It is thought that just as hunger itself, the expectancy to eat impacts attention and cognitive control toward food stimuli, but this theory has not been extensively explored at a behavioral level. In order to study the effect of expectancy to eat on attentional and cognitive control mechanisms, 63 healthy fasting participants were presented with an affective priming spatial compatibility Simon task that included both food and object distracters. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups: an “immediate expectancy” group (...) made up of participants who expected to eat immediately after the task and a “delayed expectancy” cohort made up of individuals who expected to eat a few hours later. Slower reaction times toward the food and non-food distracters and a more pronounced effect on the RTs in the incompatible condition [i.e., the Simon effect ] were noted in both groups. The effect of the food and non-food distracters on the RTs was more pronounced in the immediate with respect to the delayed expectancy group. The magnitude of the SE for the food and the non-food distracters was also greater in the immediate with respect to the delayed expectancy group. These results seem to indicate that when the expectancy to eat is short, the RTs are delayed, and the SE is more pronounced when food and non-food distracters are presented. Instead, when the expectancy to eat is more distant, the distracters have less of an effect on the RTs and the correspondence effect is smaller. Our results suggest that the expectancy to eat can modulate both attention orienting and cognitive control mechanisms in healthy fasting individuals when distracting details are competing with information processing during goal directed behavior. (shrink)

Over the last few years, there has been an exaggeratedly widespread and frequently confused use of the concepts of 'stakeholder' and 'corporate social responsibility'. However, some interesting insights of both these notions can be found in traditional European business administration studies. In this article, the Italian view will be examined. In particular, this paper investigates the teachings of some of the historical masters of the Italian "Economia Aziendale" (EA), with particular attention to the concept of the azienda, its finalism and (...) its essential characteristics, in order to verify some consistencies with the more recent Stakeholder Management Theory (SMT). Principles and considerations seem to emerge from EA scholars' seminal works that unequivocally connect ethics with business decisions. EA fits in with SMT in many ways, and the former (EA) seems, moreover, to suggest a specific normative point of view from which the role of ethics in business activities can be approached. (shrink)

É propósito deste artigo confrontar criticamente o modo de pensar adorniano expresso na primeira parte da Dialética Negativa, e a ontologia fundamental de Martin Heidegger. Para tanto, iniciamos apresentando o sentido do pensar em Heidegger, que busca, não a explicação das causas, mas as significações do ser. Em seguida discorremos sobre as matrizes fundamentais do pensamento de Theodor Adorno, enquanto desdobramento da tradição marxista, a fim de salientar a fonte principal da posição hegeliano-marxista de Adorno e da escola de Frankfurt. (...) Na sequência, demarcamos a influência do jovem Lukacs para os passos adornianos em prol de uma teoria crítica. Em seguida, apresentamos a filosofia adorniana como crítica às filosofias existentes, especialmente em seu confronto com os conceitos heideggerianos de ser, de existência e de historicidade. O método utilizado foi o hermenêutico das referências: Adorno (1975; 2009; 2003); Heidegger (2002) e comentadores: Lichtheim (1970); Perlini (1975); Rusconi (1968); Stein (1973) e Rocha (2020). (shrink)

Over the last few years, there has been an exaggeratedly widespread and frequently confused use of the concepts of 'stakeholder' and 'corporate social responsibility'. However, some interesting insights of both these notions can be found in traditional European business administration studies. In this article, the Italian view will be examined. In particular, this paper investigates the teachings of some of the historical masters of the Italian "Economia Aziendale", with particular attention to the concept of the azienda, its finalism and its (...) essential characteristics, in order to verify some consistencies with the more recent Stakeholder Management Theory. Principles and considerations seem to emerge from EA scholars' seminal works that unequivocally connect ethics with business decisions. EA fits in with SMT in many ways, and the former seems, moreover, to suggest a specific normative point of view from which the role of ethics in business activities can be approached. (shrink)

Como lo indica su título, el diálogo De ludo globi está construido en torno a un juego. Este juego consta de dos elementos: una bocha de madera levemente ahuecada y una superficie sobre la que están dibujados diez círculos concéntricos. El significado de cada uno de los círculos es detallado en el Libro II. Por su parte, el Libro I se ocupa de la forma de la bocha y su movimiento. El desafío al que se enfrenta el presente trabajo reside (...) en encontrar una unidad sistemática, que sirva de hilo conductor del diálogo De ludo glob i, en el marco del Libro I. Esta sistematización del texto deberá mostrar que el diálogo tiene como trasfondo otra dimensión dialógica, que muestra al texto como un diálogo del individuo con la naturaleza. Con esta intención, el presente trabajo está articulado en tres partes. En primer lugar me concentraré en la bocha y su movimiento. En segundo lugar abordaré el planteo cusano del alma y el cuerpo. Éste deberá dirigirnos, por último, a una distinción entre la libertad y la naturaleza. (shrink)

_De theologicis complementis _no ha tenido el mismo éxito que otras obras cusanas. Sin embargo, constituye un testimonio privilegiado de la función propedéutica que la matemática cusana tiene en relación con los escritos especulativos, sobre todo, los teológicos. Nicolás parte allí, en efecto, de los métodos de solución de la cuadratura del círculo expuestos en _De mathematicis complementis _y se dirige a una propuesta que adelanta los desarrollos de _De visione Dei_. En este sentido, los complementos teológicos ofrecen un ejemplo (...) paradigmático de la utilización simbólica de la matemática por parte del Cusano. (shrink)

En De Beryllo, el tema de la quididad se problematiza, como hemos dicho, en el marco de una revision de la tradicion y, mas especificamente con relacion a este tema, de la critica a la perspectiva aristotelica, Critica que toma como punto de partida, la imposibilidad de la tradicion respecto de alcanzar el Primer Principio, en razon de la dificultad de la mayoria de los filosofos para superar los contrarios, unicamente mas alla de los cuales puede ser visto tal principio.

We assessed the automaticity of spatial-numerical and spatial-musical associations by testing their intentionality and load sensitivity in a dual-task paradigm. In separate sessions, 16 healthy adults performed magnitude and pitch comparisons on sung numbers with variable pitch. Stimuli and response alternatives were identical, but the relevant stimulus attribute (pitch or number) differed between tasks. Concomitant tasks required retention of either color or location information. Results show that spatial associations of both magnitude and pitch are load sensitive and that the spatial (...) association for pitch is more powerful than that for magnitude. These findings argue against the automaticity of spatial mappings in either stimulus dimension. (shrink)

IntroductionThe present study investigates the association of lifetime interpersonal violence exposure, related posttraumatic stress disorder, and appraisal of the degree of threat posed by facial avatars.MethodsWe recorded self-rated responses and high-density electroencephalography among women, 16 of whom with lifetime IPV-PTSD and 14 with no PTSD, during a face-evaluation task that displayed male face avatars varying in their degree of threat as rated along dimensions of dominance and trustworthiness.ResultsThe study found a significant association between lifetime IPV exposure, under-estimation of dominance, and (...) over-estimation of trustworthiness. Characterization of EEG microstates supported that lifetime IPV-PTSD modulates emotional appraisal, specifically in encoding and decoding processing associated with N170 and LPP evoked potentials. EEG source localization demonstrated an overactivation of the limbic system, in particular the parahippocampal gyrus, in response to non-threatening avatars. Additionally, dysfunctional involvement of attention-related processing anterior prefrontal cortex was found in response to relatively trustworthy avatars in IPV-PTSD individuals compared with non-PTSD controls.DiscussionThis study showed that IPV exposure and related PTSD modulate individuals’ evaluation of facial characteristics suggesting threat. Atypical processing of these avatar characteristics was marked by group differences in brain regions linked to facial processing, emotion regulation, and memory. (shrink)

A large number of studies, including single case and case series studies, have shown that patients with different types of frontotemporal dementia are characterized by the emergence of artistic abilities. This led to the hypothesis of enhanced creative thinking skills as a function of these pathological conditions. However, in the last years, it has been argued that these brain pathologies lead only to an augmented “drive to produce” rather than to the emergence of creativity. Moreover, only a few studies analyzed (...) specific creative skills, such as divergent thinking, by standardized tests. This Mini-Review aimed to examine the extent to which DT abilities are preserved in patients affected by FTD. Results showed that DT abilities are altered in different ways according to the specific anatomical and functional changes associated with the diverse forms of FTD. On the one hand, patients affected by the behavioral form of FTD can produce many ideas because of unimpaired access to memory stores, but are not able to recombine flexibly the information to produce original ideas because of damages in the pre-frontal cortex. On the other hand, patients affected by the semantic variant are impaired also in terms of fluency because of the degradation of their semantic memory store. Potential implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed. (shrink)

Cet article se propose d’expliquer l’évolution du Sigillum aeternitatis de Heymeric de Campo grâce à une présentation chronologique de ses ouvrages. Pour ce faire, seront d’abord étudiés les diagrammes décrits dans le De sigillo aeternitatis et le De potestate ecclesiastica. Ensuite, seront analysés le diagramme conservé dans le Codex 264 de l’abbaye de Tongerlo et la description fournie dans l’ Opus circa speculare enigma uniuersi, sigillum eternitatis authentice appellatum, dont l’édition est actuellement en cours.

The Tractatus de philosophica interpretatione sacrae Scripturae contains nine lectures taught at the University of Leuven in 1435. In the first lesson, Heymericus develops a threefold classification of mystical, symbolic and philosophical theology. This scheme is modified in the epilogue, where symbolical theology has the lowest level of the three categories. This paper provides a description of the doctrinal structure of the treatise in order to explain the epistemological inconsistency between the two passages.

Durkheim écrit ce livre avec un but double : d'abord il voulait expliquer ce qui crée une société, ce qui la tient ensemble ; ensuite il voulait éclaircir l'influence qu'a la société sur la pensée logique. Pour Durkheim, la religion est la clé utilisée pour déverrouiller ces deux problématiques.Dans ce livre, Durkheim argumente que les représentations religieuses sont en fait des représentations collectives : l'essence du religieux ne peut être que le sacré. Il est une caractéristique qui se trouve universellement (...) dans toutes les religions. Le sacré, être collectif et impersonnel, représente ainsi la société elle-même. Ensuite il argumente que la société a un impact majeur dans la genèse de la pensée logique. C'est la société qui fournit à l'individu les catégories (le temps, l'espace, le nombre etc.) et les concepts nécessaires pour la pensée logique. (shrink)

When we perceive an object, we perceive the object from a perspective. As a consequence of the perspectival nature of perception, when we perceive, say, a circular coin from different angles, there is a respect in which the coin looks circular throughout, but also a respect in which the coin's appearance changes. More generally, perception of shape and size properties has both a constant aspect—an aspect that remains stable across changes in perspective—and a perspectival aspect—an aspect that changes depending on (...) one's perspective on the object. How should we account for the perspectival aspect of spatial perception? We present a framework within which to discuss the perspectival aspect of perception and put forward three desiderata that any account of the perspectival aspect of perception should satisfy. We discuss views on which the perspectival aspect of perception is analyzed in terms of constitutively mind-dependent appearance properties as well as views on which the perspectival aspect of perception is analyzed in terms of representations of mind-independent perspectival properties. (shrink)

With special emphasis on Foucault's many recently published lecture series this book provides an updated, comprehensive presentation of his most important diagnoses, his many ground-breaking analytical concepts as well as a systematic account of his unique conception of philosophy.

We argue that the trend toward providing users with feasible and actionable explanations of AI decisions—known as recourse explanations—comes with ethical downsides. Specifically, we argue that recourse explanations face several conceptual pitfalls and can lead to problematic explanation hacking, which undermines their ethical status. As an alternative, we advocate that explanations of AI decisions should aim at understanding.