Sexting has been defined as sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages, images, or photos to others through digital platforms, and can assume more consensual or more abusive and violent forms. This study aims to explore the prevalence of abusive sexting in Portuguese adolescents and the psychological characteristics of sexting abusers in terms of emotional and behavioral problems, potential markers of psychopathy, childhood trauma and maltreatment, and different forms of aggression. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 4,281 participants, aged 12–20 (...) years, of whom 204 engaged in abusive sexting behaviors and 182 self-identified as being a non-consensual sexting victim. Abusive sexting was more common among boys and middle adolescents, and abusive sexting victims were more likely to be children of single-parent families. Engaging in abusive sexting and being a victim of abusive sexting were also related to behavioral and emotional problems, callousness, experiences of neglect and abuse in childhood, and various forms of aggression. Implications for future research and intervention are discussed. (shrink)

El presente trabajo es parte de una investigación de magíster en la cual se examina el problema de los universales en el período medieval, específicamente en los autores Avicena, Enrique de Gante y Duns Scotus. En él se analiza la comprensión escotista de los universales, así como también su relación con el conocimiento, Dios y el principio de individuación. Scotus dedica el conocimiento abstractivo a los universales, o sea, el conocimiento abstractivo es el tipo de conocimiento que permite a los (...) seres humanos conocer a los universales. Estos, por su parte, son totalmente contingentes, siendo creados o destruidos por Dios con base solamente en la voluntad divina. Además, un universal adquiere una existencia material cuando es concretado por la haecceitas, cuando “está presente” en un individuo existente en acto. Para tal análisis se utilizan partes de textos como Quodlibet q. 13, Ordinatio II, d. 3, Lectura I, d. 39, Reportatio I-A, d. 38. (shrink)

The author of the article describes globalization processes as inevitable historic and objective phenomena, the driving force of society’s development and progress. It is emphasized that these processes result in harmful effects of global character on the environment and society. In the opinion of the author, one of the most important negative effects of globalization is the increase in environmental pollution which in turn results in the change of climate, extreme ecological situations, and threats to the natural environment and human (...) health. The author argues that one of the main legal instruments for limiting and neutralizing the harmful effect of pollution on the environment and society is the integrated system of environmental legal regulation. The author considers the safeguarding of the environmental objects and resources (climate atmosphere, soil and subsoil, water, air, biologic diversity, etc.) as the object of the legal regulation of the integrated environmental protection. What is more, the author of the article analyzes certain problematic aspects related to climate change and integrated prevention and control of climate pollution which are regulated under the new integrated institute of environmental protection under the environmental protection law. The author compares the provisions of international agreements, the European Union and Lithuanian legislation regarding these relations and concludes that Lithuania has not fully met its international obligations in this field. (shrink)

Walter Benjamin is a seminal philosopher whose work makes us think about the concepts of experience, child, and childhood. A journey through his life experience and personal narratives brings us closer to the world of his own childhood. As such, it is a philosophical journey in the sense of taking us towards something that is unknown to us and that in the end can transform us. We will travel through the following texts by Benjamin: Children’s Hour Radio Narrative (2015), Berlin (...) Childhood: around 1900 (2013), Reflections on the child, the toy and education (2009), One-Way Street (2013) and The Storyteller:Reflections on the works of Nikolai Leskov (2018). To navigate these texts is to allow and encourage us to experiment with other ways of looking at and being in the world. His narrative allows us to experience the experiences of the child Benjamin, to traverse its unique and sparsely inhabited places, and thus to travel through any child’s world, feeling a child’s temporality and a child’s gaze. According to Jorge Larrosa (2003), childhood is an enigma. Benjamin’s narratives allow us to enter this enigma, to unveil images redolent with the experience of children and childhood, and thereby to approach this mystery that is both philosophical and pulsating with life, like the life of this philosopher himself. (shrink)

O paradigma informacional da comunicação estipula que agentes usam a fala para transmitir informação não-redundante a outros agentes. Se olharmos para a fala auto-direcionada e, em particular, para a fala privada, no entanto, nos deparamos com um claro contraexemplo: nela, os papéis de falante e ouvinte coincidem no mesmo agente. Meu objetivo aqui será, então, somar-me aos esforços de buscar um paradigma alternativo que explique a fala privada, em seus vários usos, intrapessoais e intersubjetivos. Para isso, considero dois candidatos: o (...) paradigma disposicional e o deôntico, segundo os quais a fala serve, respectivamente, para gerar disposições e para negociar compromissos em ações coordenadas. Ao comparar os méritos de ambos, mostro que o segundo é preferível por conseguir explicar usos da fala privada com função fática mais facilmente que o primeiro. Tais usos evidenciam que a comunicação também pode voltar-se para aspectos de sua própria infraestrutura e da ação-entre-participantes. Lamentavelmente, eles vêm sendo negligenciados na literatura filosófica, embora pareçam ser peça-chave de qualquer resposta completa à pergunta “Por que falamos?”. (shrink)

One of the characteristics of what has been called “dogwhistle politics” is the presence of a rhetoric that targets minority groups implicitly. For example, terms like ‘illegals’ and ‘illegal immigrants’, used to target Latin-Americans, have come to permeate the American political discourse as well as everyday conversations. Here I focus on how such expressions, which I call illegality frame code words (IFCW, for short), can be countered by recalcitrant hearers. I begin with the assumption that IFCWs are racial code words, (...) conversational devices that convey implicit racial appeals while allowing for deniability. I then discuss how the existence of an Illegality Frame in the American Immigration debate supports their deniability. Lastly, I discuss how recalcitrant hearers can counter utterances that contain them. In particular, I propose reframing as an adequate strategy. In reframing, agents take control of the goals or the QUD (question under discussion) of the conversation to exclude certain topics from the common ground and include others. The idea is to “change the conversation” to neutralize problematic moves. This maneuver is advantageous not only because it helps to hinder veiled discriminatory practices, but also because it affords control over “the terms of the conversation”. (shrink)

In this paper, we defend that demonstratives are expressions of joint attention. Though this idea is not exactly new in the philosophical or linguistic literature, we argue here that their proponents have not yet shown how to incorporate these observations into more traditional theories of demonstratives. Our purpose is then to attempt to fill this gap. We argue that coordinated attentional activities are better integrated into a full account of demonstratives as meta-pragmatic information. Our claim is twofold. First, we claim (...) that pragmatically presupposing salience is a fundamental aspect of using demonstratives. Secondly, we hold that the pragmatics of demonstrating can only be properly understood in relation to meta-pragmatic conditions that have to do with joint attention. We use tests of truth-value gap as evidence for our claim. Our proposal provides us with a complete view of what speakers do and presuppose when engaging in acts of demonstrative reference through language. (shrink)

Este artículo representa una parte de una tesis de magíster asociada al proyecto Fondecyt de Iniciación nro. 11170810, "Primacía del ser o primacía del ente. Un estudio comparado entre Enrique de Gante y Duns Scoto", que estudia la relación de la noción de universal entre Avicena, Enrique de Gante y Duns Scotus. En este extracto, luego de una breve exposición sobre la vida de Enrique, serán abordados los conceptos de esencia, ser de esencia y ser de existencia, equivalentes a la (...) noción de universal y sus modos de ser en Avicena. A continuación, se presentan las nociones de “res a ‘reor, reris’” y “res a ratitudine”, así como la relación de estas con las esencias. Y por último será analizado el lugar propio de las esencias, junto con la pregunta sobre la posibilidad de cambio de dichas esencias. (shrink)

Bozickovic’s The Indexical Point of View is a richly informative and solid philosophical work about the problem of cognitive significance involving indexical thoughts and expressions. Although I tend to agree with most of what is said in the book, here I will make some comments on two minor correlated points regarding Bozickovic’s Fregean account of indirect speech reports (or ISRs). After presenting some of the author's ideas about reports, I will claim that the tracking and updating involved in ISRs is (...) of a complex kind that requires attention to the role played by speech reporters and their audiences. Following that, I will hold that a general theory of correct ISR strictly in Fregean terms (as Bozickovic’s) fails to account for that - at least directly. (shrink)

Determining what content is expressed by a demonstrative when its reference cannot be determined is a problem for those who assume that demonstrative reference is cognized by interpreters and demonstrative meaning has a mere indicative role. Here, I explore a concept of content that gives meaning a cognitively relevant role, namely, John Perry’s classificatory concept of content. With that purpose, I compare the interpretation of a deictic demonstrative in two cases: for an eavesdropper and a conversational participant, aiming to show (...) that meaning, in the form of reflexive rules, can be recruited to play the role of content when information is scarce. (shrink)

When and why do we need the indexical ‘I’? Perry (1979) thinks that ‘I’ is an essential ingredient to the explanation and prediction of action. We need ‘I’ to classify the kind of belief that causes an agent to produce a new action. In his view, classifying the agent’s belief in terms of ‘I’ makes sense because, when asked to explain her behavior, the agent will be disposed to say ‘I’. Here, we argue that this dispositional assumption is problematic. The (...) disposition to act according to an essential indexical and the disposition to make a speech act that contains ‘I’ are two very different things that are not always related. The most common circumstances in which we need to say ‘I’ to explain ourselves involve other agents: when we coordinate in joint actions or when we engage in self-talk to save face before the eyes of potential witnesses. Finally, we revisit Perry’s famous messy shopper anecdote to offer a better story about why its main character is disposed to say ‘I’. (shrink)

This article provides a comparative analysis of the contents of two parliamentary hearings on BSE carried out in Portugal in 1993 and 1996 as instances of interaction between science and politics. One question to be addressed is the extent to which relationships between science and politics in Portugal as a so-called “semiperipheral society” differ from those of more advanced states, and how one can possibly explain those differences. Another issue to be considered is whether the Europeanization of BSE crisis after (...) March 1996 has played a role and, if so, what role in the evolution of the attitudes and behavior of Portuguese policy makers toward science and toward risk. The question is whether political and administrative culture is changing in Portugal under the effect of both the Europeanization of regulatory processes and the emergence of a “risk society.”. (shrink)

BackgroundPrevious studies suggest that engagement in any type of physical activity can be protective against mental health issues, whereas elite-level athletes can endure various mental health challenges. The aim of this study was to determine variations in the prevalence of psychological distress among elite sambo athletes and their recreational counterparts.MethodsA sample consisting of 245 athletes was chosen. Out of the total sample, 105 were elite-level athletes while 140 were recreational athletes. Participants were accessed via the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 to (...) determine their stress in various domains at a given time.ResultsData indicated that all tested differences between elite sambo athletes and recreational athletes were statistically significant; recreational athletes had a higher score on the depression scale, anxiety and stress, and a general distress score than sambo athletes. Although there are no gender differences in psychological distress in the total sample of athletes, elite sambo athletes achieve significantly lower scores in all tested variants than recreational ones. Women who engage in recreational activities have stood out as a vulnerable subsample in psychological stress.ConclusionFuture epidemiological and interventional studies should explore optimal strategies to identify mental health needs based on specific sport activity, especially in terms of gender. There is a need to place special emphasis on psychological distress in the context of combat sports. (shrink)

Articular teoría y observación reflexiva-crítica de la práctica pedagógica, buscando acercar los estudiantes a la metodología de investigación acción, constituye un eje central de la formación de los futuros docentes y la asignatura de Iniciación a la Práctica Profesional (IPP) asume esa dimensión. Este estudio tiene por objetivo identificarla en los informes de IPP. Los datos de análisis son de 2017-2021 y contemplan la observación del contexto no formal en la educación primaria. El análisis textual discursivo fue la metodología utilizada (...) para analizar los informes seleccionados. Los resultados indican problemas en la apropiación del cuestionamiento reflexivo y la construcción de argumentación. (shrink)

O presente trabalho trata da relevância da justiça para a crítica/justificativa do Direito, enquanto forma de estruturar as instituições sociais. Tendo Uma Teoria da Justiça como foco, a questão central neste ensaio é: como Rawls mobiliza os conceitos jurídicos? O objetivo geral é dialogar com os elementos centrais da obra de Rawls buscando compreender qual o papel do Direito no argumento em defesa da justiça como equidade. Para tanto, primeiro, retoma-se sucintamente os objetivos gerais pretendidos por Rawls com a teoria (...) elaborada. Em seguida, articula-se o uso de conceitos jurídicos com os objetivos pretendidos pelo autor em cada uma das três partes, para, então, enfatizar a serventia da justiça como equidade e da teoria política normativa aos juristas. Percorridos esses passos, defende-se a seguinte hipótese: o Direito é um elemento central na Teoria da Justiça de Rawls. Como desdobramento da hipótese, defende-se que para sustentar seu argumento central e desenvolver os principais elementos conceituais de sua obra, Rawls precisou recorrer aos conceitos jurídicos. (shrink)

EDUARD VON HARTMANN ON IMMANUEL KANT’S CONCEPT OF THE THING IN ITSELF. Immanuel Kant argues that recognition of the object of knowledge must be limited to the cognitive capacities of the subject. Hartmann takes the view that such an approach to the object of knowledge cannot lead to objectivity. He stated the necessity of the cognition referring to the thing in itself. The thing in itself, despite its fundamental unknowability, must be the basis of all cognition. Thus, our cognition can (...) be achieved only secondarily on the basis of the thing in itself. (shrink)

The author's response to Eduarda Calado´s contribution to the special issue on The Indexical Point of View.

W artykule zaprezentowano jeden z istotnych aspektów wizji cielesności zarysowanej oryginalnie w wielu odsłonach przez Hansa-Eduarda Hengstenberga, a mianowicie jej relacji do organizmu zwierzęcego. Wbrew aktualnie dominującej naturalistycznej tendencji niemiecki myśliciel ukazuje ciało człowieka jako jakościowo odmienne w stosunku do organizmu zwierzęcego, a nie tylko różniące się od niego pod względem ilościowym. Scharakteryzowano najpierw zasadę rzeczowości, która współdeterminuje ludzkie ciało i jego organy, sprawiając, że jest ono ze swej istoty zasadniczo inne niż zwierzęce. Człowiek ma ciało, a zwierzę jest (...) tylko organizmem. Ciało to za sprawą uzdolnienia człowieka do aktów o charakterze rzeczowym, zapodmiotowanych w duchu ludzkim, spełnia dwojakie funkcje: typowo biologiczne, a także o charakterze nieorganicznym. Cielesność ludzką należy więc rozpatrywać w sensie fizycznym oraz jako wyraz ducha. Swoje analizy na ten temat Hengstenberg rozwijał z pozycji fenomenologiczno-metafizycznych. --------------- Zgłoszono: 14/07/2021. Zrecenzowano: 22/09/2021. Zaakceptowano do publikacji: 12/11/2021. (shrink)

CONCEPT OF PERSON IN THE HANS EDUARD HENGSTENBERG’S ANTHROPOLOGY S u m m a r y ! The article discuss the anthropological issue of Scheler’s most successful pupil, Hans Eduard Hengstenberg. The German philosopher tried to unite two different philosophical traditions: phenomenology and classical metaphysics. His main achievement was foundation of the new anthropological position based on the phenomenological concept of Sachlichkeit and the ontology of constitution. The article explains the inner logic of Hengstenberg’s ontological position and exams his philosophical (...) criticism against the traditional hylemorfic theory of Aristotle used as a scholastic tool for explaining the union between body and mind. (shrink)

Quanto mais avançamos em nossas pesquisas com crianças de terreiros, mais percebemos os terreiros como lugares de acolhimento para crianças, sobretudo, crianças negras. Para o artigo que apresentamos, reunimos conversas com duas meninas negras e de candomblé. Eduarda de Souza, de 9 anos e Maria Hellena Nzinga, de 8 anos. As duas apontam a escola como um espaço de silenciamentos, apagamentos e constrangimentos. Ambas identificam o racismo como o grande causador desse sofrimento vivido. Ao mesmo tempo, ambas identificam seus (...) terreiros como espaços de proteção e de fortalecimento para a luta antirracista na sociedade e também na escola. (shrink)

La historia de la literatura fantástica argentina, entre 1850 a 1950, por lo general, reconoce únicamente a dos autoras: Juana Manuela Gorriti y Silvina Ocampo. El largo vacío temporal que hay entre ambas da la impresión de que lo fantástico no fue frecuentado por la escritura femenina. Estudios recientes han contribuido a llenar ese vacío, señalando a Eduarda Mansilla y Raimunda Torres y Quiroga como asiduas colaboradoras en revistas y diarios decimonónicos, donde continuaron el camino trazado por Gorriti; sin (...) embargo, aún hay un periodo de alrededor de cinco décadas en el que, en apariencia, las autoras no se dedicaron a escribir relatos fantásticos. Esta “zona desierta”, que se verifica en antologías y estudios del género, resulta llamativa, pues contradice lo que ocurría en ese territorio: en ese lapso, Darío (radicado en Buenos Aires en la década de 1890), Lugones, Holmberg y Quiroga publicaron obras que llevaron a la canonización del relato fantástico. Si bien es cierto que las autoras no alcanzaron el reconocimiento que los escritores mencionados, sí incursionaron en la literatura fantástica, pero sus textos permanecieron, en su mayoría, en las páginas de publicaciones periódicas. El presente trabajo es una modesta contribución en la difícil tarea de mostrar la participación de las narradoras en la literatura fantástica argentina de principios del siglo pasado. Para este propósito, se analizan, desde la perspectiva de la ginocrítica, cinco cuentos prácticamente desconocidos de María del Carmen Alonso, Olga de Adeler, Lola S. B. de Bourguet, Alfonsina Storni y Emma Felce. (shrink)

El trabajo tiene como objetivo el estudio de los modelos de civilización en dos novelas de gauchos: Aventuras de un centauro en la América Meridional , de José J. de Vedia, y Pablo, o la vida en las pampas de Eduarda Mansilla. Ambas obras elaboran una etopeya del paisano, que más adelante otros autores consagrarían, pero además establecen nuevas convenciones genéricas en cuanto novelas sentimentales. La realidad carente de cultura -religión, educación y civilidad- del gaucho conforma nuevos modelos culturales (...) que dialogan con los discursos políticos, la prensa y la literatura; y, además, convierten el romance nacional en vehículo de denuncia, discurso que se entronca más con la estética realista que con la romántica. The aim of this paper is to analyze the cultural models in two Gaucho novels: José J. de Vedia’s Aventuras de un centauro en la América Meridional , and Eduarda Mansilla’s Pablo, o la vida en las pampas . Both novels propose a gaucho’s ethopoeia. This was later developed by others writers, who also established new generic conventions for sentimental novels. The Gaucho´s lack of culture about religion, education and citizenship entail new cultural paradigms . These are linked to political discourses, the press and literature, and also turn the national romance into a means of complaint, a discourse more rooted onto a realistic aesthetics than onto a romantic one. (shrink)