This report describes the rationale, approaches, organization, and resource development leading to a large-scale deletion bin map of the hexaploid wheat genome. Accompanying reports in this issue detail results from chromosome bin-mapping of expressed sequence tags representing genes onto the seven homoeologous chromosome groups and a global analysis of the entire mapped wheat EST data set. Among the resources developed were the first extensive public wheat EST collection. Described are protocols for sequencing, sequence processing, EST nomenclature, and the assembly of (...) ESTs into contigs. These contigs plus singletons were used for selection of distinct sequence motif unigenes. Selected ESTs were rearrayed, validated by 5′ and 3′ sequencing, and amplified for probing a series of wheat aneuploid and deletion stocks. Images and data for all Southern hybridizations were deposited in databases and were used by the coordinators for each of the seven homoeologous chromosome groups to validate the mapping results. Results from this project have established the foundation for future developments in wheat genomics. (shrink)

Çalışmanın temel amacı, farklı aile yapısına sahip olan hanelerde kadının, aile içerisindeki rolünün çalışma süresine etkisini incelemektir. Kadınların farklı aile yapılarında farklı sorumlulukları olmasına rağmen, hangi aile yapısında olursa olsun kadının aile içerisinde ortak kabul edilen sorumluluklara sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Bu yüzden aile içerisindeki kadınların çalışma sürelerini ve sonrasında elde edilen bulguları incelenmek önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmamızda yöntem olarak Poisson regresyon modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırılan deneyde bağımlı değişken değerleri 0, 1, 2, … gibi tamsayı değerlerini alıyorsa incelenen model Poisson regresyon modelidir. (...) Analizde, ailede hane halkı sorumlusunun eşi olan ve hane halkı sorumlusu olan kadınların çalışma süresine etkisi ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, kadının hane halkı sorumlusunun eşi olduğu durumlarda çocuksuz çiftlere göre çocuklu ailelerde haftalık çalışma süresini negatif etkilediği ve çalışma süresinin 0,83 kat azalma olasılığı elde edilmiştir. Kadının hane halkı sorumlusu olduğu durumlarda ise, tek yetişkinli ailelere göre çocuklu ailelerde kadının çalışma süresini pozitif etkilemekte ve çalışma süresinin 2,99 kat daha fazla olma ihtimali tespit edilmiştir. Kadının hane halkı sorumlusunun eşi olduğu ve hane halkı sorumlusu olduğu durumlarda da 0-6 yaş arası bağımlı çocuk sahibi olmanın katsayısı %1 seviyesinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuş ve kadının çalışma süresini negatif etkilediği görülmüştür. Kadının gerek hane sorumlusunun eşi, gerekse de hane sorumlusunun kendisi olduğu durumlarda, çalışma karşılığı gelir değişkeni kadının çalışma süresini pozitif etkilerken, çalışma dışı gelir değişkeninin ise negatif etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Meslekler ve toplam çalışma hayatı süresi değişkenlerinin katsayılarının ise birçok değişkende anlamlı çıktığı görülmüştür. Çalışmada incelenen veriler Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK)’ndan elde edilen tüm ülkeyi kapsayan veriler olduğu için çalışmanın bulguları önemli görülmedir. İncelenen literatür sonucunda Türkiye’de farklı aile yapılarının, kadınların çalışma süresine etkisini inceleyen herhangi bir çalışmaya rastlanmamış olması da çalışmanın literatüre önemli katkı yapacağı yönündedir. (shrink)

The causal representative theory of perception dominated theory of knowledge for hundreds of years after it was put on the map by Descartes and Locke. It is now almost extinct. How could this happen? The theory collapsed because it could not explain how we acquire knowledge of the external world, since it presupposes a causally organized system of external objects producing sensations in us. This presupposition, however, is generally recognized as true, so that the pattern of causal inference at the (...) heart of the theory is surely justified. The theory cannot explain how we originally acquire our knowledge of the external world, but it is entitled on a second pass to correct our empirical beliefs, where necessary. This includes replacing our naive picture of the physical world with a more sophisticated scientific conception, which downgrades secondary qualities. This was, indeed, the main reason why it was originally introduced by Descartes and Locke, and has been the source of its attraction over the years. (shrink)

The works of Mary Wollstonecraft ranged from the early _Thoughts on the Education of Daughters_ to _The Female Reader_, a selection of texts for girls, and included two novels. But her reputation is founded on _A Vindication of the Rights of Woman_ of 1792. This treatise is the first great document of feminism—and is now accepted as a core text in western tradition. It is not widely known that the germ of Wollstonecraft’s great work came out of an earlier and (...) much shorter vindication—A Vindication of the Rights of Men, written in the context of the issues raised by the French Revolution. This edition, which follows the model of other Broadview Editions in including a range of materials that help the reader to see the work in the context of its era out of which it emerged, is arranged chronologically, opening with Wollstonecraft’s “other vindication.” It also includes a wide range of other documents in appendices, as well as a comprehensive and authoritative introduction, chronology, and full index. (shrink)

The classical argument for the existence of other minds begins by ascribing states of consciousness to oneself, and argues to the existence of other conscious beings on the basis of an analogy in bodily constitution and behavior. P. F. Strawson attacks the foundation of this argument. “One can ascribe states of consciousness to oneself only if one can ascribe them to others. One can ascribe them to others only if one can identify other subjects of experience.” My thesis is that (...) this objection depends on running together the two distinct necessary conditions for ascribing states of consciousness. There is the conceptual condition (a general concept of consciousness); and there is the referential condition (the capacity to identify suitable subjects).A version of the argument from analogy is also developed which does not presuppose an original consciousness that my experiences are mine. The general concept of experience is by itself enough for the original specification of all experiences associated with body M, because other experiences which also conform to the concept are not introduced until the argument from analogy is complete. (shrink)

F. H. Bradley: Logic Although the logical system expounded by F. H. Bradley in The Principles of Logic is now almost forgotten, it had many virtues. To appreciate them, it is helpful to understand that Bradley had a very different view of logic from that prevalent today. He is hostile to the idea of … Continue reading Bradley, F. H.: Logic →.

The working situation prevailing in theoretical and experimental physics today is held to be inseparable from the interpretation of quantum theory, and constitutes an embodiment of its implicit difficulties. Such an understanding of the present situation in fundamental physics provides a quite different basis for ideas than the formulation of alternative courses of action (experiments) or alternative forms of knowledge (theories), which proceeds from the belief in a full separation of theory from experiment in this field. It is argued that (...) this underlying belief is not well founded. One must therefore consider the technical details of the field together with its foundations, and thus especially the situation produced by fundamental physics, including, in particular, the growth of high-energy technology, which exerts a determining influence on the further course of the subject. (shrink)

The contents of Scala Graduum Caloris are described, supplemented by unpublished material. Both temperature measurements by his linseed oil thermometer and those based upon his law of cooling are shown to be reasonably accurate to 300°C, but above that value they are much too low. The apparent agreement and the deviation are explained by the differences between the assumptions that Newton made in deriving his law of cooling and the conditions in which he used it. Newton's attempts to link terrestrial (...) and celestial science in applications in the Principia are shown to fail from his confounding the concepts of temperature, heat and radiant intensity and his ignorance of most factors affecting the temperature rise of irradiated materials. Other comments on varied aspects of heat, mainly published in the Queries, are set out and analysed. His originality is assessed. (shrink)