People undergo many idiosyncratic experiences throughout their lives that may contribute to individual differences in the size and structure of their knowledge representations. Ultimately, these can have important implications for individuals' cognitive performance. We review evidence that suggests a relationship between individual experiences, the size and structure of semantic representations, as well as individual and age differences in cognitive performance. We conclude that the extent to which experience-dependent changes in semantic representations contribute to individual differences in cognitive aging remains unclear. (...) To help fill this gap, we outline an empirical agenda that utilizes network analysis and involves the concurrent assessment of large-scale semantic networks and cognitive performance in younger and older adults. We present preliminary data to establish the feasibility and limitations of such empirical, network-analytical approaches. (shrink)

The building blocks and origins of life have fascinated scientists since the earliest of times. What is required for life to work in terms of building blocks? An outline of the building blocks that have to be present in living systems to allow the processes that are required for life is given. These building blocks have to be organised in a specific way to allow living processes to be functional, which are summarised in what is referred to as the seven (...) pillars of life. In essence, these are the fundamental characteristics of all living systems. Evidences of when and how living systems developed on the Earth shortly after the Earth established itself as a planet are discussed. This comes from the growing body of geological evidence of the age of rocks and rock formations in different places on the Earth. This review is concluded with the latest evidence of where on Earth living systems may have started. A large amount of uncertainty exists about these processes, but more and more consilient evidence is giving us important pointers as to the origins of life on the planet Earth.Contribution: As part of this special collection, the building blocks or origins of life give insights into the chemical principles and constituents of living organisms and how their interactions allow life to function on earth. (shrink)

This article explores managers’ ethical reasoning for behaviors in price negotiations using evidence from 15 in-depth interviews conducted with sales and purchasing representatives in the chemical industry in Germany. Applying transaction cost economics, we find that negotiators in commoditized market-like exchanges either refer to deontological norms such as not to lie, or they neglect a role for ethics, arguing that distributive negotiation is per se opportunistic. In contrast, exchanges of products with higher asset specificity lead to stronger informational integration which (...) is supported with teleological justifications. Some negotiators use teleological justification to build business on trust rather than on economic safeguards as their firm norms would require. For negotiators, our results suggest considering institutional context and adjusting ethical reasoning to the negotiation situation. Firms need to recognize and find ways to address the potential conflicts of their internal norms with their frontline managers’ attempts to act in the firms’ best economic and ethical interests. (shrink)

Aus den wirtschaftlichen Turbulenzen des vergangenen Jahrzehnts leitet sich die Frage nach der Verantwortung fur die Gestaltung der Wirtschaftslandschaft ab. Die Arbeit untersucht daher, ob betriebswirtschaftliche Hochschullehrer die Werte ihrer Studierenden beeinflussen wollen und entwickelt ein detailliertes konzeptionelles Modell. Zur Modellvalidierung werden deskriptive Analysen, Strukturgleichungsmodelle und Clusteranalysen auf Daten aus einer weltweiten Befragung von 1.741 betriebswirtschaftlichen Hochschullehrern angewendet. Die Analysen zeigen weltweit eine starke Intention zur Wertebeeinflussung, mit besonderer Werteskepsis in Deutschland. Die Unterstutzung von Kollegen und Verbanden erwies sich als (...) wichtige Voraussetzung fur die Steigerung der Beeinflussungsintention.". (shrink)

Nach seiner Rückkehr aus dem US-amerikanischen Exil 1949 unternahm das Institut für Sozialforschung zahlreiche sozialempirische Studien über das politische Bewusstsein der westdeutschen Bevölkerung und dessen ideologische Grundlagen. Anknüpfend an die Erfahrungen, die das IfS mit der in den Vereinigten Staaten durchgeführten Untersuchung zur »Authoritarian Personality« gesammelt hatte, war das als Pilotstudie konzipierte »Gruppenexperiment« die erste und umfassendste der Untersuchungen über die ideologischen Haltungen der bundesrepublikanischen Bevölkerung, in diesem Fall gegenüber dem NS-Regime und der aktuellen Demokratie. Diese erste große sozialempirische »Bewusstseinsstudie« (...) wurde vom U. S. High Commissioner for Germany finanziert und bildete inhaltlich und methodologisch die Grundlage aller weiterer »Bewusstseinsstudien«, etwa zur Erforschung des Bewusstseins der Studenten, der Arbeiter, der zukünftigen Bundeswehroffiziere und eben der Kriegsheimkehrer. (shrink)

Systematisch-theologische Untersuchung zu Johann Gottlieb Fichte, zuletzt seit 1810 Professor in Berlin, Hauptvertreter der Philosophie des Deutschen Idealismus. In der Herausarbeitung des systematischen Zusammenhangs von transzendentalphilosophischer Religions- und geschichtsphilosophischer Christentumstheorie wird deren Bedeutung fur das Gesamtprogramm der Transzendentalphilosophie Fichtes erkennbar. Es werden u.A. Folgende Einzelthemen behandelt: B Religionsbegriff Gotteslehre Interpretation christlicher Begriffe Christentum als Religion der Freiheit und als Verwirklichung des Begriffs von Religion S.

BackgroundUndocumented migrants experience multiple institutional and legal barriers when trying to access healthcare services. Due to such limitations, healthcare workers often experience ethical dilemmas when caring for undocumented migrants. This article aims to understand how individual healthcare workers who regularly take care of undocumented migrants deal with these dilemmas in practice. So far, the role of healthcare workers in this context has mainly been theorized through the lens of biopolitics, conceiving of healthcare workers as merely obedient instruments of humanitarian government (...) or gatekeeping.MethodsBased on semi-structured, in-depth interviews and ethnographic observations with healthcare workers in Belgium, we explore how they ascribe meaning, reflect upon and give shape to care practices in relation to undocumented migrants. We use Foucault’s later work on care of the self to interpret the accounts given by the healthcare workers.ResultsHealthcare workers in clinical roles exercise a certain degree of freedom in relation to the existing limitations to healthcare access of undocumented migrants. They developed techniques such as purposefully being inattentive to the undocumented status of the migrants. They also try to master their affective responses and transform their bodily attitude towards undocumented patients. They perform practical mental exercises to remind themselves of their role or position in the wider healthcare system and about their commitment to treat all patients equally. These techniques and exercises are inspired by colleagues who function as role models, inspiring them to relate in an ethical way to limitations in healthcare access. The developed care practices sometimes reproduce, sometimes transform the legal and institutional limitations to care for undocumented migrants.ConclusionsThe findings nuance the biopolitical analysis regarding the role of healthcare workers in healthcare delivery to undocumented migrants that has been dominant so far. Theoretically this article provides a reconceptualization of healthcare ethics as care of the self, an ethical practice that is somewhat independent of the traditional professional ethics.Trial Registration Medical ethics committee UZ Jette, Brussels, Belgium – Registration date: 18/05/2016 – Registration number: B.U.N. 143201628279. (shrink)

Im Zuge der Studie wurden u. a. 40 Gruppendiskussionen mit ehemaligen Kriegsgefangenen seitens des IfS durchgeführt, die auf Tonband aufgenommen und anschließend zur Auswertung transkribiert wurden. Der nachfolgende Ausschnitt ist der Beginn der Diskussion 16 ; es handelt sich um die ersten elf von insgesamt 58 Seiten. Diese Diskussion ist nicht gut dokumentiert, so fehlt etwa die Protokollierung von Zeit, Ort, Anzahl der Teilnehmer und der Name des Diskussionsleiters. Aufgrund der Einordnung der Vorlage im Archiv ist aber mit sehr großer (...) Wahrscheinlichkeit davon auszugehen, dass die Diskussion Anfang 1957 in Bad Godesberg unter der Leitung von Werner Mangold stattfand. (shrink)

Scheitern wie Gelingen sind ambivalente und zugleich existentielle Erfahrungen des Menschen. Die Sehnsucht, das eigene Leben als gelingend zu erfahren, ist dabei Ausdruck des menschlichen Strebens nach Glück. Das Wagnis einer unwiderruflichen Lebensentscheidung ist dabei der verbindlichste Ausdruck individueller Sinnstiftung für ein gelingendes Leben. Zur Frage, welche Gründe dem Gelingen oder Scheitern eines biografischen Lebensprojektes zugrunde liegen, hat Klaus Demmer wesentliche Überlegungen angestellt, denen in dieser Arbeit nachgegangen wird. Zentral ist dabei die Verhältnisbestimmung von sittlicher Persönlichkeit und Identität. Indem das (...) vorgelegte Konzept aus philosophischer, soziologischer und psychologischer Perspektive befragt wird, zeigt der Autor die Anschlussfähigkeit der moraltheologischen Erwägungen für den gegenwärtigen Diskurs um denBegriff der Identität auf. (shrink)

To mitigate risk, should companies signal a broad range of environmental, social, and governance initiatives or instead focus on only a few ESG issues? Drawing on signaling theory, we propose that a broad array of ESG initiatives generates not only signal consistency but also accelerating signal costs. Our empirical results support the resultant hypothesis of a curvilinear relationship between ESG scope and equity risk. In addition, this U-shaped curve seems to become steeper when firms face multiple media-reported ESG controversies. Overall, (...) our study qualifies the conventional wisdom that firms can reduce equity risk by attending to a wide variety of stakeholders and highlights the moderating impact of the firm’s media environment. (shrink)

Moraal was sinds mensenheugenis het exclusieve domein van filosofie en theologie, totdat bioloog Charles Darwin in The Descent of Man (1871) als eerste opperde: ‘Elk dier dat met uitgesproken sociale instincten is toegerust (…) zou onvermijdelijk een moraal of geweten verwerven zodra zijn intellectuele vermogens even goed of bijna even goed ontwikkeld zouden zijn als die van de mens.’ Pas een eeuw later kwam het onderzoek naar moraal goed op gang in empirische wetenschapsdisciplines als biologie, ethologie, culturele antropologie, psychologie en (...) neurowetenschappen. De getemde mens laat zien hoe ver de fascinerende inzichten die dat onderzoek al heeft opgeleverd, zijn doorgedrongen in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Meer dan 140 bekende en onbekende personen met uiteenlopende culturele en levensbeschouwelijke achtergronden laten in dit boek hun gedachten gaan over de vraag waar onze moraal vandaan komt. Primatoloog Frans de Waal wijdt aan deze centrale vraag een uitvoerig essay, terwijl schooldirecteur en expert radicalisering Karin Heremans een stem laat horen uit de multiculturele onderwijspraktijk. Filosoof Guido Vanheeswijck en moraalwetenschapper Dirk Verhofstadt geven niet alleen zelf antwoord op de vraag waar onze moraal vandaan komt, maar lazen alle bijdragen en schreven naar aanleiding daarvan een slotessay. (shrink)

Our epistemic access to mathematical objects, like numbers, is mediated through our external representations of them, like numerals. Nevertheless, the role of formal notations and, in particular, of the internal structure of these notations has not received much attention in philosophy of mathematics and cognitive science. While systems of number words and of numerals are often treated alike, I argue that they have crucial structural differences, and that one has to understand how the external representation works in order to form (...) an advanced conception of numbers. The relation between external representations and mathematical cognition will be discussed by drawing on experimental results from cognitive science and mathematics education, and I argue for the constitutive role of external representations for the development of an advanced conception of numbers. (shrink)

Moritz Pasch (1843ber neuere Geometrie (1882), in which he also clearly formulated the view that deductions must be independent from the meanings of the nonlogical terms involved. Pasch also presented in these lectures the main tenets of his philosophy of mathematics, which he continued to elaborate on throughout the rest of his life. This philosophy is quite unique in combining a deductivist methodology with a radically empiricist epistemology for mathematics. By taking into consideration publications from the entire span of Paschs (...) highly original, but virtually unknown, philosophy of mathematics is presented. (shrink)

This volume contains the proceedings of a conference on the Presocratic philosophers Pythagoras and Heraclitus. Investigated by a team of international scholars are key problems in doxography, Pythagorean Communities, logos, harmony, psychology, flux, number theory, ethics, and theology. Designed for all students of ancient philosophy, this volume will spur further investigations into these cardinal concerns of early Greek scientific thinkers.

This article argues that corporate social responsibility may contribute to product differentiation in export markets and thus improve export performance. We test this argument by observing a period of decreasing export competitiveness in a leading emerging economy. Using a large-scale survey design with 252 questionnaires completed by mediumand large-sized Brazilian exporters, we used structural equations modelling to test our hypotheses. The results suggest that CSR product differentiation predicts export performance better than product quality differentiation and almost as well as product (...) innovation differentiation. Multi- group analysis further revealed that the positive and significant effect of CSR product differentiation on export performance is likely to be contingent on the number and type of countries that are targeted. Our study contributes to the literature on CSR and export performance by developing and empirically validating a model that explains under which conditions CSR-based product differentiation may lead to improved export performance. (shrink)

This article argues that corporate social responsibility (CSR) may contribute to product differentiation in export markets and thus improve export performance. We test this argument by observing a period of decreasing export competitiveness in a leading emerging economy (Brazil). Using a large-scale survey design with 252 questionnaires completed by medium- and large-sized Brazilian exporters, we used structural equations modelling to test our hypotheses. The results suggest that CSR product differentiation predicts export performance better than product quality differentiation and almost as (...) well as product innovation differentiation. Multi-group analysis further revealed that the positive and significant effect of CSR product differentiation on export performance is likely to be contingent on the number and type (developing vs. developed) of countries that are targeted. Our study contributes to the literature on CSR and export performance by developing and empirically validating a model that explains under which conditions CSR-based product differentiation may lead to improved export performance. (shrink)

After the moral framework of sustainable development, the focus on climate change appears to take a lead in the practice and theory of environmental education. Inherent in this perspective is an apocalyptic message: if we do not rapidly change our use of energy resources, we will severely harm the life conditions of our children and grandchildren. In this article we argue that environmental educators should liberate us from this highly instrumental dictate by taking their cue from our daily care for (...) our environment as revealed in child?s play in nature. Inherent in the interaction of the Homo ludens with nature is a spiral time experience. This time condition elicits a particular responsibility: rather than calculating which means are necessary to prevent future disasters, we should respond with care to the concentric circles of an open and indefinite future. Therefore, environmental education should not aim to prevent future disasters, but foster anticipating care for nature. (shrink)

In this paper I investigate two notions of concepts that have played a dominant role in 20th century philosophy of mathematics. According to the first, concepts are definite and fixed; in contrast, according to the second notion concepts are open and subject to modifications. The motivations behind these two incompatible notions and how they can be used to account for conceptual change are presented and discussed. On the basis of historical developments in mathematics I argue that both notions of concepts (...) capture important aspects of mathematical and scientific reasoning, and, consequently, that a pluralistic approach that allows for representing both of these aspects is most useful for an adequate account of investigative practices. (shrink)

The social banking market constitutes a small but rapidly growing submarket of the global banking sector. Due to an explicit commitment to sustainability, social banking is a segment of banking services which is not exclusively focused on economic performance criteria, but pursues ecological and social goal dimensions on an equal footing. Information on the number and reachability of potential social banking customers is essential for social banks to further promote sustainable consumption in finance. In scientific research, social banking is considered (...) a relatively new field, still lacking empirical analyses regarding the market size and specific consumer behaviour. This study addresses the research gap by generating first insights into the German social banking market. Based on an online survey using an adaptive conjoint analysis, a large data set covering 3537 respondents was compiled. Sample 1 comprises 2896 respondents who are customers of three major social banks in Germany. Sample 2 covers the remaining 641 respondents who represent the German adult population and exclusively buy from conventional banks. Logistic regression modelling reveals that social banking customers differ significantly from their conventional counterparts regarding several socio-demographic, behavioural and psychographic factors. In comparison with conventional banking customers, social banking customers tend to be younger, higher educated and located in larger places of residence. Contrary to existing research on socially responsible investors, they are male to a higher proportion than female. Moreover, social banking customers demonstrate stronger sustainable buying patterns and weaker preferences for financial, but stronger preferences for social return than conventional banking customers. The results further indicate a considerable untapped growth potential for social banks by uncovering a market size ranging between 10 and 26% of the German adult population. Finally, suggestions for marketing strategies and future research are given. (shrink)

교사와 장학관을 역임한 저자가 들려주는 전통도덕의 원리와 실천서. 유가의 사상, 유가의 생활, 제도와 예법, 유가 전적의 이해 등을 설명했다. 전통적 생활방 식과 가치를 이해하고 실천하는데 도움이 되도록 엮었다.

한국 인문학의 새 지형도, 자음과모음 하이브리드 총서 자음과모음은 지난 12월에 정통 학술 총서 ‘새로운 사유의 힘, 뉴아카이브 총서’를 선보인데 이어 올 3월에 한국 인문학의 새 지형을 그려나갈 ‘하이브리드 총서’를 펴낸다. 국내 학자들의 집필서만으로 구성되는 이 총서는 “경계 간 글쓰기, 분과 간 학문하기, 한국 인문학의 새 지형도”라는 캐치프레이즈 아래 ‘통섭’의 학문하기가 한국의 환경에서 어떻게 구현되는지를 보여주는 매우 주목할 만한 사례가 될 것이다. 이 총서로 펴내는 책들은 지난 2~3년간 계간 문예지 『자음과모음』의 ‘스펙트라’, ‘하이브리드’ 꼭지를 통해 연재된 인문, 사회, 과학, 예술 제 분야의 (...) 원고를 대상으로 하는데, 총서 발간을 계기로 일정한 퇴고 기간을 거쳐 좀 더 핍진한 주제의식과 매력적인 문체로 짜임새 있게 가다듬었다. 국내 학자들의 야심 찬 학문적 실험과 매력적인 글쓰기가 한데 어우러진, 국내에서 자체로 생산되는 보기 드문 총서가 아닐 수 없다. 하이브리드 총서 1차분은 문학평론가이자 작곡가인 최정우의 『사유의 악보―이론의 교배와 창궐을 위한 불협화음의 비평들』, 디자인 연구자 박해천의 『콘크리트 유토피아』, 여성학자 권김현영 외 5인의 『남성성과 젠더』 총 3권이다. 음악, 문학, 철학, 미학, 정치학, 심리학, 신학, 윤리학 등 다방면의 이론을 교배시키며 현란하면서도 핍진한 사유의 장을 펼쳐 보이는 최정우, ‘아파트’라는 프레임을 통해 한국의 세대론과 시각문화를 통찰하는 박해천, 남성성이라는 주제 아래 젠더론의 새 논법을 제시하는 권김현영 외 5인 등, 익숙한 대상들을 낯선 시각과 실험적인 방법론을 통해 새롭게 조명해낸 이들의 탐구는 작금의 인문학도들에게 참조해야 할 중요한 판본이 될 것이다. 향후 이택광, 이현우, 박원익, 정여울 등의 근간도 준비 중이다. 한국 이론계에 출현한 새로운 ‘사유’의 가능성: 13개의 악장과 8개의 변주로 이루어진 사유의 악보 하이브리드 총서 첫 번째 책, 최정우의 『사유의 악보―이론의 교배와 창궐을 위한 불협화음의 비평들』은 오늘날의 사유와 사태를 규정한 근대의 이론과 작품 들을 교차하고 병치하고 혼합함으로써 근대와 근대 이후, 그리고 그 이후를 사유하는 비평에세이로, 작곡가이자 비평가인 저자가 지난 10년간 써온 글들을 다듬어 엮었다. 번역, 평론, 음악, 연극 등 다양한 분야에서 활동하고 있는 저자는 음악, 문학, 철학, 미학, 정치학, 심리학, 신학, 윤리학 등 예술?인문학 분야의 다양한 작품과 담론들을 독특한 방식으로 ‘접붙이는’ 비평 방식을 통해 경계의 경계되는 지점을 질문하고 새로운 사유, 새로운 글쓰기의 가능성을 찾는다. 이 책은 저자가 2000년부터 2010년까지 다양한 지면을 통해 썼던 글들과 미발표한 글들을 모은 것으로 1990년대 소위 ‘포스트모더니즘’의 철학이 풍미하고 그 이식의 행위들이 횡행했던 한국의 이론적이고 실제적인 풍경 속에서 쓰였다. 하나의 서곡과 하나의 종곡, 그리고 13개의 악장들과 8개의 변주곡들로 구성되어 있는 이 글들은 음악, 문학 등의 작품 비평에서 이론, 철학, 미학에 이르는 메타비평, 정치학과 심리학 등의 철학이론, 자서전 읽기, 좌담 등에 이르기까지 각각이 다양하고 고유한 사유의 작업들로서 편의상 분류한 위와 같은 이름들로 포섭하기 어렵다는 특징을 갖는다. 악장과 변주곡들로 비유된 이 글들은 서로 다른 분과의 학문과 대상들 간의 낯선 결합으로 이루어져 있다. 이 혼종의 사유, 하이브리드적 시도는 저자의 약력에서 예감되듯 체질적인 것인 동시에, 그 자체로 단순한 치환이 갖는 폭력에 대한 저자의 ‘문제의식’으로, 즉 의도라고도 할 수 있다. 새로운 사유와 글쓰기를 위한, 나아가 새로운 이론을 형성하기 위한 위험한 ‘감행’이다. 새로운 전시를 알리는 불친절한 책의 도발: 질문 없는 세대에게 던져진 몇 개의 아포리아 저자는 이 책에서 다양한 사태와 사례로써 근대와 탈근대를 조망하지만 단지 그것이 무엇인지 규명하는 데서 멈추지 않고 그 이후를 사유해야 한다고 종용한다. 언어와 이미지가 범람하는 이 시대의 우울과 불안, 그리고 무엇보다 무감각을 이유로 들면서 저자는 다시 이론과 사유가 가동되어야 할 필요성을 절박하게 외친다. 우리가 인간이기 때문에, 혹은 인문학이 위기인 시대에 살고 있기 때문에 사유해야 하는 것이 아니라, 오히려 그러한 강요된 이데올로기에서 새롭게 사유해야 할 근거를 찾는 것이다. 따라서 저자는 ‘시대’ 혹은 ‘세대’라고 하는 구성된 집단적 주체와 인위적 시공간에 대해 도발적 질문을 던진다, 그것들을 전복하기 위해. 이데올로기가 바로 그 이데올로기에 대한 해명과 폭로로써만은 결코 사라지지 않는 것과 마찬가지로, 우리 시대 혹은 세대가 지닌 불안과 우울에 대한 깊은 무감각은 그것의 직접적 원인으로 생각되는 것들을 파악하고 제시한다고 해서 절대 깨지거나 사라지지 않는다. 저자는 그래서 이러한 사태를 극단으로 가져간다. 저자는 이 책이 ‘확신을 가진 이들만을 위한 것’이라고 확신을 가지고 말한다. 이 책은 ‘설득’에 대한 믿음과 ‘절멸’에 대한 의지를 양극단에 대립항으로 위치시키는 철학적이고 실천적인 어떤 극단의 선택이라는 문제를 제출한다. ‘윤리인가 불가능성인가, 미학인가 정치학인가, 자기인가 타자인가, 번역인가 오역인가, 유물론인가 유신론인가, 동지인가 적인가, 시인가 소설인가, 정주인가 횡단인가, 합의인가 파국인가, 쇠렌 키르케고르의 어법을 차용해 이것인가 저것인가.’ 이러한 선택의 문제란 오히려 어떤 ‘선택 불가능성’에 대한 이론의 ‘가능성’을 열어젖힌다. 절멸의 가능성 혹은 불가능성을 사유하고 그 이전과 이후를 사유할 것을 역설하는 이 책의 글들은 이론 이후를 사유하고, 사유 이후를 실천하며, 실천 이후를 이론화하는, 오늘날 혁명을 사유하는 이론적 실험이다. 불친절한 의도를 가지고 쓰인 이 책은 ‘이론’의 증폭과 심화, ‘혁명’을 위한 친절한 ‘매뉴얼’인 것이다. (shrink)

In "Literary Forms of Argument in Early China," Gentz and Meyer explore a new analytical approach to the study of written thinking by focusing on the argumentative function of literary patterns in early Chinese texts.

When we encounter the following words: ‘A few moments ago, I think, you heard Plato saying that there is no specific name for the art which deals with the body’, it is easy to put these into a literary context. We may imagine some kind of fictional dialogue, in which out of two or more partners one reminds another of what a few minutes ago Plato had said to them about a particular subject. Whether Plato is still present or has (...) left the room, we do not yet know, and we hope to get this information from the rest of the book. The book might be an historical novel by, say, Mary Renault. So much is clear, and with our knowledge of the Classics we are sure that the book is not by a Classical author. (shrink)

Het verhaal van de natuurkunde is ook een persoonlijk verhaal, want achter de feiten gaan altijd mensen schuil. Van Einstein, die Beethoven op zijn viool probeert te spelen, tot Van Swinden, die jarenlang in het planetarium in Franeker werkt. Cees Andriesse, die 'Titan kan niet slapen' schreef, een biografie over Christiaan Huygens, heeft veel gevoel voor deze verhalen. In deze nieuwe geschiedenis van de natuurkunde wordt dan ook ruim aandacht besteed aan de zoektocht en wederwaardigheden van grote figuren, maar ook (...) van collega's uit de tijd dat Andriesse in Groningen werkte. De wetenschap draait om onmiskenbare relaties tussen harde feiten; die gaan spreken onder de pen van Andriesse, die oog heeft voor de ontdekkers en zichtbaar maakt hoe zijn eigen begrip is ontstaan. Het is hem niet te doen om de mechanisering van de natuurkunde, maar om de historisering daarvan. Dit boek biedt een nieuw perspectief op grote ontdekkingen, waarbij zowel God, als literatuur als psychologie een rol spelen. (shrink)

The first part of this article examines Patricia O'Grady's recent attempt to identify the method by which Thales might have successfully predicted a solar eclipse. According to O'Grady, some 60% of the potentially visible lunar eclipses were followed 23½ months later by potentially visible solar eclipses. It is shown that this ratio is no more than 23%, and that the method fails to predict after which specific lunar eclipse a solar eclipse will appear. In the second half of the article (...) it is argued that on the basis of his own observations of major solar eclipses, Thales could have concluded that solar eclipses come in clusters of three, the second appearing 17 or 18 months, and the third 35 months, after the first one. In the years after the "predicted" eclipse of 28 May 585 BC, this apparent pattern disappeared again, which would explain why Thales managed to "predict" only one eclipse. (shrink)