En este trabajo indago sobre la actualidad de la Ilustración en relación con la modernidad, la idea de historia y el lenguaje. Examino la construcción historiográfica de la Ilustración para distinguir los tópicos que caracterizan las rupturas y las continuidades en las sucesivas interpretaciones. Posteriormente, analizo la cuestión en el contexto del debate entre modernidad y posmodernidad. Finalmente, formulo la pregunta sobre la Ilustración en relación con las posibilidades de la filosofía de la historia y con el lenguaje. Se concluye (...) la necesidad de recuperar la filosofía de la historia como legado de la Ilustración, y se plantea cómo podría efectuarse tal recuperación. (shrink)

Fear to contamination is an easy-to-provoke, intense, hard-to-control, and extraordinarily persistent fear. A worsening of preexisting psychiatric disorders was observed during the COVID-19 outbreak, and several studies suggest that those with obsessive–compulsive disorder may be more affected than any other group of people. In the face of worsening OCD symptoms, there is a need for mental health professionals to provide the support needed not only to treat patients who still report symptoms, but also to improve relapse prevention. In this line, (...) it is recommended to improve alternative strategies such as online consultations and digital psychiatry. The aim of this study is to develop augmented reality stimuli that are clinically relevant for patients with cleaning OCD and assess their efficiency to obtain emotionally significant responses. Four AR stimuli were developed: a plastic bag full of garbage, a piece of bread with mold, a dirty sports shoe, and a piece of rotten meat. All stimuli were shown to a clinical group and a control group. Relevant results were the design of the AR stimuli. These stimuli were validated with the statistical difference in perceived anxiety in the meat stimuli between the clinical and control groups. Nevertheless, when looking at effect sizes, all stimuli present effect sizes from small to large, with both shoe and bread between small and medium effect sizes. These results are a valuable support for the clinical use of these AR stimuli in the treatment of cleaning OCD. (shrink)

Nation-wide community quarantines and social distancing are part of the new normal because of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Since extensive and prolonged lockdowns are relatively novel experiences, not much is known about the well-being of individuals in such extreme situations. This research effort investigated the relationship between well-being elements and resiliency of 533 Filipino adults who were placed under the nationwide enhanced community quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants comprised of 376 females and 157 males. The median and mode ages (...) of the participants is 23 years, while 25 is the mean age. PERMA Profiler was used to measure participants’ well-being elements, while Connor-Davidson Resiliency Scale-10 was used to measure their resiliency. Collected data were analyzed using the regression model and necessary condition analysis. This study corroborated that all the five pillars of well-being are significant positive correlates of resiliency in quarantined adults. The results shown accomplishment positively predicts resiliency, while negative emotions negatively predict resiliency. Lastly, the five pillars of well-being are necessary-but-not-sufficient conditions of resiliency. Our results cast a new light on well-being elements as constraints rather than enablers of resiliency. This novel result shows that optimum resiliency is only possible when all the five pillars of well-being are taken care of and when a person is at least minimally contented with their physical health. The present findings underscore the importance of a holistic as against an atomistic approach to maintaining good mental health, which suggests that deficiencies in certain areas of well-being may not be fully addressed by overcompensating on other areas, as all five pillars of well-being are necessary-but-not-sufficient conditions of resiliency. The study ends with the recommendation for the use of necessary condition analysis to study both classical and novel psychological research problems. (shrink)

La hipótesis mimética es una teoría antropológica formulada por el pensador René Girard según la cual la esencia del deseo humano se caracteriza por una imitación paradójica y ambivalente, capaz de generar efectos de signo contrario. El pensador Peter Sloterdijk ha elaborado su obra bajo los presupuestos de esta hipótesis antropológica aunque sea de forma polémica. De hecho, funda en ella no sólo su fenomenología del espacio afectivo sino también su crítica al psicoanálisis y su análisis de la sociedad post-industrial (...) de masas. En el presente artículo expondremos los principales puntos de acuerdo y de oposición entre ambos autores. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The problem of “scotopic vision”, or vision under conditions of partial or total darkness, is one of the most enigmatic and least studied topics in Aristotelian psychology. In the article we present the exegesis of Averroes on this matter. We point out a dificulty that arises in the Great Commentary around some terms used to designate the obscurity in the whole of the theory. We propose as a solution a moderate interpretation of the matter, in accordance with the “principle (...) of economy” and the traditional exegesis of the commentators. (shrink)

La crítica contemporánea ha mostrado el contraste entre la teoría de la visión expuesta en los libros I y III de Meteorológicos y el resto de obras mayores del corpus aristotelicum. En este artículo presentamos una clasifi cación de las principales interpretaciones arrojadas sobre esta irregularidad. Finalmente, propondremos una exégesis de estos pasajes acorde con la teoría estándar establecida por Aristóteles en las obras psicológicas.

La obra de René Girard logra aunar, desde la tradición realista, las corrientes moderna y postmoderna. Su teoría del deseo mimético da lugar a una síntesis que supera el nihilismo y el fundamentalismo propio de estas tradiciones en favor de la tradición clásica.

El término “doble vínculo” fue utilizado por primera vez por el antropólogo Gregory Bateson. René Girard asume esta aportación de la Escuela de Palo Alto para formular su teoría del “deseo mimético”. El presente artículo expone la transformación de esta noción en la antropología contemporánea.

Resumen: La “visión escotópica” desarrollada por Aristóteles en De Anima II 7 es la primera formulación sistemática de este fenómeno clave para las actuales neurociencias. En la teoría aristotélica surge una aparente contradicción entre el “compromiso ontológico” de la oscuridad como privación y el “realismo gnoseológico” que considera visible esa misma oscuridad. Tomás de Aquino en su Sententia libri De Anima propone una interpretación que establece la relación analógica entre luz y oscuridad a través del color. Esta estrategia permite disolver (...) cualquier contrariedad y establecer una percepción visual de la oscuridad en sentido realista.: The “scotopic vision” developed by Aristotle in De Anima II 7 is the first systematic formulation of this key phenomenon for current neurosciences. In this theory an apparent contradiction arises between the “ontological commitment” of darkness as deprivation and the “gnoseological realism” that considers that same darkness visible. Tomás de Aquino in his Sententia libri De Anima proposes an interpretation that establishes the analogical relationship between light and darkness through color. This strategy allows to dissolve any annoyance and establish a visual perception of darkness in a realistic. (shrink)

The aim of this work is to analyze a political concept derived from a religious myth. I will analyze both by means of the genealogical method of the mimetic violence because this genealogical method looks for the origin of concepts and myths within the human culture. Its basic assumption goes like this: the mimetic sacrifice causes the ritual sacrifice, and the ritual sacrifice causes in its turn the myth and the prohibitions. The political concept, derived from the mimetic violence, is (...) the notion of concord or unanimity.One critic says of René Girard: "Girard is one of the last hedgehog types who survive, according to Isaiah Berlin's typology subtly deduced of Archilochus's dictum: the fox knows many... (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Theory of the Apophantic Judgment According to René GirardDesiderio Parrilla Martínez (bio)introduction: criticism of judgment in rené girardIn his essay "Belief (Cultural Memory in the Present)" ("Credere di credere") Gianni Vattimo stated the conditions of possibility of a "weak and post-metaphysical Christianity" founded in René Girard´s victimary hypothesis.1 According to Vattimo, mimetic theory allows abandoning traditional metaphysics and the classical theory of truth, based on the judgment. In later (...) works, Vattimo insisted on the epistemological virtues of mimetic theory to reform the classical theory of adequacy2 and the theological implications of this reform.3 Mimetic theory definitely unmasks the violence of the "strong metaphysic," to enable the advent of a weak metaphysics and a kenotic theology based on love: "According to him, it is the survival of the victim-based mechanism, albeit in attenuated form, that explains the recurrence of violence in the history of Christianity. To complete Girard's argument, we learn from Heidegger that what Girard calls the victim-based mechanism is metaphysical objectivism."4 The Erlebnis (non-conceptualized experience) of this theological weakening [End Page 147] has occurred as an event from a previous epistemological weakening, which mimetic theory itself contributes to consolidating.5This drift toward the epistemological nihilism generated a debate between Gianni Vattimo and René Girard, who rejected this conclusion drawn from his mimetic theory.6 The transcript of this controversy first appeared in Verità o fede debole? Dialogo su cristianesimo e relativismo (2006) [Christianity, Truth, and Weakening Faith (2011)], a compilation of three dialogues on three fundamental concepts: truth, secularization, and relativism. In the first part, focused on the epistemological question of truth, Girard affirms he isn't accurately recognized in Vattimo´s thought, showing his distance and warning that, unlike the Italian thinker, his thinking is primarily realistic: "Personally, I agree with Vattimo when he says that Christianity is a revelation of love, but I do not exclude that it is also a revelation of truth. Because truth and love coincide and are one in Christianity."7 In the same chapter, Vattimo challenges René Girard for not having extracted the ultimate consequences of his mimetic theory, because he stays trapped in the realistic ontology of a pre-mimetic mentality: [Vattimo:] "In sum, the only thing I really can't go along with in Girard is his faith in the salvific power of truth, whether it be revealed or discovered by science."8However, in the controversy René Girard could not fail to recognize the central thesis of Gianni Vattimo, according to which his work involved a critique of the classical interpretation of judgment: "I think that there is some kind of incompatibility between traditional philosophy and mimetic theory. I feel, for instance, that scholars influenced by Thomism are handicapped in regard to mimetic theory, because they have to work with neatly distinguished categories. Philosophy is looking for logical foundation as well. It is difficult for philosophers to accept a mechanism that triggers opposite effects. Therefore, it always excludes the real anthropological foundation."9 René Girard acknowledges that in his eagerness to keep up the anthropo-genesis, he cannot avoid judging the theory of judgment from the mimetic theory.10 This critique appears since the beginning of his investigation in Things Hidden since the Foundation of the World, when Girard distinguishes between Heraclitus's logos and the logos of John's gospel.11 In Violence and the Sacred he proceeded to investigate the historical origins of both forms of logos and discovered that a hidden reality underlay the evidence of the canonical judicative structure, using the resources of Derridean deconstruction, of which Girard acknowledges his debt.12René Girard's relationship with philosophy is problematic. Mimetic theory criticizes all human cultural constructions, including mythology and philosophy. However, in The Scapegoat René Girard approaches the issue of "judgment" as a place of truth. His relationship with philosophy therefore needs to be [End Page 148] recognized and his contribution valued. In this work Girard exposed the evolution and transformations that have resulted in the classic judicative structure, showing the assumptions of the last supplement of logical truth.13 In Of Grammatology Derrida took up the term "suppl... (shrink)

Anselm’s original argument for the existence of God seems to pull in opposite directions. On the one hand, it is not easy to see what, if anything, is wrong with it; on the other, it seems incredible that the existence of a being like God could be proved entirely a priori. This paper presents a diagnosis of what seems to be wrong with Anselm’s original reasoning. The diagnosis is general enough to be of use elsewhere, and it is this: conceptual (...) possibilities are inferential dead-ends, not free inference tickets to prove any substantial claim. It remains to be seen if other versions of Anselm’s original insight, both contemporary and not, fall into the same conceptual possibility trap. (shrink)

O trabalho analisa, por meio da cobertura do diário A Tarde, de Salvador, a convivência entre a delegação alemã de futebol e a população local de Santa Cruz Cabrália, no sul da Bahia, que serviu de base para a seleção que conquistou a Copa do Mundo de futebol em 2014. A partir dos critérios de identidade cultural, globalização e seleção jornalística, mostra que a estratégia de aproximação com os moradores marcou a cobertura de A Tarde e criou um clima simpático (...) à seleção alemã. (shrink)

This research uses a survey to analyze types of benefits sought by partners in cross-sector collaborations in Spain and to test and build upon theories that indicate prior collaboration experience and partner alignment will positively affect value creation through the collaboration. Using exploratory factor analysis to operationalize a broad range of potential benefits into more specific concepts, the results of this study identify distinct factors that characterize the types of benefits sought by non-profit organizations and businesses engaged in cross-sector collaborations. (...) Findings show that prior experience and alignment positively affect each factor for value creation. Prior experience is also found to influence the type of benefits sought from cross-sector collaborations and to positively affect alignment in terms of mission and strategy. Unexpectedly, the study also finds that prior experience moderates the effect of alignment on value creation. (shrink)

O intuito do presente trabalho é discutir o uso do termo desinformação pelo campo da Ciência da Informação (CI). A palavra, desinformação, passou a ser utilizada nos últimos anos – mais notadamente após a eleição de Donald Trump a presidência dos Estados Unidos da América, cargo que ocupou entre os anos de 2016 a 2020 - para caracterizar um comportamento pautado no compartilhamento de notícias falsas via redes sociais digitais, majoritariamente, e, por meio de técnicas de comunicação que almejam fazer (...) usuários de determinada ferramenta de comunicação, acreditar em uma notícia falsa. No entanto, julgamos que o emprego do termo não consegue explicar de forma clara como ocorre ou, se é possível, determinarmos via estudos do campo da CI (informação como dimensão física, informação como dimensão cognitiva, informação como dimensão intersubjetiva social) que exista um fenômeno ou um processo que desinforme sujeitos expostos a determinada informação. Julgamos haver uma contradição no termo, que pode contribuir para uma tábula rasa explicativa sobre como se processa a validação de determinados conteúdos informativos, ou seja, sob quais fundamentos éticos, marcos regulatório e práticas consuetudinárias os sujeitos nesta arena digital produzem, se apropriam e disseminam informação. (shrink)

O artigo aborda o ensino e a aprendizagem de filosofia a partir da noção de criação de conceitos, conforme o entendimento de Deleuze. Para isso, discute o que significa criar conceitos em filosofia, associando essa concepção a uma nova imagem do pensamento que entende a criação de conceitos como o dizer do acontecimento, o sentido incorporal produzido pelo efeito do encontro dos corpos. Depois estabelece os vínculos entre o sentido e o acontecimento com uma nova imagem sobre ensinar e aprender (...) filosofia e conclui com a figura do teatro para compreender esses vínculos. (shrink)

Biomedical research has a strong impact on a country’s scientific-technological and socioeconomic development. It can make a significant contribution at three different levels: promotion of public health; the exchange of knowledge within the scientific community; and economic/ financial profitability. Africa only attracts ~3.3% of the world’s clinical research. This small proportion is due to, among several factors, the absence of two fundamental aspects: specific robust legislation and capacity for regulatory and ethical evaluation. There are five Portuguese- speaking African countries – (...) Angola, Cabo Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique and São Tomé and Príncipe. Despite presenting different degrees of clinical research development, these countries show a common serious insufficiency in the minimum conditions necessary for hosting, collaborating or leading biomedical research projects. These countries are also excluded from the support of international organisations for capacity building because of the language barrier. The Biomedical Ethics and Regulatory Capacity Building Partnership for Portuguese-Speaking African Countries project has developed methods to build capacity and partnership through research on national law, comparisons with international standards and by issuing recommendations at a national level. Through collaborative intensive training, trainees are taught to become educators at a national level. This, in turn, creates a sustainable impact at country level. BERC-Luso is a pioneering project, owing to a combination of innovative features. The partnership project: was developed exclusively in Portuguese; involves a large number of African countries, and national and international institutions; has been further enhanced by the diversity and complementarity of its action plans; and has also benefited from a broad participatory methodology based on resolution of recipients’ problems by the recipients themselves. It thus stands out as a model for similar future projects. (shrink)

Este texto é resultado de entrevistas e pesquisa com professores recém-formados em Ciências da Religião e com professores da disciplina de Ensino Religioso. Os aportes teóricos são de autores como Bourdieu com a noção de campo; Chartier com as categorias de apropriação e de representação; e, Foucault com a noção de discurso. Além de entrevistas, houve participação e observação de aulas de Ensino Religioso em uma escola estadual e no Curso semipresencial de formação continuada para professores. Nesses eventos foram produzidos (...) registros e coletadas atividades escritas, produzidas pelos professores em formação, tanto em resposta aos Instrumentos de Pesquisa quanto às atividades propostas pelos coordenadores do Curso. Pode-se inferir que os professores, colaboradores da pesquisa, mobilizam discursos que indicam a apropriação das prescrições legais para o Ensino Religioso. Todavia, concomitantemente, aparece também a influência e permanência de questões vinculadas ao seu credo religioso e/ou a uma miscelânea de conteúdos. Além disso, podem se tornar um empecilho no estudo do fenômeno religioso na diversidade. (shrink)