Several authors have argued that traumatic experiences are processed and remembered in a qualitatively different way from neutral events. To investigate this issue, we interviewed 121 Croatian war veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder about amnesia, intrusions , and the sensory qualities of their most horrific war memories. Additionally, they completed a self-report scale measuring dissociative experiences. In contrast to what one would expect on the basis of theories emphasizing the special status of traumatic memories, amnesia, and high frequency intrusions (...) were not particularly typical for our sample of traumatized individuals. Moreover, traumatic memories were not qualitatively different from neutral memories with respect to their stability and sensory qualities. The severity of PTSD symptoms was not significantly correlated with dissociative experiences. Our findings do not support the existence of special memory mechanisms that are unique to experiencing traumatic events. (shrink)

Logical reasoning is not only a component of religious faith (cf., for instance, the "Golden rule"), but, in addition, the religious faith itself can be conceived as a logical pragmatic function applied to sentences and their meanings. Pragmatic role of religious faith is shown on the examples of the analogy of seed and spoken word (e.g., Mt 13:3-23) and on the degrees of faith described in the episode about Nicodemus (John 3). Pragmatics adds (different grades of) perseverance to the correctness (...) of reasoning and to the truth-preservation of the consequence relation. Correspondingly, religious faith is described by formally defined model and satisfaction relation, which are applied to and examined on the text of John 3. (shrink)

The article focuses on Kant's formal logic (formal theory of concepts, judgments, and inference, general methodology) in the systematic order of logical forms and presents the main characteristics of his transcendental logic (theory of categories and transcendental ideas). Kant's problem of the foundations of logic and its completeness is addressed. The relevance and influence of Kant's account of logic in the development of modern logic is outlined. The article gives a selection of primary and secondary sources.

Popular culture continues fuelling public imagination with things, human and non-human, that we might beco-me or confront. Besides robots, other significant tropes in popular fiction that generated images include non-human humans and cyborgs, wired into his-torically varying sociocultural realities. Robots and artificial intelligence are re-defining the natural order and its hierar-chical structure. This is not surprising, as natural order is always in flux, shaped by new scientific discoveries, especially the reading of the genetic code, that reveal and redefine relationships between (...) life forms. However, for the first time, a new, artificial, species is being introduced into the existing diagrams, and, for the first time, it appears to hybridise the anthro-pocentric natural world order. (shrink)

Christine Overall has argued that miracles, if they exist, would be an evil committed by God and therefore disprove the existence of God. However, her notion of a miracle as an intervention presupposes a view about the relation between God and creation that posits God as an ‘outsider.’ Such a view has not been held by all theists. It was not held by Thomas Aquinas. I show that Aquinas ’s conception is not susceptible to Overall’s criticisms. The upshot is that (...) theists should avoid any view of God as an ‘outsider,’ if they wish to avoid Overall’s criticisms. (shrink)

A first-order logic of belief with identity is proposed, primarily to give an account of possible de re contradictory beliefs, which sometimes occur as consequences of de dicto non-contradictory beliefs. A model has two separate, though interconnected domains: the domain of objects and the domain of appearances. The satisfaction of atomic formulas is defined by a particular S-accessibility relation between worlds. Identity is non-classical, and is conceived as an equivalence relation having the classical identity relation as a subset. A tableau (...) system with labels, signs, and suffixes is defined, extending the basic language $\mathscr{L}_{\mathbf{QB}}$ by quasiformulas (to express the denotations of predicates). The proposed logical system is paraconsistent since $\phi \wedge \neg\phi$ does not ``explode'' with arbitrary syntactic consequences. (shrink)

Im Folgenden stellen wir drei aktuelle Forschungsbereiche zur formalen Logik bei Kant allgemeinverständlich dar und greifen dabei auf die trans zendentale Logik nur dann zurück, wenn sie ein besseres Verständnis der formalen Logik ermöglicht: Zunächst wird Kants Beitrag zur Rezeption und Weiterentwicklung von Euler-artigen Diagrammen dargestellt. Diese Diagramme wurden in den 1990er Jahren wiederentdeckt, als formales System interpretiert und werden heute insbes. in der Didaktik, in den Kognitionswissenschaften, in der Linguistik, in KI-Bereichen wie der (Logik-basierten) Wissensrepräsentation eingesetzt, und auch in (...) der Philosophie verwendet (Kapitel 2). Mehrere Studien haben in den letzten Jahren gezeigt, dass Kant in weiten Teilen seines Systems Oppositionsverhältnisse verwendet, die der Struktur des logischen Quadrats entsprechen. Das logische Quadrat ist heute Gegenstand intensiver Forschung, da es neben der klassischen, auch die paravollständige und parakonsistente Negation abbildet (Kap. 3). Jüngst wurde zudem die Implementierbarkeit der kantischen Logik in ein formalisiertes deduktives System bewiesen. Die Bedeutung dieses Ergebnisses wird insbesondere im Hinblick auf die formalisierte Umsetzung der Sätze vom Widerspruch, vom zureichenden Grund und der Ausschließung des Mittleren erläutert (Kap. 4). Abschließend möchten wir ein paar Perspektiven für die Forschung zur formalen Logik bei Kant nennen (Kap. 5). -- -/- Note: No financial support acknowledged by the second autor (S. Kovač). (shrink)

Since its founding in 1950, the Metaphysical Society of America has remained a pluralistic community dedicated to rigorous philosophical inquiry into the most basic metaphysical questions. At each year’s conference, the presidential address offers original insights into metaphysical questions. Both the insights and the questions are as perennial as they are relevant to contemporary philosophers. This volume collects eighteen of the finest representatives from those presidential addresses, including contributions from George Allan, Richard Bernstein, Norris Clarke, Vincent Colapietro, Frederick Ferré, Jorge (...) J. E. Gracia, Joseph Grange, Marjorie Grene, George Klubertanz, Ivor Leclerc, Ralph McInerny, Ernan McMullin, Joseph Owens, John Herman Randall, Jr., Nicholas Rescher, Stanley Rosen, John E. Smith, and Robert Sokolowski. Also included are Paul Weiss’s inaugural address to the Society, an introduction chronicling the history of the Society, and an original Foreword by William Desmond and Epilogue by Robert Neville. (shrink)

The answer is surprising, and what we're about to learn will wake us up to a reality most of us never knew existed.The reason we're so oblivious is because we've all been operating at human speed, relying on our own physical power and our five senses. But there is something extremely important we've all been missing. It holds the key to everything good--the key to life, success, happiness, peace of mind, and understanding beyond our wildest imagination. It's perhaps the best-kept (...) secret in the history of mankind and it packs a staggering, invigorating message that can change your life for the better--improving understanding, eliminating anxiety, and helping to extend your living years indefinitely. All we have to do is open our eyes and ears.We're all inundated with this secret at all times. It's present in our favorite songs and movies, the stories we tell our children, and even in every commercial campaign! The secret is broadcast in famous news stories including the coronavirus pandemic, the sinking of the Titanic, or the collapse of the World Trade Center on 9/11. It's in ordinary life activities such as breathing, sleeping, waking up, traveling, sex, and getting married and changing one's name.Now, bestselling author and award-winning journalist Joe Kovacs reveals the solution--cracking the divine code that shifts our minds from operating at slow, human speed and making the jump to the incredibly quick "God speed."Hundreds of ancient mysteries and prophecies are instantly unsealed as the master key that unlocks the mystery of everything is now in your hands. (shrink)

A civic science curriculum is advocated. We discuss practical mechanisms for (and highlight the possible benefits of) addressing the relationship between scientific knowledge and civic responsibility coextensively with rigorous scientific content. As a strategy, we suggest an in-course treatment of well known (and relevant) historical and contemporary controversies among scientists over science policy or the use of sciences. The scientific content of the course is used to understand the controversy and to inform the debate while allowing students to see the (...) role of scientists in shaping public perceptions of science and the value of scientific inquiry, discoveries and technology in society. The examples of the activism of Linus Pauling, Alfred Nobel and Joseph Rotblat as scientists and engaged citizens are cited. We discuss the role of science professors in informing the social conscience of students and consider ways in which a treatment of the function of science in society may find, coherently, a meaningful space in a science curriculum at the college level. Strategies for helping students to recognize early the crucial contributions that science can make in informing public policy and global governance are discussed. (shrink)

This interdisciplinary volume addresses the tension between illusion and appearance. The starting point is three differentiated forms of "Schein" in German: as a ray of light itself, as in "shine," or appearance as becoming visible or, finally, as an illusion – seeming to be so. The contributions analyze under which cultural-historical conditions and within which concrete forms aesthetic configurations are perceived and evaluated.

Die europäische Identität kann in ihrer objektiven Dimension inspiziert werden, als Von-obenher- Projekt sowie Von-unten-an-Aufbauprozess der authentischen Form der national übergreifenden politischen Gemeinschaft, wie auch in ihrer subjektiven Dimension, zusammenhängend mit der Identifizierung der Einzelnen und Gruppen – der Europäer – mit diesem neu erschienenen politischen Gemeinwesen und zusätzlich zu ihrer bereits erlangten Identifikation mit dem jeweiligen Nationalstaat. Die dritte Dimension, similär den relevanten interpretativen Modellen – ethnokultureller/euroskeptischer Ansatz, europäischer Verfassungspatriotismus, pluralistisches/ multikulturelles Herangehen – trat gleicherweise als gewichtiger Faktor der (...) europäischen Identitätsbildung hervor. Der neue Typ der politischen Gemeinschaft öffnet frische Fragen – ist dieses Europa eine Nationenfamilie, ein Europa der Bürger, ein künftig mittels Gemeinschaftspraktiken ausgebautes Europa, ein christliches Europa oder ein Europa der gegenseitig übereinstimmenden und überlappenden Zivilisationen, ein säkulares Europa oder eben ein Europa des religiösen christlichen Erbes und/oder der Religionsvielfalt. Die Gründungschartas definieren die europäische Identität politisch, beginnend mit dem Leitspruch Einheit in der Verschiedenheit. Dennoch wird dieses Motto andersartig von den Kommunitaristen/ Euronationalisten, Ethnonationalisten/Euroskeptikern, Liberalen und Republikanern/ europäischen Verfassungspatrioten bewertet. Der umstrittene Charakter der politischen Identität muss immer erneut im Gedächtnis bewahrt werden. Die Politik der Identität, der Missbrauch des ethnisch vorgestellten Identitätsbegriffs mit seinen kriegerischen Auswirkungen, repräsentierten eines der destruktivsten Potenziale der zeitgenössischen Politik, einschließlich einer Region Europas . Zum andern können politische Gemeinschaften ohne eine homogenisierende Tatkraft der Gemeinschaftsidentität kaum überleben, namentlich ein vorgeschlagener Zusammenschluss der Demokratien, die Europäische Union inbegriffen. Wenn die europäische Identität erörtert wird, ist es von größter Tragweite, ihre Bedeutung in dem Sinne festzulegen, in welchem die demokratischen Kapazitäten der Europäischen Union gekräftigt werden, in welchem zur Deckung ihres demokratischen Defizits beigesteuert wird als auch zur Vermeidung partikularistischer, xenophober, euroskeptischer Tendenzen und Zuneigungen. (shrink)

U ovom se radu nudi pokušaj kategorijalnog razjašnjenja »civilnog društva« i »političke kulture«, kao i njihove bitne međupovezanosti u okvirima konstitucionalne demokracije. U kontekstu analize civilnog društva, demokratske političke kulture i bipolarne paradigme »civilno društvo-pravna država«, posebna je pozornost posvećena ugrađivanju republikanskih elemenata u liberalnu tradiciju i u idealno tipski model razvijenog demokratskog poretka. Jedna je od namjera da se ukaže na značaj stalnog procesa demokratizacije civilnog društva , kao i unapređivanja demokratske političke kulture , za uspostavljanje i unaprijeđivanje konstitucionalne (...) demokracije.In this text is offerred the cathegorial clarification of “civil society” and “political culture”, as well as of their essential interconnection in the framework of constitutional democracy. In the context of analysis of civil society, democratic political culture and the bipolar paradigm “civil society-legal state”, special attention is paid to the building of republican elements into liberal tradition and model of a developed democratic order. There is also pointed to an importance of a continuous democratization of civil society , as well as the promotion of democratic political culture for establishing and perfectuating the constitutional democracy. (shrink)

L’identité européenne peut être examinée dans sa dimension objective, comme projet descendant tout comme processus ascendant de construction d’une forme authentique de communauté transpolitique, et dans sa dimension subjective, liée à l’identification des individus et des groupes – les Européens –, avec cette nouvelle communauté politique en plus de l’identification déjà établie avec tel ou tel État-nation. La troisième dimension, liée aux modèles interprétatifs pertinents – approche ethno-culturelle/eurosceptique, patriotisme constituionnel européen, approche pluraliste/multiculturelle – fut également un facteur important dans la (...) construction de l’identité européenne. Un nouveau type de communauté politique amène de nouvelles questions : cette Europe est-ce une nation, une Europe de citoyens, une Europe à construire sur des pratiques communes, une Europe chrétienne, ou une Europe des civilisations qui se correspondent et se croisent, une Europe laïque ou une Europe d’héritage religieux chrétien et/ou de religions diverses. Les traités fondateurs définissent l’identité européenne politiquement, à commencer par le slogan « Unité dans la diversité ». Cependant, ce slogan est interprété différemment par les communautaristes/euro-nationalistes, ethno-nationalistes/eurosceptiques, libéraux et républicains/ patriotes constitutionnels européens. Le caractère controversé de l’identité politique doit toujours être gardé à l’esprit. La politique d’identité, l’abus du concept d’identité pensé ethniquement avec ses conséquences guerrières, a représenté l’un des potentiels les plus destructeurs de la politique contemporaine, incluant une région d’Europe . D’un autre côté, les communautés politiques ne peuvent survivre sans force homogénéisante d’une identité commune, ce qui est particulièrement valable pour les communautés démocratiques proposées telles que l’Union européenne. Lorsque il est question de l’identité européenne, le plus important est de définir sa signification dans un sens qui renforcera les capacités démocratiques de l’Union européenne et qui contribuera à surmonter le déficit démocratique ainsi qu’à échapper aux tendances et aux penchants particularistes, xénophones, eurosceptiques. (shrink)

Najnovije rasprave o civilnom društvu razmatrale su procese globalizacije čime je proširen teorijski diskurs kako bi se obuhvatio pojam globalnoga civilnog društva. Pojam i praksa civilnog društva globalizirali su se na način koji odražava empirijske procese međupovezivanja društava i oblikovanja svjetskog društva. Iz normativno mobilizirajuće perspektive, aktivisti i teoretičari civilnoga društva ističu potrebu za obranom svjetskog društva od globalne prijetnje nuklearnim ratom, ekoloških katastrofa, zločina i nasilja, dominacije svjetskih sila nad sudbinom pojedinih zemalja i društava, tj. potrebu da se ono (...) suprotstavi tendenciji »politike moći« na svjetskoj razini i da obrani autonomiju društva kao onoga koje je primarno uskladivo s ekspanzijom politika koje su zasnovane na vladavini zakona diljem svijeta, a neuskladivo s politikom sile, državnih razloga i dominacijom svjetskih središta moći. Procesi globalizacije rezultiraju sukobljavanjem i/ili asimilativnim prelaženjem civilizacija i kultura, kao i kontroverznim tendencijama: s jedne strane, pokušaja uvođenja međunarodnih političkih institucija i usvajanja međunarodnih konvencija za zaštitu ljudskih prava, za zaštitu demokratskih vrijednosti, za borbu protiv terorizma i segregacije prema različitim osnovama, vodeći time prema globalnoj standardizaciji kulture ljudskih prava i demokratskog političkog i pravnog poretka, a s druge strane, rastom ksenofobije, partikularizacije i etnonacionalizma, građanskih ratova, ekoloških prijetnji, globalnog terorizma, prijetnjom problema gladi, nuklearnog rata, novim bolestima itd. Suvremena pobjeda liberalnih i demokratskih vrijednosti pozitivni je doseg, no praćen osporavanim pitanjem suvereniteta, propadanjem urbanog, rasizmom, etničkim čišćenjem, ksenofobijom, neuspjelim političkim legitimacijama , a na globalnoj razini praćen je: globalnom nepravdom, siromaštvom, ekološkim opasnostima, masovnim i smrtonosnim bolestima, ugnjetavanjem manjinskih skupina, nezaustavljivim rastom stanovništva, velikim nesrazmjerima političke i ekonomske moći, terorizmom na globalnoj razini, prijetnjom nuklearnom katastrofom itd. Globalno civilno društvo ima tri dimenzije: 1.) empirijski fenomen globaliziranih društvenih relacija, međupovezanosti, 2.) mobiliziranje, formativnu silu projekta/vizije i 3.) društvene čimbenike na globalnoj/transnacionalnoj razini. Antiglobalizacijski pokret je pokušaj djelovanja nasuprot uočenim negativnim aspektima tekućih procesa globalizacije. Iako pristaše tog pokreta često djeluju uigrano, sam je pokret heterogen i obuhvaća raznolika, povremeno suprotstavljena, shvaćanja tog procesa, alternativna viđenja, strategije i taktike. Prema tome, iznijansirani pojmovi obuhvaćaju antikapitalističku/ antikorporativnu alternativnu globalizaciju. Njegovi sudionici mogu koristiti pozitivne izraze poput ‘globalna pravda’ ili ‘pokret za poštenu trgovinu’; ili ‘pokret za Globalnu Pravednost i Solidarnost’; ili ‘Pokret svih Pokreta’; ili jednostavno ‘Pokret’; ili ‘antikorporativni kapitalistički pokret’. Općenito govoreći, antiglobalizacijski pokret kao takav nije u velikoj mjeri suprotnost globalizaciji nego je oporba određenom načinu na koji se ona odvija – kao što je to neoliberalni proces globalizacije. U tom smislu, mnogi predstavnici Pokreta više vole da ih se naziva altermondijalizmom. (shrink)

The latest discussions about civil society have been reconsidering the globalization processes, and the theoretical discourse has been broadened to include the notion of the global civil society. The notion and the practice of a civil society are being globalized in a way that reflects the empirical processes of inter-connecting societies and of shaping a world society. From the normative-mobilizing perspective, civil society activists and theoreticians stress the need to defend the world society from the global threat of a nuclear (...) war, environmental catastrophes, crime and violence, domination of world powers over the fate of individual countries and societies, i.e. the need to oppose the tendency of “power policy” on the world level, and to defend the autonomy of the society as one compatible primarily with the expansion of policies based on the rule of law worldwide, and incompatible with the policy of force, state reasons, and domination of world power-centers. The globalization processes result in a conflicting and/or assimilative crossing of civilizations and cultures, as well as controversial tendencies of, on one hand, attempts for the introduction of international political institutions and the adoption of international conventions for human rights’ protection, for the defense of democratic values, for combating terrorism and segregation on various grounds, thus leading to a global standardization of the human-rights culture and of democratic political and legal order, and on the other, of rising xenophobia, particularization and ethno nationalism, civil wars, ecological threats, global terrorism, threat of hunger problem, nuclear war, new disease, etc. Contemporary victory of liberal and democratic values is the positive reach, but followed by the contested issue of sovereignty, urban decay, racism, ethnic cleansing, xenophobia, failing political legitimacy , and followed at the world scale by: global injustice, poverty, environmental dangers, mass and deadly diseases, oppression of minority groups, relentless growth of population, political and economic power great asymmetries, terrorism at the global scale, threat of a nuclear disaster, etc. Global civil society has three dimensions: 1) empirical phenomena of globalized social relations, interconnections, 2) mobilizing, formative force of the project/vision, and 3) social actors at the global/transnational level. The anti-globalization movement is an effort to counter perceive negative aspects of the current process of globalization. Although adherents of the movement often work in concert, the movement itself is heterogeneous and includes diverse, sometimes opposing, understandings of this process, alternative visions, strategies and tactics. Thus, more nuanced terms include anti-capitalist/anti-corporate alternative globalization. Participants may use the positive terms such as ‘global justice’ or ‘fair trade movement’; or ‘Global Justice and Solidarity Movement’; or ‘Movement of Movements’; or simply ‘The Movement’; or ‘anticorporatist capitalism movement’. Generally speaking, anti-globalization movement is not so much an opposition to globalization as such than an opposition to the particular way it is taking place – like neoliberal process of globalization. In that sense, many representatives of the Movement prefer to be called altermondialism. (shrink)

Die jüngsten Diskussionen zur Zivilgesellschaft greifen das Thema des Globalisierungsprozesses auf und erweitern solchermaßen den theoretischen Diskurs, um den Begriff der globalen Zivilgesellschaft umfassend zu untersuchen. Der Begriff und die Praxis der Zivilgesellschaft sind insofern global geworden, als sie die empirischen Prozesse im Beziehungsgeflecht zwischen den Gesellschaften und die Ausbildung der globalen Zivilgesellschaft widerspiegeln. Aus normativ mobilisierender Perspektive betonen Aktivisten und Theoretiker der Zivilgesellschaft, dass die Weltgesellschaft vor der globalen Gefahr eines Atomkriegs, vor Umweltkatastrophen, Verbrechen und Gewalt sowie vor der (...) Domination der Weltmächte gegenüber dem Schicksal bestimmter Länder und ihrer Gesellschaften verteidigt werden müsse, d.h., die Weltgesellschaft müsse sich auf globaler Ebene der Tendenz der „Machtpolitik” widersetzen und die Autonomie der Gesellschaft verteidigen; diese sei primär vereinbar mit einer Ausweitung von auf Rechtsherrschaft beruhenden Politiken, jedoch unvereinbar mit einer Politik der Gewalt, der Staatsräson und der Domination internationaler Machtzentren. Die Folgen der Globalisierungsprozesse sind Konfrontationen und/oder assimilierende Verschmelzungen von Zivilisationen und Kulturen sowie kontroverse Tendenzen: Einerseits versucht man, internationale politische Einrichtungen zu gründen und international gültige Abkommen zu schließen, die den Schutz von Menschenrechten und demokratischen Errungenschaften zum Gegenstand haben, die den Kampf gegen den Terrorismus und verschiedene Formen der Segregation unterstützen sollen und somit das Ziel verfolgen, eine Kultur der Menschenrechte sowie der demokratischen politischen und Rechtsordnung zum global verbindlichen Standardprogramm zu machen; andererseits jedoch wachsen Fremdenhass, Partikularisierung und Ethnonationalismus, wüten Bürgerkriege, drohen Umweltkatastrophen, globaler Terrorismus, weltweite Hungersnot, Krankheiten und Seuchen, droht die Gefahr eines Atomkriegs usw. Der zeitgenössische Siegeszug liberaler und demokratischer Werte ist eine positive Errungenschaft, deren Tragweite jedoch angezweifelt und geschmälert wird hinsichtlich der Frage ihrer Souveränität und angesichts des Verfalls urbaner Lebeskultur, angesichts von Rassismus, ethnischer Säuberung, Fremdenhass, gescheiterten politischen Legitimierungen ; auf globaler Ebene wiederum ist diese Errungenschaft begleitet von globaler Ungerechtigkeit, Armut, Umweltgefahren, Epidemien und tödlichen Seuchen, der Unterdrückung von Minderheiten, unaufhörlichem Bevölkerungszuwachs, großen Missverhältnissen zwischen politischer und wirtschaftlicher Macht, globalem Terrorismus, der Gefahr eines Atomkriegs usw. Für die globale Zivilgesellschaft sind drei Dimensionen kennzeichnend: 1) das empirische Phänomen globaler gesellschaftlicher Verhältnisse – Interrelationen, 2) die Mobilmachung, Gestaltung von Projekten/Visionen und 3) gesellschaftliche Faktoren auf globaler/ transnationaler Ebene. Die Antiglobalisierungsbewegung ist ein Versuch, wahrgenommenen negativen Aspekten aktueller Globalisierungsprozesse entgegenzuwirken. Trotz des Anscheins, dass die Anhänger dieser Bewegung meist gut aufeinander eingespielt sind, ist der Antiglobalismus eine heterogene Bewegung und umfasst unterschiedliche, mitunter auch gegensätzliche Auffassungen, alternative Sichtweisen, Strategien und Taktiken. Ihre Vertreter führen demnach Begriffe wie alternative, antikapitalistische/antikorporative bzw. antikorporative kapitalistische Globalisierung ins Feld, ebenso aber positive Termini wie ,globales Recht’ oder ,Bewegung für fairen Handel’, ,Bewegung für globale Gerechtigkeit und Solidarität’, ,Bewegung aller Bewegungen’ oder einfach ,Bewegung’. Allgemein formuliert, ist die Antiglobalisierungsbewegung als solche keine umfassende Gegenposition zur Globalisierung, sondern eine Opposition, die bestimmte Modi des Globalisierungsablaufs bekämpft – so etwa den neoliberalen Globalisierungsprozess. Insofern bevorzugen viele Vertreter der Bewegung den Begriff Altermondialismus. (shrink)

De récents débats ont reconsidéré les processus de mondialisation, élargissant le discours théorique afin d’étendre la notion de société civile mondiale. La notion et la pratique de société civile ont été mondialisées de façon à refléter les processus empiriques d’inter-connexion des sociétés et de formation d’une société mondiale. D’un point de vue normatif et mobilisateur, les militants et les théoriciens de la société civile soulignent le besoin de défendre la société mondiale de la menace d’une guerre nucléaire mondiale, des catastrophes (...) écologiques, du crime et de la violence, puis de la domination des grands pouvoirs sur le sort de certains pays et sociétés, c’est-à-dire le besoin de s’opposer à une « politique du pouvoir » à l’échelle mondiale et de défendre l’autonomie d’une société compatible avec l’expansion des politiques fondées sur le règne de la loi mais incompatible avec des politiques de la force, des raisons d’État et de domination des pôles de pouvoir. Les processus de mondialisation mènent à la confrontation et/ou au métissage assimilateur de civilisations et de cultures, ainsi qu’à des tendances controversées : d’une part, à des tentatives d’instauration d’institutions politiques internationales et d’adoption des conventions internationales en matière de droits de l’homme, de protection des valeurs démocratiques, de lutte contre le terrorisme et de différentes formes de ségrégation, avançant vers une standardisation mondiale de la culture des droits de l’homme et de l’ordre politique et juridique démocratique ; d’autre part, à la hausse de la xénophobie, des particularismes, de l’ethnonationalisme, des guerres civiles, des menaces écologiques, du terrorisme à l’échelle mondiale, de la menace de la famine, de la menace nucléaire, de nouvelles maladies etc. La victoire contemporaine des valeurs libérales et démocratiques est un aboutissement positif, mais elle s’accompagne de la question controversée de souveraineté, de délabrement urbain, de racisme, de nettoyage ethnique, de xénophobie, de défaut de légitimité politique . À l’échelle mondiale, cet aboutissement s’accompagne d’une injustice globale, de pauvreté, de dangers écologiques, d’épidémies mortelles, d’oppression des minorités, d’une croissance non maîtrisée de la population, de déséquilibre de pouvoir politique et économique, de terrorisme à l’échelle mondiale, de la menace nucléaire etc. La société civile mondiale comporte trois dimensions : 1.) phénomène empirique de relations sociales et d’interconnexions ; 2.) mobilisation, une force structurante du projet/vision ; 3.) acteurs sociaux au niveau mondial/transnational. L’anti-mondialisation est un mouvement qui tente d’agir à l’encontre des aspects négatifs de la mondialisation. Même si les adeptes de ce mouvement agissent souvent de concert, le mouvement en soi est hétérogène et englobe des visions, des stratégies et des tactiques diverses et parfois opposées. Ainsi, des termes plus nuancés impliquent une mondialisation alternative, anti-capitaliste/anti-corporatiste. Ses acteurs peuvent utiliser des expressions positives telles que la ‘justice mondiale’, le ‘mouvement pour un commerce équitable’, le ‘mouvement pour la Justice et la Solidarité Mondiale’, le ‘Mouvement des Mouvements’, ou simplement ‘Le mouvement’, ou encore le ‘mouvement anti-corporatiste capitaliste’. De manière générale, le mouvement anti-mondialiste n’est pas une opposition à la mondialisation en soi mais à une certaine façon dont cette mondialisation se déroule, à savoir le processus de mondialisation néo-libéral. Dans ce sens, nombre de représentants du Mouvement préfèrent être appelés alter-mondialistes. (shrink)

The author argues that the interpretation of Machiavelli’s political theory is to be prominently a republican one, escaping its commonly simplified and stereotypical interpretations, which reduce his theoretical legacy to so-called ‘Machiavellianism’. The article claims that while elements of ‘Machiavellianism’ do exist in all of his books (especially in The Prince), they do not define the core line and purpose of Machiavelli’s political theory. This article presents how Machiavelli followed the legacy of republican Rome and of the medieval and Renaissance (...) city-republics of Italy (including Florence) in developing his republican conception. Furthermore, it is argued that the theory of the humours – used as a basis of his interpretation of republican tradition – resulted in the anticipation of modern liberal republicanism in Machiavelli’s legacy. His statements that conflicts of interests among different humours/classes/estates were not only unavoidable, but were also useful in enacting good laws, did anticipate modern pluralism. The author argues that the theory of the humours served Machiavelli as the core background he used in differentiating the main forms of political orders: monarchy/principality, republic and lizenzia (institutionally, a republic, but effectively, an imbalanced quasi-aristocratic rule). The criterion Machiavelli used was the quality of relations existent among those humours, in the sense that only the republic secured the satisfaction of the needs and interests of all humours, and insofar represented a well-balanced, healthy body politic. Machiavelli’s intention was to offer ‘practical lessons from the study of history’ through comparison of the ‘ancient events’ of the Roman republic with the ‘modern events’ of the existing lizenzia in Florence, so that a real republican order be (re)established in the Florence of his days. (shrink)

European identity can be considered in its objective dimension, as being the top-down project and also the bottom-up process of building the genuine form of the trans-national political community, as well as in its subjective dimension related to the identification of the individuals and groups – the Europeans – with this new political community and in addition to their already established identification with a certain nation-state. The third dimension, related to the relevant interpretative models – ethno-cultural/Euroscepticism approach, European constitutional patriotism, (...) pluralist/multiculturalism approach – has also been important factor of European identity-building. New type of political community opens new questions – whether it is a Europe as the family of nations, a Europe of citizens, a Europe which is going to be built through common practices, a Christian Europe or a Europe of mutual matching and crossing civilizations, a secular Europe or Europe of religious Christian heredity and/or different religions. Founding Treaties define European identity politically, starting from the motto “Unity in Diversity”. However, this motto is differently interpreted by communitarians/Euro nationalists, ethno-nationalists/Euro skeptics, liberals and republicans/European constitutional patriots. Controversial character of political identity has to be kept in mind always again. The politics of identity, the misuse of an ethnically concieved concept of identity with its war-like consequences, has represented one of the most destructive potentials of a contemporary politics, including the region of Europe . On the other hand, political communities cannot survive without homogenizing force of a common identity, and it is especially valid for proposed democratic communities, including European Union. When European identity is regarded, it is most important to define its meaning in a sense which will empower a democratic capacity of the European Union, which will contribute to overcoming its democratic deficit, and will also contribute to escaping particularist, xenophobic, Euro skeptic tendencies and sentiments. (shrink)

Europski identitet se može razmatrati u svojoj objektivnoj dimenziji kao projekt odozgor i proces izgradnje izvornog oblika transnacionalne političke zajednice odozdol, a u svojoj subjektivnoj dimenziji vezanoj uz identifikaciju pojedinaca i grupa – Europljana – s ovom novom političkom zajednicom zajedno s već uspostavljenom identifikacijom s pojedinom nacijom-državom. Treća dimenzija, vezana uz relevantne interpretativne modele – etno-kulturni/euroskeptični pristup, europski ustavni patriotizam, pluralistički/multikulturalni pristup – također je bila važan čimbenik izgradnje europskog identiteta. Novi tip političke zajednice otvara nova pitanja – je (...) li ta Europa obitelj nacija, Europa građana, Europa koja će biti izgrađena na zajedničkim djelatnostima, kršćanska Europa, ili Europa uzajamno odgovarajućih i preklapajućih civilizacija, sekularna Europa ili Europa kršćanskog religijskog nasljeđa i/ili različitih religija. Osnivačke povelje definiraju europski identitet politički, počevši sa sloganom »Jedinstvo u različitosti«. Međutim, ovaj slogan različito interpretiraju komunitarijanci/euro-nacionalisti, etno-nacionalisti/euroskeptici, liberali i republikanci/europski ustavni patrioti. Kontroverzni karakter političkog identiteta se uvijek iznova mora imati na umu. Politika identiteta, zloupotreba etnički osmišljenih pojmova identiteta sa svojim ratnim posljedicama, predstavljala je jedan od najdestruktivnijih potencijala suvremene politike, uključujući i jednu regiju Europe . S druge strane, političke zajednice ne mogu preživjeti bez homogenizirajuće sile zajedničkog identiteta, što posebno vrijedi za predložene demokratske zajednice poput Europske unije. Kada se raspravlja o europskom identitetu, najvažnije je definirati njegovo značenje u smislu u kojem će osnažiti demokratske kapacitete Europske unije, u kojem će doprinijeti prevladavanju demokratskog deficita i izbjegavanju pratikularističkih, ksenofobičnih, euroskeptičnih težnji i naklonosti. (shrink)

Normal forms for wide classes of closed IL formulas were given in Čačić and Vuković. Here we quantify asymptotically, in exact numbers, how wide those classes are. As a consequence, we show that the “majority” of closed IL formulas have GL-equivalents, and by that, they have the same normal forms as GL formulas. Our approach is entirely syntactical, except for applying the results of Čačić and Vuković. As a byproduct we devise a convenient way of computing asymptotic behaviors of somewhat (...) general classes of formulas given by their grammar rules. Its applications do not require any knowledge of the recurrence relations, generating functions, or the asymptotic enumeration methods, as all these are incorporated into two fundamental parameters. (shrink)

Introduction to the Special Issue containing selected contributions to the conference "Formal Methods and Science in Philosophy IV", Inter-University Center, Dubrovnik, April 11-13, 2019.

The Lorentz transformation relates the Einstein-defined measures, associated with two inertial frames, of the space and time coordinates of a body or event. From such information relative velocities and accelerations may be deduced, and their appropriate transformations derived. All other transformations of special relativity are derived from the Lorentz transformation and hence depend on the coordinate measures related by the transformation. In particular, the transformation of forces depends on that for accelerations; hence it may not be appropriately applicable to equilibrium (...) phenomena involving null-acceleration. It is suggested that this is the root of the apparent paradox which arises when the conventional force transformation is applied to the consideration of a right-angled lever in equilibrium in its proper inertial frame. It is shown that this paradox is resolved by the employment of a nonconventional but appropriate special relativistic transformation for forces not associated with corresponding accelerations. (shrink)

In this chapter, data concerning the development of principal aspects of vision is reviewed. First, the development of colour vision and luminance perception is discussed. Relevant data accumulated so far indicates that perception of colour and luminance is present by 6-9 months of age. The presence of typical color illusions at this age suggests that the phenomenal character of color experience is comparable to that of adults well before the first birthday. Thus it seems plausible that color perception develops on (...) the grounds of genetically preprogrammed maturation, in which perceptual learning and plasticity play a limited role. This claim also seems to be supported by case studies of newly sighted patients. On the other hand, perceptual integration of edges and forms in the visual environment as well as the development of binocular vision, and the perception of ambiguous figures seem to depend crucially on early perceptual learning. Both developmental and clinical data indicate a more significant involvement of perceptual learning in such mid-level and higher level perceptual phenomena. (shrink)

Experimental induction of sad mood states is a mainstay of laboratory research on affect and cognition, mood regulation, and mood disorders. Typically, the success of such mood manipulations is reported as a statistically significant pre- to post-induction change in the self-rated intensity of the target affect. The present commentary was motivated by an unexpected finding in one of our studies concerning the response rate to a well-validated sad mood induction. Using the customary statistical approach, we found a significant mean increase (...) in self-rated sadness intensity with a moderate effect size, verifying the “success” of the mood induction. However, that “success” masked that, between one-fifth and about one-third of our samples reported absolutely no sadness in response to the mood induction procedure. We consider implications of our experience for emotion research by commenting upon the typically overlooked phenomenon of nonresponse, suggesting changes in reporting practices regarding mood induction success, and outlining future directions to help scientists determine why some subjects do not respond to experimental mood induction. (shrink)

Levinas se kljub številnim antičnim mitološkim in širšim literarnim reminiscencam in kljub svoji zakoreninjenosti v judovskem duhovnem izročilu vedno znova vrača k izražanju, ki bi lahko doseglo vsakega človeka in ki bi bilo torej v tem smislu univerzalno, ker bi ga bilo mogoče izraziti z razumsko opredeljivimi pojmi. To pa ne pomeni, da bi želel omejiti filozofijo na golo formo logičnih kategorij in jo prikrajšati za njeno pravico do legitimnih vprašanj, ki od samih izvorov dalje ostajajo srčika filozofije v njenem (...) etimološkem pomenu, torej ljubezni do modrosti, ki je veliko več kot samo razum. Ali še bolje – Levinas bo širil polje razuma z novo pojmovnostjo, a njegova modrost ostaja še vedno razumna. V kakšnem smislu pa gre pri Levinasu za »drugačno razumost«, je mogoče odkrivati le postopoma, skozi plasti njegovega »palimpsesta«. (shrink)

Substance dualism is the view that there are two fundamentally different kinds of substances: physical and mental. By contrast, according to property dualism there is only one kind of substance (physical) but two fundamentally different kinds of properties: physical and mental. Property nominalism is the view that there are neither repeatable nor non-repeatable fundamentally predicable entities (i.e. neither universals nor tropes) and that things being a certain way or being related in a certain way must ultimately be accounted for in (...) terms of concrete particulars. In this paper, we consider a number of different kinds of property nominalism and argue that none of them sits well with property dualism. We pay special attention to the question of what it could mean for a property to count as mental given different nominalistic accounts of properties. Our conclusion is that property nominalism and property dualism are not a stable match. This is surprising, since property dualism has usually been understood as a thesis that is neutral about the nature of fundamental ontological categories and the relation between them. (shrink)

The development of the modern democratic society depends upon the successful integration of main democratic values in all its spheres, including education. Schools are faced with these challenges as well. The main role in the process of school change is given to the school principal, who is the leader of every innovation in school. One out of many types of school leadership is called democratic school leadership. One of the goals of such leadership is the development of school culture that (...) is based on democratic values and practices. Further on, the development of democratic school leadership opens an opportunity for students and teachers to gain knowledge an develop skills needed for them to become active citizens in their communities. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the existing literature in the field of democratic school leadership. Special focus is on the theoretical and practical operationalization of the democratic school leadership as it is presented the literature. Further, we shall analyze the possible answers to the questions of why and how to develop the democratic school leadership, and what is its role in the development of the democratic school community. (shrink)

In this paper, a HIV-TB co-infection model is explored which incorporates a non-linear treatment rate for TB. We begin with presenting a HIV-TB co-infection model and analyze both HIV and TB sub-models separately. The basic reproduction numbers corresponding to HIV-only, TB-only and the HIV-TB full model are computed. The disease-free equilibrium point of the HIV sub-model is shown to be locally as well as globally asymptotically stable when its corresponding reproduction number is less than unity. The HIV-only model exhibits a (...) transcritical bifurcation. On the other hand, for the TB sub-model, the disease-free equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable but may not be globally asymptotically stable. We have also analyzed the full HIV-TB co-infection model. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the effect of treatment rate in the presence of resource limitation for TB infected individuals, which emphasize the fact that to reduce co-infection from the population programs to accelerate the treatment of TB should be implemented. (shrink)

As bibliographical classification of published journal items affects the denominator in this equation, we investigated how the numerator and denominator of the impact factor equation were generated for representative journals in two categories of the Journal Citation Reports. We performed a full text search of the 1st-ranked journal in 2004 JCR category “Medicine, General and Internal” and 61st-ranked journal, 1st-ranked journal in category “Multidisciplinary Sciences” and journal with a relative rank of CMJ. Large journals published more items categorized by Web (...) of Science as non-research items : 63% out of total 5,193 items in Nature and 81% out of 3,540 items in NEJM, compared with 31% out of 283 items in CMJ and only 2 out of 126 items in AABC. Some items classified by WoS as non-original contained original research data. These items received a significant number of citations: 6.9% of total citations in Nature, 14.7% in NEJM and 18.5% in CMJ. IF decreased for all journals when only items presenting original research and citations to them were used for IF calculation. Regardless of the journal’s size or discipline, publication of non-original research and its classification by the bibliographical database have an effect on both numerator and denominator of the IF equation. (shrink)

The objective of this paper is to present the research on how unlabeled advertorials are produced and interpreted by their key producers. The study uses ethnographic methods and reveals that advertorials are produced by news producers or agency practitioners and advertisers either independently or collectively. The production was based on paying for various expenses or services and making threats. Reasons for production were different within particular groups of producers. Responsibility belongs to all actors analyzed, but also to other media and (...) social actors who establish and maintain circumstances that enable this illegal and unethical practice. (shrink)

The aim of the present study was to examine whether offspring at high and low familial risk for depression differ in the immediate and more lasting behavioural and physiological effects of hedonica...

It is shown, first, that Georgius Benignus [Juraj Dragišić, ca 1445-1520] at the end of the 15th century almost fully disposed with the theory of the fourth syllogistic figure. Prantl's view on Benignus' logic is critically examined. Besides, Benignus' doctrines on the supposition of terms and logical consequences are examined with respect to his two versions of logic (1488/1489 and 1519) and to the main influences (e.g., Strodus, Paulus Venetus, Ferebrich, Paulus Pergolensis). A reduction of the rules of consequences of (...) Benignus' logic 1488/1489 to the rules of logic 1519 is reconstructed. Benignus rejects the reasoning ex impossible quodlibet and e quolibet necessarium in what he defines as material consequences. (shrink)

Hydrogen is a very important industrial gas in chemical processes. It is very volatile; therefore, it can escape from the process units and its mass balance is not always correct. In many industrial processes where hydrogen is reacted, kinetics are often related to hydrogen pressure. The right thermodynamic properties of hydrogen can be found for a process simulation and optimization; they can be estimated by the Grayson-Streed model. In the case studied, a methanol plant with a capacity of 150,000 tons/year, (...) the flow rate of hydrogen (H2) can be optimized using nonlinear programming, but good estimates of thermodynamic properties of hydrogen had to be found. In the case study, the model is in relatively good agreement with experimental measurements in the existing methanol production plant. An additional flow rate of hydrogen can increase the methanol production by 1.2%. Total potential profit increase of the additional methanol production was estimated to be 30 kEUR/a (or 103 euros/year). (shrink)