singularities of experience and ethics, in-volve history and language as “pure means.”. (shrink)

O texto parte da pergunta sobre como enfocar a problemática da cidadania e sua relação com a atuação dos movimentos sociais nas sociedades atuais. Frente à diversidade de definições de cidadania e a pluralidade morfológica dos movimentos, a proposição é mudar o enfoque, centrando-o em modelos de análise global da sociedade, no marco de propostas contratualistas. Reformas recentes no Brasil, com a descentralização ainda em curso, oferecem a oportunidade de visualizar o enfoque e mostrar por que ONGs e novas formas (...) de filantropia crescente entram em conflito com os movimentos sociais. (shrink)

During the last decades in Brazil, two societal projects strived for hegemony: a democratic and participatory project disputed against an alliance of the emerging bourgeoisie with traditional political forces. The PT-led government, driven by Lula da Silva (2003–2010) and Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016), representative of the democratic and participatory line, implemented many innovative policies concerning notably social citizenship rights and industrialization. Perhaps, like many other Latin American countries during the first pink tide, it was unsuccessful in transforming the old economic, political, (...) and social frameworks to provide a suitable environment for new politics. The text examines this period, emphasizing improvements in political participation, inclusive social policies, and the relationship between the government and social movements, as well as some flaws that hastened its demise. (shrink)

A l'epoque ou le pragmatisme se presente comme la seule theorie de la verite existante, Emile Durkheim propose, dans ce cours inedit prononce a la Sorbonne en 1913-1914, de s'interroger sur les rapports que cette pensee entretient avec la sociologie et la philosophie. Se demarquant d'emblee des theses majeures du pragmatisme, Durkheim n'en reconnait pas moins la puissance critique a l'egard du rationalisme, et insiste sur les enjeux qui naissent d'une telle confrontation. Si l'ensemble de la tradition philosophique et de (...) la culture francaise est rationaliste, alors l'etude detaillee du pragmatisme en tant que forme possible de l'irrationalisme (de ses origines comme de ses formes recentes, notamment dans la pensee de William James) se justifie aussi bien d'un point de vue national que d'un point de vue strictement philosophique. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic has created a lot of chaos throughout the world. Its devastating indirect and direct consequences spare no one. This paper explores the struggles of sidewalk vendors in the Southern Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. It seeks their coping ways and insights about their experiences during the crisis. We employed a descriptive phenomenological research design. Ten sidewalk vendors participated in the semistructured key informant interview. The findings revealed three themes for their struggles. These are incapability of earning, helplessness, (...) and loss of income. For their coping mechanisms, small trading, gain assistance, and monetary loans were the identified themes. For their insights, two themes emerged- hopefulness and frugality. Sidewalk vendors were left with no choice but to stop selling temporarily because of the virus's threat. Even if their livelihood is in jeopardy, they became resilient and continued to find a living. (shrink)

Il a existé un paradigme de la démarche dialectique en philosophie, illustré par une succession continue d'auteurs, entre Platon et Lacan. Ce paradigme concerne un noyau rationnel de la contradiction formé de trois temps : une double composante statique (structure) et dynamique (mouvement), ainsi que l'articulation de ces deux versants en un produit. C'est de ce paradigme de la contradiction dialectique que la philosophie en France ne semble plus avoir su faire usage dans la période consécutive à 1968. L'usure de (...) ce paradigme d'origine judaïque, grecque, française et germanique aurait alors cédé la place à l'invasion des variantes d'un hyper-empirisme anglo-américain, scientiste, opportuniste et niveleur. Ce mouvement aurait été servi en France par l'expansion de l'idéologie structuraliste postérieure aux années 60. Lacan semble à peu près le seul parmi ses contemporains à avoir maintenu et enrichi les traits de ce paradigme dialectique par sa démarche de pensée, sous forme d'un hypermodèle transdialectique 2/3/4. Le désenchantement à l'égard de ce paradigme se perçoit de façon significative dans le remarquable panorama qui a été produit de la philosophie française entre 1960 et 2000 par Alain Badiou (2008, 2013). Le déclin de ce paradigme comporte le corollaire d'un effacement de l'humanisme européen traditionnel, dont relèvent à la fois la mise en question de la psychanalyse, l'intrusion d'un mode de pensée convenant à l'homme cybermachine, et la nouvelle nosologie biologisante en psychiatrie. Ce livre est écrit en jumelage avec un second, intitulé Althusser et quelques autres, Notes de cours 1958-1959 : Hyppolite, Badiou, Lacan, Hegel, Marx, Alain, Wallon. (shrink)

What is death: a process or a specific declaration? Is it a biological continuum of events or a decision based on medical, ethical, and legal criteria? In our view, it is both, and there are philos...

Excerpt from Schelling Cette ardente propagande en faveur de Fichte, tout au tant que l'appréciation de Fichte lui - mème, ont amené à désigner sous le nom de période fichtéenne l'époque de Tü bingen et de Leipzig Où Schelling écrit ses premiers trai tés de philosophie générale un accord complet avec Fichte aurait donc précédé la période suivante qui est celle de la philosophie de lanature. Pourtant de ces traités les uns, écrits a Tübingen, sont antérieurs aux études physiques de (...) Leipzig, tandis que les autres, écrits à Leipzig, sont de la mème époque que les deux premiers grands traités de philosophie de la Nature. Or Metzger a démontré récem ment par une analyse très serrée des traités de l'époque de Tübingen que l'influence de Fichte fut, dès le début, beau coup moins considérable qu'on ne le croit en général. La doctrine de Fichte reposait sur le criticisme kantien, qui est une doctrine de la connaissance etschelling, peu au courant des idées de Kant, ne se place pas au point de vue de la théorie de la connaissance pour la comprendre et la juger. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

ldquo;Archaeology has revolutionized the study of history. It has broadened the horizons almost as much as the telescope did for the vision of astronomy in space; just as the microscope revealed to biology that under the form of large organisms is hidden the life of infinitesimal cells. Finally it has modified historic study in the same manner that radioactivity altered chemistry.”V. Gordon Childe,Progress and Archaeology,London, 1945, p. 2.Fifteen years ago, at the XII International Congress of Historic Sciences (Vienna, 1965), when (...) historians finally decided to address the problem of “acculturation” (a concept and term first formulated and defined by sociologists), their reaction, with few exceptions, proved to be rather hesitant. (shrink)

Paradoxes et lieux communs.--Blaise Pascal; ou, Le clerc qui n'a pas trahi.--Le dix-huitième siècle.--Le dix-huitième siècle en chansons.--Victor Hugo, cet inconnu.

INTRODUCTION In ita original form the present paper was presented to the American Mathematical Society, April 2k,, as a companion piece to the writer's ...

Excerpt from Science Et Religion dans la Philosophie Contemporaine Avant d'aborder l'etude des rapports de la science et de la religion, tels qu'ils se presentent dans la societe actuelle, il y a interet a faire une revue rapide de l'histoire de ces rapports dans les civilisations dont la notre est l'heritiere. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books (...) uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Excerpt from Der Systemgedanke bei Kant und Fichte Es ist klar, dass diese ganze machtige Entwicklung der exakten Wissenschaften eine radikale Umwalzung und Neubegrundung der Philosophie zur Folge haben musste. Die neue Gewissheit der Er kenntnis, die hier waltete, die neuen Begriffe und Methoden galt es philosophisch zu begreifen. Diese Aufgabe sprengte den Rahmen der alten aristotelisch-scholastischen Philosophie und fuhrte zu der philosophischen Entwicklung, deren Hohepunkt wir im transzen dentalen Idealismus Kants erblicken. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of (...) thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.". (shrink)

The author confronts the place of today's world in the context of human history. He focuses on such major issues of the twentieth century as human progress, fanaticism, & science.