In a morally fragmented society there is no good reason for ethics committees to assume any particular point of view, yet failure to do so compromises their ability to function in either a case‐review or an educational capacity. A casuist methodology might enable committees to fulfill both roles.

This commentary expands the discussion of Cesario's Missing Forces Flaw by identifying and discussing variables that influence police shooting decisions but are often absent from bias-based research. Additionally, the closing identifies novel recommendations for future contextually related research.

Judicial reasoning in termination of treatment decisions has neglected valid state interests in the preservation of life and the ethical integrity of medicine. Courts must balance these interests against individual liberty, rather than assuming that patient autonomy is absolute.