The ArgumentAmerican eugenics developed out of a cultural tradition independent of medicine. However, the eugenicist Harry Hamilton Laughlin and some legal experts involved in eugenic practice in the United States used medical language in discussing and evaluating enforced eugenic sterilizations. They built on medicine as a model for healing, while at the same time playing down medicine's concern with its traditional client: the individual patient. Laughlin's attitude toward medicine was ambivalent because he wanted expert eugenicists, rather than medical experts, to (...) control eugenic practice. In contrast, legal experts saw eugenics as an integral part of medicine, though one expert challenged basing the judicial system on eugenically minded medicine. All in all, the medicalization of American eugenics involved expanding the scope of medicine to include the mutilation of individuals for the benefit of society. The judicial system was medicalized in that an expanded medicine became the basis of legislation in the thirty states that permitted eugenic sterilizations. (shrink)

The ArgumentEugenics is the paradigmatic case of the conflict between biology and medicine over social influence. Commenting on as essay by Debora Kamrat–Lang(1995), the paper reconstructs the historical roots of eugenics as a form of preventive medicine. A comparision between the development of some crucial aspects of eugenics between Germany and the United States reveals that the prevalence of the value placed on the individual over hereditary health of a population ultimately determined the outcome of the conflict (...) but collective concepts may be revived by new biological knowledge. (shrink)

Research shows the experience of awe is associated with a variety of benefits ranging from increased well-being and prosocial behavior to enhanced cognition. The adaptive purpose of awe, however, is elusive. In this article, we aim to show that the current framework used to conceptualize awe points towards higher-order cognition as the key adaptive function. This goes against past evolutionary positions that posit social benefits or unidimensional behavioral adaptations. In the second half of the article, we highlight a distinct cognitive (...) advantage of awe. The literature connecting awe and cognition is surveyed and used to develop a view that situates awe as a critical component in the cognitive success of the human species. (shrink)

A Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas é uma das metodologias de ensino que vem sendo adotada em diferentes níveis educacionais. O objetivo deste artigo é promover reflexões sobre a utilização dessa prática na educação básica do Brasil, em particular no campo da educação matemática. Este trabalho é um ensaio teórico que engloba pesquisas teóricos e práticas na área. A partir de inspirações da análise de conteúdo são evidenciados alguns resultados que parecem favorecer tanto a prática docente quanto as aprendizagens dos estudantes.

This chapter contains sections titled: Route Finding and the Creation of a Commons Creating Value, Building Community Property Rights and Climbing Conclusion Notes.

Princípios lakatosianos e a abordagem de problemas matemáticos na perspectiva do PBL: possíveis contribuições Resumo: Imre Lakatos foi um importante filósofo do século XX que abordou conhecimentos relacionados à ciência e à Matemática. Esta última é fortemente explorada na obra Provas e Refutações e é tratada neste artigo como base essencial para se explorar princípios lakatosianos relacionados à abordagem de problemas matemáticos. Tal perspectiva é abordada aqui sob o enfoque do Problem-Based Learning (PBL). O objetivo é explorar possíveis relações entre (...) determinadas contribuições filosóficas de Lakatos e uma abordagem em torno de problemas. Este artigo estrutura-se em bases de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter exploratório e bibliográfico. Pretende-se contribuir com a ampliação de estudos e reflexões envolvendo o campo da Filosofia e da Educação Matemática. Palavras-chave: Lakatos; Filosofia da Matemática; Provas e Refutações; Problemas matemáticos; PBL. Lakatosian principles and the approach of mathematical problems from the perspective of the pbl: possible contributions Abstract: Imre Lakatos was an important philosopher of the twentieth century who addressed knowledge related to science and mathematics. The latter is strongly explored in the work Proof and Refutation and is treated in this article as an essential basis for exploring Lakatosian principles related to the approach to mathematical problems. Such perspective is approached here under the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) approach. The aim is to explore possible relationships between certain philosophical contributions by Lakatos and an approach to problems. This article is structured on the basis of a qualitative, exploratory and bibliographic research. It is intended to contribute to the expansion of studies and reflections involving the field of philosophy and mathematical education. Key-words: Lakatos; Philosophy of mathematics; Proof and Refutation; Mathematical problems; PBL. Principios lakatosianos y el enfoque de los problemas matemáticos desde la perspectiva del pbl: posibles contribuciones Résumé: Imre Lakatos fue un importante filósofo del siglo XX que abordó los conocimientos relacionados con las ciencias y las Matemáticas. Este último está fuertemente explorado en el trabajo Pruebas y Refutación y se trata en este artículo como una base esencial para explorar los principios lakatosianos relacionados con el enfoque de problemas matemáticos. Esta perspectiva se aborda aquí bajo el enfoque de aprendizaje basado en problemas (ABP). El objetivo es explorar las posibles relaciones entre determinadas aportaciones filosóficas de Lakatos y una aproximación a los problemas. Este artículo se estructura a partir de una investigación cualitativa, exploratoria y bibliográfica. Se pretende contribuir a la expansión de estudios y reflexiones que involucren el campo de la filosofía y la educación Matemática. Mots-clés: Lakatos ; Filosofía de las Matemáticas ; Pruebas y Refutación ; Problemas matemáticos ; PBL. Financiamento de Pesquisa: CAPES Data de registro: 06/03/2021 Data de aceite: 18/08/2021. (shrink)

Businesses that maintain ethical standards have an advantage in the marketplace based on the increasing interest of consumers in products that have a social and ethical component. Fair trade organisations that adopt environmental, social and ethical principles in trading are in a good position to make the most of this growing interest in the market. However, it is unclear whether fair trade organisations are taking full advantage of emerging market opportunities for ethically traded products. This research explores this issue by (...) describing the business strategies of three fair trade organisations that import and sell craft goods into Western countries and evaluates them in the context of this growing market. The research findings indicate that in order to remain in business, fair trade craft organisations have had to adopt better business practices in recent years, improving quality, customer service and product offerings to customers. However, growth appears to be limited, as distribution remains focused on a small, niche market. This paper explores the distribution strategies of two fair trade commodity organisations that are successfully reaching a wider customer base, demonstrating that fair trade products have a unique selling advantage in the mainstream marketplace. In conclusion, fair trade craft organisations are not exploiting this market opportunity to the degree they should and will need to explore wider distribution and alternative business strategies to expand their market share. (shrink)

It has often been argued that Humean accounts of natural law cannot account for the role played by laws in scientific explanations. Loewer (Philosophical Studies 2012) has offered a new reply to this argument on behalf of Humean accounts—a reply that distinguishes between grounding (which Loewer portrays as underwriting a kind of metaphysical explanation) and scientific explanation. I will argue that Loewer’s reply fails because it cannot accommodate the relation between metaphysical and scientific explanation. This relation also resolves a puzzle (...) about scientific explanation that Hempel and Oppenheim (Philosophy of Science 15:135–75, 1948) encountered. (shrink)

Buch 1. Geschichte des Materialismus bis auf Kant.--Buch 2. Geschichte des Materialismus seit Kant.

Esta pesquisa fundamenta-se nos debates sobre o papel da escola na atualidade e dos professores em temos de formação, atuação e práticas pedagógicas, dando prioridade nesta abordagem aos novos tempos vivenciados por essa classe de profissionais, pondo em questão as instituições escolares enquanto ambientes formadores e os professores como atores que, muitas vezes, tem papel decisivo para o processo ensino-aprendizagem, papel esse que tem estado em maior evidência por conta das diversas mutações ocorridas na sociedade, caracterizadas pelo mundo contemporâneo. Este (...) estudo está sendo realizado por meio de levantamento bibliográfico. O foco desta investigação determina-se em proporcionar, uma contribuição favorável para discussão sobre a atuação da escola e da prática exercida pelos professores, frente aos novos tempos e aos novos desafios trazidos pela contemporaneidade. (shrink)

ACESSO À JUSTIÇA: DELINEAMENTOS GERAIS E ANÁLISE NO PROJETO DE NOVO CÓDIGO PROCESSUAL CIVIL.

Este livro inclui as palestras apresentadas no XIII Congresso Internacional de Estética, ocorrido em Belo Horizonte em outubro de 2017, cujo título, “Os fins da arte”, explora o duplo sentido do termo “fim” que, polissêmico, indica término, conclusão e epílogo, assim como o propósito, a meta, o objetivo, a motivação, e ainda o limite e a decadência. O uso plural desse termo amplifica, ainda, suas possibilidades de interpretação. Os textos deste livro mostram de modo evidente o quanto a questão do (...) “fim” contribui de maneira estratégica para pensar a arte durante o último século e o início deste. O livro conta com textos dos filósofos e filósofas da arte Márcia Ferreira Gonçalves, Gunter Gebauer, Rosa Gabriella Gonçalves, Giorgia Cecchinato, Alessandro Bertinetto, Cliff Hill Kormann, Rodrigo Duarte, Rita Velloso e do filósofo francês David Lapoujade, um dos principais nomes da filosofia na atualidade. (shrink)

Why do forces compose according to the parallelogram of forces? This question has been controversial; it is one episode in a longstanding, fundamental dispute regarding which facts are not to be explained dynamically. If the parallelogram law is explained statically, then the laws of statics are separate from and “transcend” the laws of dynamics. Alternatively, if the parallelogram law is explained dynamically, then statical laws become mere corollaries to the dynamical laws. I shall attempt to trace the history of this (...) controversy in order to identify what it would be for one or the other of these rival views to be correct. I shall argue that various familiar accounts of natural law not only make it difficult to see what the point of this dispute could have been, but also improperly foreclose some serious scientific options. I will sketch an alternative account of laws that helps us to understand what this dispute was all about. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In this article, we seek, based on the analysis of publications and receptions of works that comprise the referential of Dialogic Discourse Analysis (DDA) in Brazil and a resumption of the trajectory already traced by Brazilian researchers, discuss the path that led to the consolidation of DDA in the country. Thus, four phases of DDA in Brazil are listed. At the first reception phase, scattered readings were identified, based on publications of some works from the Bakhtin Circle in Russian, (...) French, English, Spanish and Italian. The second phase, on its turn, was marked by the publication of the first Brazilian editions of the Circle’s works. At the third phase, Brazilian scholars sought to systematize the concepts and methodologies present in the Circle’s works. Finally, at the last phase, in which we currently are, we seek to consolidate and contextualize DDA more and more through, mainly, the publication of works translated by DDA’s researchers, with critical and historical notes. (shrink)

Atores com distintas perspectivas educacionais têm utilizado, cada vez mais, o vocábulo autonomia de acordo com os seus interesses. Objetivamos com este artigo, que é uma revisão de literatura, discutir sobre a autonomia a partir de enfoques da Filosofia, da Psicologia e da Sociologia. As contribuições de autores como Rousseau, Kant, Freud, Adorno, Agamben, Piaget, Kamii, Martins, Freire, Barguil, dentre outros, enriquecem uma leitura interdisciplinar da complexa relação entre autonomia e Educação. Concluímos que a autonomia não é uma característica do (...) sujeito, mas uma prática indispensável para o seu desenvolvimento individual e social, bem como para fortalecer o processo democrático. (shrink)

RESUMO Este artigo convoca as concepções do Círculo de Bakhtin para redesenhar atividades de leitura literária propostas em livro didático brasileiro, tornando-as mais responsivas à vida contemporânea. Tem como base os conceitos de dialogismo e de responsividade, evocados para contribuírem com a percepção da infecundidade do uso do modelo de atividades vigente na formação de leitores e para apontar possibilidades na elaboração de atividades abertas ao diálogo das vivências dos alunos/leitores com os textos literários, bem como convidativas à expressão das (...) atitudes responsivas ativas dos alunos frente à leitura literária. Uma atividade baseada em soneto camoniano, presente em livro didático aprovado pelo PNLD 2018, é analisada na tentativa de contribuir com a desaprendizagem de práticas referentes à abordagem da leitura literária na escola. Por fim, o mesmo soneto camoniano é abordado para elaboração de proposta de atividades pautada no dialogismo e na responsividade. ABSTRACT This article summons the conceptions of the Bakhtin Circle to redesign literary reading activities proposed in Brazilian textbooks, making them more responsive to contemporary life. It is based on the concepts of dialogism and responsiveness and evokes such concepts to contribute to the perception of infertile use of the current activity model in the reader’s formation. Besides, it points out possibilities to the elaboration of activities open to the dialogue of students/readers’ experiences with literary texts as well as inviting to the expression of the students’ active responsive attitudes towards literary reading. The article analyzes an activity based on a Camonian sonnet, which is present in one of the textbooks approved by the National Book and Teaching Material Program 2018, in an attempt to contribute to the unlearning of practices regarding the approach to literary reading in school. Finally, the same Camonian sonnet is used to elaborate a set of activities grounded on dialogism and responsiveness. (shrink)

An increasing number of regulations propose the notion of ‘AI audits’ as an enforcement mechanism for achieving transparency and accountability for artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Despite some converging norms around various forms of AI auditing, auditing for the purpose of compliance and assurance currently have little to no agreed upon practices, procedures, taxonomies, and standards. We propose the ‘criterion audit’ as an operationalizable compliance and assurance external audit framework. We model elements of this approach after financial auditing practices, and argue (...) that AI audits should similarly provide assurance to their stakeholders about AI organizations’ ability to govern their algorithms in ways that mitigate harms and uphold human values. We discuss the necessary conditions for the criterion audit, and provide a procedural blueprint for performing an audit engagement in practice. We illustrate how this framework can be adapted to current regulations by deriving the criteria on which ‘bias audits’ for hiring algorithms can be performed, as required by the recently effective New York City Local Law 144 of 2021. We conclude by offering critical discussion on the benefits, inherent limitations, and implementation challenges of applying practices of the more mature financial auditing industry to AI auditing where robust guardrails against quality assurance issues are only starting to emerge. Our discussion as informed by experiences in performing these audits in practice highlights the critical role that an audit ecosystem plays in ensuring the effectiveness of such methodology. (shrink)

O presente artigo investiga as intervenções urbanas – pertencentes a um grupo composto por muitas manifestações artísticas realizadas no espaço público – que dialogam com a cidade. Compreendidas como práticas artísticas e socioespaciais, as intervenções urbanas do coletivo lesbiano Velcro Choque (Brasil) são analisadas a partir das potências que surgem com a ocupação das ruas da cidade e da esfera pública, já que tal ato coloca em cheque normas e narrativas históricas, que serão apontadas a partir do viés da crítica (...) feminista da cultura. Conforme mostra a prática do coletivo, o artivismo associado aos feminismos e às dissidências sexuais e de gênero podem oportunizar a criação de subjetividades libertárias e formas de existência e resistência através das produções coletivas nas artes visuais.Palavras-chave: Cidade. Intervenção Urbana. Feminismos. Artivismo. AbstractThis paper investigates urban interventions – belonging to a group composed of many artistic manifestations carried out in the public space – that dialogue with the city. Understanding the urban interventions as an artistic and socio-spatial practice, the production of the lesbian collective Velcro Choque (Brazil) will be analyzed based on the potency that emerges with the occupation of the streets and the public sphere, since this act can put in check historical norms and narratives, which will be pointed out from the bias of the feminist critic of the culture. As the practice of the collective shows, artivism associated with feminism, sexual and gender dissidences can create opportunities for the creation of libertarian subjectivities and forms of existence and resistance through collective productions in the visual arts.Keywords: City. Urban Interventions. Feminisms. Artivism. (shrink)

Dissertação de Mestrado GUIMARÃES, Débora. A Igreja como mãe suficientemente boa à luz dos conceitos de Winnicott . 2012. 108 folhas. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Religião, Belo Horizonte. Palavras-chave : Igreja. Doutrina social. Mãe Suficientemente Boa. Key words : Church. Social Doctrine. Good-enough Mother.

While systems concepts had a tremendous impact on social thought in the1950s and 1960s, they are increasingly under attack in the current postmodem climate with its emphasis on particularity and difference. The idea of the system is associated with technocracy, hierarchical forms of social organization, and the suppression of individual difference. However, there is a significant body of work within the systems tradition that fosters an appreciation of diversity through its ecological orientation, and supports more participatory forms of social organization (...) based on its understanding of the self-organizing nature of living systems. While the issue of cultural diversity is often addressed in oppositional terms, I suggest that it might be more effectively served through an appreciation of the global interdependence between all peoples and between humans and nature that can only be sustained on a cooperative and participatory basis. (shrink)

Historically, the hypothesis driving emotion research has been that emotion’s data-base—in language, physiology, and behavior— is organized around specific mental states, as reflected in evaluative language. It is suggested that this approach has not greatly advanced a natural science of emotion and that the developing motivational model of emotion defines a better path: emotion is an evolved trait founded on motivational neural circuitry shared by mammalian species, primitively prompting heightened perceptual processing and reflex mobilization for action to appetitive or threatening (...) survival cues. As the field moves forward with increasingly sophisticated measurement technology and assessing more complex affective functioning, scientific understanding of human emotion will proceed best within the framework of this mammalian brain model. (shrink)

ENTREVISTA COM PROFESSORAS(ES) DE FILOSOFIA DO ENSINO MÉDIO DO CEARÁ – BLOCO ICom: Debora Klippel Fofano, Francisca Evanice Mourão Lima, John Karley de Sousa AquinoPor: Antônio Alex Pereira de Sousa, Paulo Willame Araújo de Lima.

As sophisticated artificial intelligence software becomes more ubiquitously and more intimately integrated within domains of traditionally human endeavor, many are raising questions over how responsibility (be it moral, legal, or causal) can be understood for an AI’s actions or influence on an outcome. So called “responsibility gaps” occur whenever there exists an apparent chasm in the ordinary attribution of moral blame or responsibility when an AI automates physical or cognitive labor otherwise performed by human beings and commits an error. Healthcare (...) administration is an industry ripe for responsibility gaps produced by these kinds of AI. The moral stakes of healthcare are often life and death, and the demand for reducing clinical uncertainty while standardizing care incentivizes the development and integration of AI diagnosticians and prognosticators. In this paper, we argue that (1) responsibility gaps are generated by “black box” healthcare AI, (2) the presence of responsibility gaps (if unaddressed) creates serious moral problems, (3) a suitable solution is for relevant stakeholders to voluntarily responsibilize the gaps, taking on some moral responsibility for things they are not, strictly speaking, blameworthy for, and (4) should this solution be taken, black box healthcare AI will be permissible in the provision of healthcare. (shrink)

A grande incidência de adolescentes com depressão, ideação suicida, tentativa de suicídio e suicídio em todo o mundo vem se apresentando como uma das principais causas de doença e incapacidade. Múltiplos fatores determinam a saúde mental de um estudante. O objetivo desse artigo é descrever os indicadores de depressão, suicídio e habilidades sociais em estudantes do ensino médio no ambiente escolar. O estudo de caso investigou indicadores sobre a depressão, relacionados a habilidades sociais e ideação suicida no contexto escolar. Foi (...) desenvolvido com base na pesquisa social e o tipo de abordagem é fenomenológico, trata-se de uma pesquisa que emprega técnicas quantitativa, qualitativa e descritiva por meio da pesquisa de campo, realizada no ambiente escolar. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de questionário socioacadêmico e dois testes psicológicos. Diante dos resultados da pesquisa percebeu-se que 60% da amostra apresentou algum indicador de depressão. Então, foi identificada que quanto menor a frequência dos comportamentos, maior é a dificuldade e menos elaborado é o repertório de habilidades sociais dos adolescentes. Portanto, o ambiente escolar pode ser mais um local para desenvolver as habilidades sociais do estudante e trabalhar com programas de prevenção a depressão e suicídio. (shrink)

A German writer's aphoristic, poetic, and difficult reflections on Heidegger's Being and Time. There is a beyond of reason and unreason. It is the human psyche. —Positive Nihilism Like many German intellectuals, Hartmut Lange has long grappled with Heidegger. Positive Nihilism is the result of a lifetime of reading Being and Time and offers a series of reflections that are aphoristic, poetic, and (appropriately, considering his object of study) difficult. Lange begins with an abyss (“There is an abyss of the (...) finite. It is temporality”) and proceeds almost immediately to extremity: “The twentieth century was governed by psychopaths. They collapsed the boundaries of moral reason and refuted Kant's analysis of consciousness.” He reflects further: “But who shall punish whom? One man's virtue is another man's crime. Thus Hitler could feel unwaveringly, as he wiped out entire populations, the starry sky above him and the moral law within him, as stipulated by Kant.” He considers the concept of civilization (“misleading”; “how should one oppose the remedies of civilization to the egomania, the murderous appetites of such outright psychopaths as Stalin or Pol Pot?”), the act of thinking (a fata morgana), the psyche, and Heidegger's Dasein. Positive Nihilism can be considered a pocket companion to Being and Time. “Heidegger's understanding of Being is nihilistic,” Lange writes, and then explains his assertion. He draws on Kant, Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, and Shakespeare's Othello for supporting arguments and illustrations. “Everyone is possessed of the courage to have angst about death. The question is whether this courage necessarily secures those vital advantages Heidegger alleges”–that “self-understanding [is] the mental anticipation of death.” Lange wrestles with Heidegger's position, calling on Tolstoy, Georg Trakl, Herman Bang, and Heinrich von Kleist to argue against it. (shrink)

In recent years, Western countries have been experiencing a growing wave of immigration. Due to this development, these countries are facing great challenges in successfully integrating large numbers of immigrants and in preserving social cohesion. Research has already developed several assumptions about and models of how acculturation processes occur. The present contribution aims to investigate the relationship between the acculturation (and acculturation profiles) of immigrants and naturalization in their residence countries. Based on representative and longitudinal data, our investigation is a (...) case study on Germany – one of the main receiving countries in recent years. Results show that acculturation in the country of residence is crucial for immigrants’ motivation to take up citizenship. Likewise naturalization leads to an increase in identification with the residence country. (shrink)

Philosophical Papers, Volume 41, Issue 1, Page 129-147, March 2012.

ORTSBESTIMMUNG DER PHILOSOPHISCHEN GRAMMATIK I. Absicht dieser Arbeit ist es, ein wenig Licht in die teils komischen, teils lebensgefährlichen Aspekte der Aufsplitterung unseres Lebens in h eines vor und in eines nach I7 zu bringen, und zwar anhand des Ent­ wicklungsgangs der Wittgensteinschen Philosophischen Grammatik. Das aufgezeigte Problem kursiert unter vielen Titeln und Etiketten: Theorie und Praxis, Wissen und Glauben, Beruf und Freizeit o. ä. Diese Auf­ zählungen möchten allerdings kein Unvermögen des Verfassers andeuten, sich auf einen Titel festzulegen. Vielmehr (...) ist es ein wichtiges Resultat Wittgensteinschen Philosophierens, dass verschiedene Sinne nicht selbiges vermeinen, insofern sie denselben Gegenstand meinen, sondern sofern sich der Sinn als Sinn durchhält, d. i. als Gebrauch im Umlauf ist. Insofern der Verfasser mit Wittgenstein die Partikel »d. h. «, »d. i. «, »m. a. W. « und ähnliche für das Philosophieren für konstitutiv und eigentümlich hält, also, mithin die Bestimmung »Sinn ist Sinn als Sinn«! zu erfüllen ver­ sucht (trotz der penetranten Häufung in einer derartigen Exposition), können die Untersuchungen zunächst als »subjektiv«, bzw. »transzen­ dental« bezeichnet werden. Die nähere Lokalisierung des Themas wird in drei Zügen vorgenommen: das populäre Gegensatzpaar »Ideologie« lmd »Wissenschaft« führt uns zu den in einer bestimmten philosophischen Tradition fixierten Begriffen »Lebenswelt« und »technische Welt«, deren Widerstreit wiederum von L. Eley auf das ungeklärte Verhältnis von Phänomenologie und Logik zurückgeführt worden ist. Nach dieser Orts­ bestimmung wird hoffentlich einigermassen verständlich, dass die Kenn­ zeichnung Wittgensteins als eines Aufklärers nicht nur nicht logische Untersuchungen verbietet, sondern sie vielmehr notwendig macht. (shrink)

Some mathematical proofs explain why the theorems they prove hold. This paper identifies several challenges for any counterfactual account of explanation in mathematics (that is, any account according to which an explanatory proof reveals how the explanandum would have been different, had facts in the explanans been different). The paper presumes that countermathematicals can be nontrivial. It argues that nevertheless, a counterfactual account portrays explanatory power as too easy to achieve, does not capture explanatory asymmetry, and fails to specify why (...) certain proofs are explanatory and others are not. Greater informativeness about counterfactual dependence can even yield less explanatory power. (shrink)

This paper reflects on the three main ethical challenges we faced when conducting digital ethnography in three autism Brazilian communities on Facebook: how to position oneself as a researcher, how...

Nossa condição humana contemporânea está inter-relacionada com o avanço do domínio das aplicações tecnológicas para vários aspectos da vida biológica, existencial e política, levantando uma postura reflexiva diante das tecnologias de informação. Se é verdade que o projeto baconiano estimula, a partir do século XVI, o controle sobre a natureza, a partir dos séculos XVII e XVIII, a Europa testemunhou o nascimento de duas formas de poder moderno: o poder disciplinar e o biopoder. Assim, a estratégia adotada para o exercício (...) do controle sobre os seres humanos assume proporções individuais e sociais como também as mentes. Na medida em que a imaginação é fonte de exercício de liberdade, mesmo que momentânea entre as subjetividades disciplinadas, as tecnologias de informação representam a capacidade de interferir no nível pré-cognitivo, misturando as fronteiras que representam a modernidade: o corpo e a mente, a razão e a paixão, a liberdade e a responsabilidade. Testemunhamos, especialmente a partir do século XX em diante o surgimento do controle tal como exercido pela psicopolítica. (shrink)

A metáfora do ciborgue é um constructo epistêmico relativamente recente. Publicado em 1985, o Cyborg Manifesto, de Donna Haraway, mobilizou o imaginário acadêmico-cultural apontando para a emergência do híbrido de máquina e organismo, indicando o nó produzido nas linhas de sentido históricas, vivenciadas na fusão entre técnicas (bio-info-cogno) e nós, os organismos vivos; tornando-se, assim, matriz da filosofia ciborgue. Academicamente, coube a Thierry Hoquet anatomizar o ciborgue na obra Filosofia Ciborgue: pensar contra dualismos (publicada em Português no ano de 2019 (...) e, no original, em 2011), fenômeno este que aparece no século XX com características próprias, desafiando categorias epistemológicas estanques, cuja pretensão é definir os limites entre o humano e o não humano, entre o que é próprio da natureza e o que é parte da cultura. (shrink)

Brazilian bioethics became consolidated in the 1990s. It was during this time that teaching and research centers were instituted, associative groups were created, and the first papers of Brazilian authors were published. In Brazil, the first years of teaching and research in bioethics were marked by a strong influence of the United States, particularly in the theoretic and thematic fields. Among the main topics of discussion were subjects related to the end of life and to research involving human beings, and (...) bioethics was then chiefly influenced by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress's theory of the four principles. (shrink)

RESUMO A definição de arte desenvolvida por Arthur Danto pressupõe que algo é uma obra de arte por ser o correlato de uma interpretação, inscrita em uma rede de significações históricas, teóricas e sociais, que lhe atribui o estatuto de obra de arte. Trata-se de uma definição essencialista que, no entanto, não se funda em algo que é percebido no objeto, mas no objeto percebido como arte. Levando em consideração que o conceito de “interpretação” é um dos pontos cardinais da (...) definição de arte de Danto, aprofundo neste artigo uma investigação específica sobre o assunto. Argumento que o modo como o autor o desenvolve comporta uma ambiguidade, isto é, que há uma confusão entre dois sentidos de interpretação nos textos dantianos, e que seu papel fundamental na definição de arte é inseparável da contextualização histórico-social possibilitada pelo mundo da arte. ABSTRACT Arthur Danto’s definition of art claims that something is a work of art because it is the subject of an interpretation that is inscribed in a network of historical, theoretical and social meanings, which is responsible for assigning the status of artwork. It is an essentialist definition which however, is not based on something that is perceived in the object, but on the object being perceived as art. In this paper, I develop a specific investigation about the concept of “interpretation”, taking into account that it is one of the cardinal points in Danto’s definition of art. I argue that the author develops this subject in an ambiguous way, in other words, that there is confusion between two different meanings of interpretation in his texts, and that its fundamental role in the definition of art is inseparable from the historical and social contextualization guaranteed by the artworld. (shrink)

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre arte, filosofia, cultura e educação balizada pelos pensamentos de Friedrich Nietzsche e Vilém Flusser. Avesso à erudição acadêmica e profissionalizante, o jovem professor Nietzsche criticava a cultura histórica que segregou o pensamento e a maneira de viver. A essa tendência, o autor opunha uma educação artística, ou seja, uma formação para o pensamento livre e para a criatividade. Este conceito é basilar no pensamento de Flusser e deve ser entendido em consonância com o termo (...) grego poiesis, isto é, instauração de elementos novos na realidade, passagem do não-ser ao ser, abertura de novos caminhos. Trata-se de uma caracterização complexa e extremamente inspiradora para uma reflexão sobre processos educativos que valorizam aquilo que ambos os autores consideram ser o mais próprio do homem: a capacidade de criar.: This paper establishes a reflection about art, philosophy, culture and education inspired by the thoughts of Friedrich Nietzsche and Vilém Flusser. Disinclined to academic and specialised learning, the young teacher Nietzsche criticized the historical culture that had created a separation between the ability of thinking and the ways of life. To this tendency, the author opposed an artistic education, that is, an education towards free thought and creativity. This concept is fundamental in Flusser`s philosophy and must be understood in accordance with the Greek word poiesis, which means the introduction of new elements in reality, the passage from not-being to being, the opening of new routes. This is a complex conceptualization and yet extremely inspiring to a reflection about educational processes that accentuate what both authors consider the most essential human feature: the capacity to create. Keywords: education, art, philosophy, learning, culture. (shrink)