In this contribution I aim at developing some critical considerations about the possibility of establishing a dialogue between Husserlian phenomenology and embodied cognitive science to which both partners can participate with equal dignity, apart from any concession to radical forms of naturalism. Phenomenology and cognitive science are different theoretical enterprises, each of which relies autonomously on its own methods and categorial apparatus. This does not prevent of course that both disciplines can influence each other by exerting some kind of constraints. (...) Phenomenology alone cannot provide a full explanation of our conscious experiences as regards their sub-personal mechanisms and needs therefore to be integrated in a unitary framework which allows for its communication with the empirical sciences of mind, without any need to distort phenomenology’s transcendental features. On the other side, cognitive science should seriously take into account phenomenological and eidetic descriptions of first-person experience and avoid superimposing on it its own ontological and methodological assumptions. In the first part of the paper, I try first of all to highlight how Husserl’s phenomenology amounts to a theory of experience which keeps itself equidistant from both extremes of scientism and idealism and then to illustrate the necessity of downplaying Husserl’s transcendental philosophy through a critical assessment on its attitude toward natural sciences and by highlighting at the same time its right to conduct its inquiries autonomously. In the second part I explore the mediating role of psychological phenomenology in allowing a mutual exchange between phenomenology and embodied cognitive sciences, as far as it falls on the side of naturalistic attitude. In the third part I proceed to a critical evaluation of the encounter between embodied phenomenology and embodied cognitive sciences by underlining some ontological and methodological shortcomings in which some of their representatives incur. In the fourth part, I argue for a mild naturalization of phenomenology by confronting it with some forms of non-reductionist naturalism (e.g. liberal and enactive naturalism) for the purpose of safeguarding its fundamental tenets. In the fifth and final part I discuss the topic of lived body and embodiment as the turning point which allows for the mutual transition from the transcendental to the empirical level. To this aim, I try to focus on the intrinsic belongingness of lived body to the essential features of transcendental subject to the extent that it plays a major role in disclosing an oriented worldly space through its kinaesthetic powers. (shrink)

Da dove viene il nostro senso di possesso del corpo e quali configurazioni dell’esperienza lo rendono possibile? Il senso di appartenenza di cui facciamo esperienza a proposito del nostro corpo comprende il livello fenomenologico del corpo vissuto come noi lo sentiamo “dall’interno”, ossia il corpo che viviamo dalla prospettiva della prima persona come sigillo della nostra individualità e come punto-zero del nostro orientamento nel mondo. Husserl fornisce una ricostruzione di questo modo fondamentale di esperire il nostro corpo mediante una analisi (...) fenomenologica regressiva che mira a identificare nelle sensazioni tattili di localizzazione il fattore fondamentale che porta alla costituzione sintetica del corpo vissuto. Nella parte conclusiva di questo testo cercherò di delimitare un ambito di possibile convergenza tra analisi fenomenologica e gli approcci sperimentali più recenti nelle scienze cognitive, per stabilire una relazione produttiva tra i due campi d’indagine. (shrink)

Eduardo Fugali möchte in seinem Beitrag „Die Aktualität der empirischen Psychologie Brentanos in der heutigen Philosophie des Geistes“ Brentanos Denkansätze und wissenschaftliches Selbstverständnis für die aktuelle Philosophie des Geistes bzw. die Kognitionswissenschaften wieder fruchtbar machen, wozu es jedoch zunächst nötig ist, mit bestehenden Missverständnissen und Reduktion hinsichtlich des Denkens Brentanos aufzuräumen. Darüber hinaus gilt es, die Probleme innerhalb des Feldes der Philosophie des Geistes selbst zu beheben, die nach Fugali zur Nivellierung geistiger Tätigkeit in eben diesen Wissenschaften führt. Um dieser (...) Tendenz zu begegnen, stellt Fugali der vermeintlich angenommenen Losgelöstheit von Intentionalität und Bewußtsein deren ursprüngliche Verbundenheit entgegen, um das Missverständnis zu beseitigen. So räumt Fugali mit dem Missverständnis auf, dass Intentionalität analog dem sprachlichen Ausdruck ist. Diesem folgt der Erweis, dass alle Bewußtseinszustände intentional strukturiert sind, was er anhand von Vorstellen und Urteilen exemplifiziert. Weiterhin hebt Fugali die Einheit des Bewußtseins trotz der Mannigfaltigkeit der physischen Erscheinungen hervor, um abschließend die Belastbarkeit Brentanos Theorie von der selbstrepräsentationalen Auffassung des Bewußtseins anhand anderer Ansätze zu prüfen. (shrink)

Aim of this paper is a comparison between Husserl’s account of intentionality and consciousness and Searle’s one, particularly concerning their essential relationship. While Husserl insists on the autonomy of both terms and their irreducibility to the ontological region of natural world, Searle turns his efforts to reconcile this feature with the possibility of explaining it within a naturalistic worldview. After discussing Searle’s objections against phenomenology and its method, I try to demonstrate that Searle’s naturalism is not consistent even in his (...) moderate version. Instead of this I prefer to rehabilitate a “classical” account of intentionality like Husserl’s one, since it provides a more sophisticated ontological framework and is therefore more able to take into account the normative dimension of subjectivity and personal identity. (shrink)

The main purpose of this contribution is to proof the tenability of the notion of trace as useful both to explain individual intentionality and to found a monistic ontological outlook on reality which guarantees the transition from the level of nature to the level of society. I argue that the notion of trace alone doesn’t suffice to give an account of the act side (i.e. quality) of intentionality and that an ontological treatment of the notion of person is requested (within (...) the framework of Husserl’s theory of whole and parts and/or emergentism), since individual subjects play ultimately a crucial role in order to give life to social world. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the intrinsically technical nature of visual perception and pictorial performance through their common anchorage in the corporeity that brings them into existence. As with any other artistic technique, painting reveals itself to be the natural extension of a technological attitude already rooted in the sensorimotor devices of the body in action; painting is led to inhabit a world that is of the same nature as corporeal agents, because the objects that populate it (...) share with it the ontological element of the “flesh”. Through Merleau-Ponty’s analyses of Cezanne’s pictorial works, I demonstrate that the main purpose of painting is, analogically with the descriptive analyses made possible by the phenomenological reduction, to render intersubjectively evident the hidden work of vision before its sedimentation in an accomplished perceptual scene. As the experiments of contemporary neuroscience also demonstrate, perception is by and large a reconstructive process of “image-making” rather than an allegedly accurate reproduction of the spectacle of the world. Painting, on the other hand, both in terms of creation and for the observer, employs the same sensorimotor resources as instruments. (shrink)

Uno dei principali meriti del libro di Pietro Perconti è l’aver fatto chiarezza su una dimensione così elusiva e complicata come il senso comune, precisandone in modo perspicuo i tratti oppositivi e di continuità che ne contraddistinguono le relazioni con gli acquisti teorici della scienza cognitiva e le loro ricadute pratiche. Quest’obiettivo è raggiunto grazie anche alle risorse di una scrittura incisiva e scorrevole, che ottempera alle esigenze dell’alta divulgazione senza che ne sia intac...

In questo contributo tento di usare la nozione di inemendabilità percettiva proposta da Ferraris per opporla al riduzionismo dominante negli approcci mainstream in filosofia della mente e scienza cognitiva. In particolare il mio scopo consiste nell’impugnare l’idea che l’esperienza non sia altro che il prodotto dell’attività del cervello e che la psicologia del senso comune sia una teoria fuori moda da rimpiazzare con le acquisizioni delle neuroscienze. La rivalutazione della fenomenologia di Husserl e Merleau-Ponty nell’ambito dell’approccio sensorimotorio avallato dai sostenitori (...) della scienza cognitiva incarnata fornisce il quadro di riferimento teorico in cui intendo sviluppare la tesi secondo cui l’emendabilità concerne più le condizioni dell’azione e della percezione che il loro esercizio concreto. Le negoziazioni che intratteniamo con le caratteristiche basilari del nostro ambiente si sviluppano lungo un processo di continue correzioni virtualmente infinito, sebbene circoscritto da limiti ecologici e temporali. (shrink)

The main argument of the chapter is that Trendelenburg had an important mediating role in the post-Aristotelian tradition, which developed further and culminated in idealistic theories of subjectivity and self-consciousness.