Neuro-philosophy and the Healthy Mind (2016) is an intriguing book. The neuroscientist, psychiatrist, and philosopher Georg Northoff offers a careful and alluring investigation of brain-environment...

This paper considers the parametric control to the Lorenz system by state feedback. Based on the solutions of the generalized Sylvester matrix equation, the unified explicit parametric expression of the state feedback gain matrix is proposed. The closed loop of the Lorenz system can be transformed into an arbitrary constant matrix with the desired eigenstructure. The freedom provided by the parametric control can be fully used to find a controller to satisfy the robustness criteria. A numerical simulation is developed to (...) illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. (shrink)

BackgroundElectronic cigarettes as substitute devices for regular tobacco cigarettes have been increasing in recent times. We investigated neuronal substrates of vaping e-cigs and smoking r-cigs from r-cig smokers.MethodsTwenty-two r-cig smokers made two visits following overnight smoking cessation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired while participants watched smoking images. Participants were then allowed to smoke either an e-cig or r-cig until satiated and fMRI data were acquired. Their craving levels and performance on the Montreal Imaging Stress Task and a 3-back (...) alphabet/digit recognition task were obtained and analyzed using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. Regions-of-interest were identified by comparing the abstained and satiated conditions. Neuronal activation within ROIs was regressed on the craving and behavioral data separately.ResultsCraving was more substantially reduced by smoking r-cigs than by vaping e-cigs. The response time for the 3-back task was significantly shorter following smoking r-cigs than following vaping e-cigs = 5.3, p = 0.035). Neuronal activations of the right vermis, right caudate, and right superior frontal gyrus were significantly correlated with the RT for the 3-back task only for smoking r-cigs.ConclusionOur findings suggest that insufficient satiety from vaping e-cigs for r-cigs smokers may be insignificant effect on working memory function. (shrink)

本书内容包括:孔子思想的主要特征、老子思想的文化地位、墨子思想的历史影响、孟子思想的历史影响、董仲舒在学术思想史上的地位、张衡在中国思想文化上的地位等内容。.

Edited by Manos Tsakiris and Helena De Preester, (Oxford, Oxford University Press), 2019, 368 pages,To understand the nature of mind, cognitive scientists of all theoretical strands may benefit from considering experimental evidence of cognition (perception, attention, memory, etc.) alongside phenomenologies of (conscious) experiences and feelings-let's say, proprioceptive, exteroceptive, interoceptive, and bodily self-conscious. Roughly, the former dimension of scientific studies of mind seems to have found its legitimacy; however, at least, at first sight, the latter could still not be exonerated completely. (...) That is to say, as far as the scientifically evidence-based account of interoception is concerned, we will have come a long way towards buttressing its legitimacy. The Interoceptive Mind: From Homeostasis to Awareness (Tsakiris and De Preester, 2019) would be seen as a guide to scientific studies of interoception in all of the cases so far. In particular, the essays collected in this book shed light on multisensory integrations of interoceptive and exteroceptive feelings (and even self-conscious feelings) across widespread disciplines.As suggested in its title, the book addresses the difficulties of integrating various dimensions relevant to feelings-from the biological notion of self to the interoceptive origin of self-awareness. The book divides into four sections, and each chapter is worthy of careful attention.Part I, i.e., the first chapter introduces the histor... (shrink)

Seit der Veröffentlichung der Beiträge zur Philosophie (Vom Ereignis) und der darauf bezogenen Literatur wird es immer deutlicher, dass sich das späte Denken Heideggers von Anfang an durch die seinsgeschichtliche Gestalt ausgezeichnet hat. Angefangen mit der Untersuchung zum Kehre-Problem bei Heidegger versucht diese Arbeit, die Problematik, d. h., wie das seinsgeschichtliche Denken erfasst werden kann, aufzulösen.

This article has the purpose of examining the commentation that Sung-ho Yi Ik and Da-san Jung Yak-yong developed of Sa-chil Debate (사칠논쟁) Which was a philosophical debate in Chosun Dynasty. Sa-chil Debate began from Toe-gye Yi Whang and Ko-bong Gi Dae-sung and soon as a result of Yul-gok Yi Yi and Woo-gae Sung Hon repeating the debate, It appeared as a kind of philosophical theme. After that, Yul-gok and Toe-gye's students formed a kind of school. They also made the debate (...) extended and the theory more sophisticated by criticizing a counterpart's argument on base of ideologizing their teacher's theory. About 200 years after Toe-gye died, Sung-ho Yi Ik was born and after about 250 years, Da-san Jung Yak-yong was born. Both they experienced a western naturalscience and a catholic theory as Silhak Scholars (실학자). Therefore their this kind of interpretation about Sung-li Debate must be offering a deeply interesting investigation to us. In conclusion, Sung-ho advocated Toe-gye's theory at all, adding more explanation to it and Da-san evaluated all of Toe-gye's and Yul-gok's theory to be right because their theories have a unique logicality of making a sense. Sung-ho stood on a Shilhak view point gave up a organic cosmology ofSung-li theory which has a continuity to cosmology and moral theory, arguing Sa-chil-Li bal-Yil-lo Theory (四七理發一路說) by understanding Sa-chil Debate based on only moral perspective. Even though Da-san also said Yang-si Theory (兩是論) that both their theories are all right, he argued that Toe-gye's theory is much more important in the aspect of moral practice owing to his religious opinion by a catholic affect. By the way, Sung-ho supplemented and explained Toe-gye's theory, but he had not a sufficient logic and was not objective because of his leaning into advocating Toe-gye's theory much further. Da-san had an advantage of evaluating both Toe-gye's and Yul-gok's theory to be all right, but came to argue an insufficient philosophy on account of its simplicity. (shrink)

: Governance means the policy and strategy adopted in the process of running a country. In the long history of more than two thousand years, Confucianism had become the cultural core and political doctrine of the imperial autocracy, and the theory of “governance of the whole country” contained in it had become an important category in traditional Chinese culture. We should dig deep into the rich connotation of Confucian governance thought, and build a national governance system that suits society, the (...) overall situation and future through innovative development and creative transformation, so as to let excellent traditional Chinese culture return to open a new road and make the past serve the present, thus providing important theoretical guidance and historical reference for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Resumo: Governança significa a política e a estratégia adotadas no processo de gestão de um país. Na longa história de mais de dois mil anos, o confucionismo tornou-se o núcleo cultural e a doutrina política da autocracia imperial, e a teoria da “governança de todo o país” contida nele tornou-se uma categoria importante na cultura tradicional chinesa. Deve-se aprofundar na rica conotação do pensamento de governança confucionista e construir um sistema de governança nacional que se adapte à sociedade, à situação geral e ao futuro, por meio de desenvolvimento inovador e transformação criativa, de modo a permitir que a excelente cultura tradicional chinesa retorne à base, para abrir um novo caminho e fazer o passado servir ao presente, fornecendo, assim, importante orientação teórica e referência histórica para o grande rejuvenescimento da nação chinesa. (shrink)

본고는 동아시아의 문화권에서 유가의 사상이 어떻게 국가공동체의 통치이념으로 자리잡았을 수 있었는가 하는 문제의식에서 출발한다. 그것은 漢代에 동중서가 유가의 王道를 채택하여 국가의 체제를 확립하는 이념화의 과정과 맞물려있다. 그는 公羊學의 비판정신에 입각하여 大一統의 공동체의식을 확립하고 天下經綸의 경계를 확보하고자 하였다. 이러한 지향성에는 삼중의 노선, 즉 學統, 道統및 政統의 입체적 노선이 있다. 즉 學統의 이론적 체계에 따라 道統의 대원칙을 계승하고 政統의 정당성을 확보하려는 것이다. 이들의 입체적 노선은 道義의 명분에 따라 正義의 실현을 모색하는 通權達變의 治世觀에서 설명된다. 이러한 치세관은 한왕조의 정통성과 그에 따른 통치의 정당성을 확보하기 (...) 위한 초석을 다졌다. 그것은 당위적 도덕성과 합리적 현실성 사이에 긴장관계를 지속적으로 유발시키는 정치철학의 문제로 표출되었다. 이는 王道와 覇道의 모순이나 충돌과 같은 정치철학의 문제를 노출시켰다. 예를 들어, 한왕조가 개창되고 왕조의 교체라는 대의명분을 확보하기 위해 新王의 합법성이 필요하였다. 동중서는 주나라의 왕실을 존중하는 존왕의 명분을 한왕조를 개창한 新王의 실리로 전환하였다. 즉 尊王의 春秋學的명분을 넘어 新王의 公羊學的 명분을 내세웠다. 존왕에서 신왕으로의 변용은 통치권력의 의지가 이동하는 특징을 시사적으로 드러내고 있다. 여기에는 王道와 覇道사이에 서로 양분할 수 없는 관계, 즉 상생과 상극의 미묘한 관계가 성립한다. 여기에는 왕도와 패도의 미묘한 긴장관계, 즉 패도의 부당성을 왕도의 정당성으로 변용하는 逆說的측면도 있다. 이러한 通權達變의 治世觀은 결국에 정치의 윤리화 혹은 윤리의 정치화를 낳는 결과를 초래하였다. 여기에는 역사적 교훈의 필연성과 시대적 요청의 절박성이라는 양단의 칼날(dilemma)을 충족시키기 위한 천하경륜의 지속가능한 경계가 반영되어 있다. (shrink)

本书研究了“正统思想家”董仲舒,作为统治阶级思想家,其思想成分存在许多消极的东西,作为汉代经学的开山者,他成功地建立了儒学为主体的思想体系,吸收、糅合了儒学外其他学派的东西。.

Ben shu yi dong zhong shu zi ran guan wei shi jiao,Chan shu le dong zhong shu de"tian ren gan ying"lun,"wu lei lei bi"he"xun ming de li"de fang fa lun,Yi tian wei yuan ben de yu zhou lun,"bian er you chang"de bian zheng tian dao guan,Yi ji dong zhong shu you guan yuan qi,Yin yang,Wu xing de zi ran ke xue si xiang,Zai zong ti shang ken ding le dong zhong shu zai jie shi he ren (...) shi zi ran gui lü shang de jin bu xing,Ken ding le dong zhong shu dui zhong guo gu dai zi ran ke xue de gong xian,Bing pi ping le yi wang dui dong zhong shu bu gong zheng di ping pan.Ben shu tong shi ye zhi chu le dong zhong shu de mou xie si xiang dui hou shi de fu mian ying xiang. (shrink)

內容簡介 本書主要以《賢良對策》作為研究對象，重新探討董仲舒在漢代儒學興盛中扮演的角色。本書並不追隨許多學者採取的理路，如根據《漢書》中的幾條記載，毫無懷疑地肯定漢武帝採納《對策》而定儒學於一尊，並看重董仲舒在 儒學興盛中的角色，或者在武帝採納《對策》的前提下，設想武帝將董仲舒思想當作治國指導思想，而從《春秋繁露》中尋出維護帝國體制的思想，以說明董仲舒在儒學興盛中扮演重要角色。其實在學術界，關於董仲舒和漢代儒 學興盛的關係存在著多樣的意見，本書則闡述雖然我們應當承認董仲舒《對策》的內容在他生前沒有發揮太大作用，但如若注意到儒學興盛即是一個階段性歷程，便還可以找出董仲舒思想在「儒學的主流化」中的積極意義。.

Justin D’Arms and Daniel Jacobson have argued that to evaluate the funniness of a joke based on the consideration of whether it is morally appropriate to feel amused commits the “moralistic fallacy.” We offer a new and empirically informed reply. We argue that there is a way to take morality into consideration without committing this fallacy, that is, it is legitimate to say that for some people, witty but immoral jokes can fail to be funny because they are immoral. In (...) our account, one has an intramural moral reason not to feel amused if one focuses on the moral feature itself of a joke rather than the moral consequence implied in one’s reaction to the joke. When one judges a joke as not funny because of the intramural moral reason, one is in a negative emotional state with high arousal, for example, moral disgust or anger. This state is psychologically incompatible with amusement. That one has an intramural reason not to feel amused thus implies that one does not have a reason to feel amused. Moral consideration thus plays an indirect and appropriate role in the evaluation of the funniness of a joke. (shrink)

In this paper, I develop an account of appreciation. I argue that appreciation is an epistemic emotion in which the subject grasps the object in an affective way. The “grasping” and “feeling” components implies that in appreciation, we make sense of the object by having cognitive control over it, are motivated to maintain the valuable epistemic state of understanding, and experience the “aha” or “eureka” moment. This account offers a unified account of the many types of appreciation, including the aesthetic, (...) the moral, and the epistemic. In all these cases, appreciation requires some other first-order emotions as prerequisite. (shrink)

In this paper I argue that there is a structural parallelism between law and physics in Leibniz since his early years, which has significant influence on the formation of his views. I start by examining Leibniz's early physical system and an analogy with juridical laws that he uses to explain the structure of physical laws. Then, I argue that this analogy stems from an envisioned parallelism between law and physics. Finally, I illustrate the significance of this legal-physical parallelism by arguing (...) that it underlies some of Leibniz's mature views. Most importantly, I argue that the parallelism explains the origin of architectonic principles or optimality principles in Leibniz's mature physics. (shrink)

Ben shu yi Ming ru Li Cai de jiang xue huo dong yu xue pai jian gou wei zhong xin, tan tao cong shi liu shi ji chu dao shi qi shi ji mo li xue qun ti zhong xin xing xue shuo he xue pai de chan sheng, chuan bo, kuo zhan yu chuan cheng de mo shi, bing zhuo zhong cong si xiang shi de jiao du jie shi zhe zhong mo shi chan sheng he yun xing (...) de si xiang gen yuan yu nei zai dong li. Quan shu zheng wen gong qi zhang, zhu yao nei rong fen wei shang xia liang bian, shang bian yi hong guan zong lun de fang shi, cong li xue jing dian "Da xue" de wen ben bian dong he quan shi jing zheng qie ru, tan tao zhong wan Ming li xue xue shuo he xue pai jian gou de li lun gen ju; xia bian yi Li Cai de "zhi xiu" xue shuo ji qi jiang xue huo dong zuo wei ge an yan jiu, tan tao li xue xue shuo he xue pai de chuan bo ji chuan cheng de she hui hua tu jing. (shrink)

Emotion is closely associated with language, but we know very little about how children express emotion in their own writing. We used a large‐scale, cross‐sectional, and data‐driven approach to investigate emotional expression via writing in children of different ages, and whether it varies for boys and girls. We first used a lexicon‐based bag‐of‐words approach to identify emotional content in a large corpus of stories (N>100,000) written by 7‐ to 13‐year‐old children. Generalized Additive Models were then used to model changes in (...) sentiment across age and gender. Two other machine learning approaches (BERT and TextBlob) validated and extended these analyses, converging on the finding that positive sentiments in children's writing decrease with age. These findings echo reports from previous studies showing a decrease in mood and an increased use of negative emotion words with age. We also found that stories by girls contained more positive sentiments than stories by boys. Our study shows the utility of large‐scale data‐driven approaches to reveal the content and nature of children's writing. Future experimental work should build on these observations to understand the likely complex relationships between written language and emotion, and how these change over development. (shrink)

Not for the academic value of some of the situational events, often with a comprehensive, decisive, Yan'an new philosophy will the home of its columns. Will establish a new philosophy, a lot of grand strategy is one of the actions in Yan'an. This paper examines a new philosophy will be the basic process, an analysis of its membership and the subsequent effects, assessing its characteristics in the formation of contemporary Chinese culture, the unique role, made ​​a number of issues need (...) to be further explored. This paper shows that the new philosophy will not academics, but the educational organization. It is the ideology of expert training, knowledge and control of legal rights, the implementation of the regulatory action of self-sufficiency and closed culture strategy. New philosophy will be mainly in the construction and maintenance of highly exclusive mode of thinking to make contributions, as the full value of its effect remains to be thorough and reasonable debate. Some situational events, which have been neglected by academics, may be of significant importance. The Yan'an New Philosophy Association is an example. Its establishment was one of the ambitious strategic actions of the CCP in Yan'an. This paper examines the process of the YNPA's establishment, analyses the composition of its membership, assesses its unique effect on the formation of contemporary Chinese ideology, and raises some issues that are in need of further research. This study shows that the YNPA was an educational institution instead of an academic society, and that the experts in ideology it produced had exclusive power in the cultural domain and implemented the party's cultural policies. We can see that the YNPA greatly contributed to the construction and maintenance of a high degree of cultural exclusivity. A full picture of this association, however, requires much more in-depth studies. (shrink)

[English abstract] In his last metaethical statement, Parfit revisits his earlier arguments for non-metaphysical normative non-naturalism , and points to the possibility of convergence between his view and Railton's non-analytical normative naturalism. I examine the basis of this convergence claim and find it unpersuasive, mainly because if their views converge on the same position, Parfit's non-natural norms exist only as predicates. In order to avoid this consequence, he needs to present a reason for believing in the existence of normative properties (...) . There is an indispensability argument implicit in his text, with concepts of sui generis normative ground and necessity at its centre. I discuss their main features and present problems besetting these concepts. (shrink)

This paper presents a case in whom a differential diagnosis of akinetic mutism with a disorder of consciousness was made using diffusion tensor tractography. A 69-year-old female patient was diagnosed with subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and intracerebral hemorrhage produced by the subarachnoid hemorrhage. She exhibited impaired consciousness with a Coma Recovery Scale-Revised score of 13 until 1 month after onset. Her impaired consciousness recovered slowly to a normal state according to the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised at 7 weeks after onset. On (...) the other hand, she exhibited the typical clinical features of akinetic mutism. On the DTT performed at 1-month, the upper, and lower dorsal ascending reticular activating systems, which are related to a disorder of consciousness, showed an almost normal state. In contrast, the prefronto-caudate and prefronto-thalamic tracts, which are related to akinetic mutism, showed severe injuries. These DTT results suggested that the patient's main clinical features were not a disorder of consciousness but akinetic mutism. Therefore, DTT for the ascending reticular activating system, and the prefronto-caudate and prefronto-thalamic tracts could provide additional evidence for a differential diagnosis of DOC and AM at the early stages of stroke. (shrink)

本书主要探讨和分析先秦儒家义利观思想，侧重于在理论前提、理论内容、理论特质和理论价值四个方面对其进行论述和阐释。作者主要论述了对先秦儒家义利观思想的评价、启示和局限性的解读，指出“人”是“义”与“利” 的统一，不可偏废一端。要借鉴先秦儒家义利观中“义”与“利”的辩证统一关系，在新时代背景下完成“道义”与“利益”的结合。既要将“道义”从“利益”的局限中发展出来，又要始终做到“以人为本”，尊重个体的合理 之“利”，从而使“义”、“利”统一于“人之为人”的价值指向当中。.