Hitlers’ concept of the term Heil (well-being etc.) embraced beside political and (pseudo-)religious, also medical connotations. In this respect it is deeply rooted in the European tradition that goes back until to the Greek-Roman Antiquity. The analysis of medical-biological metaphors in Mein Kampf illuminates their focus: a exogenous pathology of the people’s body caused by poison and infection. Beyond its metaphorism this explicative model stresses exclusively the collective character of disease and appeals to political and personal consequences relative to the (...) preservation of health and the prevention of disease.The often violent realization of these demands after the accession to power of the Nazis illustrates impressively the primacy of Hitler’s perception of Heil in his personal way of acting. (shrink)

Definition of the problem: The rapid pace of medical progress has drawn renewed attention to the various possible ways of treating dead or brain-dead pregnant women since the 1980's. The discussion today revolves around medical, social, legal and economic aspects. The historical areas of conflict which surrounded deliveries carried out on dead mothers (usually by means of a Sectio in mortua, nowadays known as a perimortem Caesarean section) and their significance in today's debate are, for the most part, regarded as (...) being of little relevance.Arguments: The history of the Sectio in mortua was, for a long time, influenced by the difficulty in establishing whether the mother and foetus were actually dead, by the degree of autonomy of the foetus in the womb, by religious issues, by the lack of acceptance among the people because of their irrational fears concerning the operation and by legal regulations and constraints especially in relation to operations carried out on the dying. Each of these areas shows remarkable parallels to the present-day medical and ethical discussion.Conclusion: The value of such considerations does not lie in the uncritical application of experience gained in the past, but rather in a growing awareness of the wide spectrum of parameters and in a deeper understanding of the various possible approaches to a given situation. The tradition in the Western world of carrying out a delivery on a dead mother, in spite of the conflict of interests between the mother and the foetus, is of particular importance. In practice, the many non-medical factors should be taken more into consideration, with special emphasis being placed on the informed consent of the relatives. (shrink)