L’Instauration philosophique (1939) is one of the most relevant philosophical works by Étienne Souriau. In this book, the French philosopher tries to outline the main laws which define the instauration of a philosophical theory, in order to construct a philosophy of philosophies. Pleroma is one of the key-concepts of this work, and it refers to the dimension that includes all the well-established philosophical perspectives. The aim of this paper is to reconstruct some issues connected to this work, regarding specifically the (...) notion of pleroma. The paper underlines the connection between L’instauration philosophique and the philosophical milieu in which it was written, and then stresses the relevance of artworks and aesthetics for Souriau’s idea of instauration. The paper deals with the architecture of pleroma, and finally examines some similarities and some differences between the pleroma and Leibniz’s Monadology. (shrink)

This paper reconstructs some issues of Deleuze’s theory of institution as they are exposed in two early texts: Empiricism and subjectivity and Instincts and Institutions. The problem of institution is there formulated for the frst time through the reading of Hume. My purpose is to reconnect the idea of institution as an artifcial system of ‘means of satisfaction’ to its theoretical background and to its further developments. The three essential concepts that I employ to defne the limits of this issue (...) are: animality, as institution allows the understanding of both identities and diferences between the human being and the animal; creativity, as, according to Deleuze, the institution is a positive model which is always created by the human being in order to satisfy his tendencies; law, as this conception is built in opposition to all theories which conceive law and limitation as the sources of the social feld. (shrink)

The target article by Corballis presents an interesting and novel theoretical perspective on the evolution of language, speech, and handedness. There are two specific aspects of the article that will be addressed in this commentary: (a) the link between Broca's area and gestural communication in chimpanzees, and (b) the issue of population-level handedness in great apes, notably chimpanzees.

The psychopathological profile of patients with medication overuse headache appears to be particularly complex. To better define it, we evaluated their performance on a targeted psychological profile assessment. We designed a case-control study comparing MOH patients and matched healthy controls. Headache frequency, drug consumption, HIT-6, and MIDAS scores were recorded. All participants filled in the following questionnaires: Beck Depression Inventory-II Edition, trait subtest of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The primary endpoint (...) was to establish if MOH patients have an altered psychopathological profile. The secondary endpoint was to establish whether the worst profile correlates with the worsening of headache and disability measures. We enrolled 48 consecutive MOH patients and 48 HC. MOH patients showed greater difficulty in recognition/regulation of emotions, depression, anxiety, and impulsiveness. We found a positive correlation among DERS, BDI-2, STAI-Y, and BIS scores and MIDAS and HIT-6 scores and among DERS and headache frequency and drug consumption. MOH patients showed a high rate of emotion regulation difficulties, depression, and anxiety, which may negatively affect their headaches. The ability to regulate/recognize emotions may play a central role in sustaining medication overuse. (shrink)

There is empirical evidence suggesting a positive link between direct experiences in nature and people’s environmental attitudes (EA) and behaviors (EB). This has led researchers to encourage more frequent contact with nature, especially during childhood, as a way of increasing pro-environmentalism (i.e., pro-EA and pro-EB). However, the association between experiences in nature and EA/EB is complex, and specific guidelines for people’s everyday contact with nature cannot be provided. This article offers an overview of the research conducted until know about the (...) relation between experiences in nature and pro-environmentalism, and opens up new inquiries for future research. We begin with an introduction to people’s current tendency toward an alienation from the natural world and set out the objectives of the article. It is followed by three main sections. The first one reports on what experiences in nature refer to, how and where they occur. The second section describes the different approaches used to investigate and interpret the experiences in nature-EA and EB relation. The last section provides suggestions for future research. We close by making some final remarks about the importance of (re)stablishing a greater interaction with nature for people’s pro-EA and EB. (shrink)

Successful accounts of analogy in law have two burdens to discharge. First, they must reflect the fact that the conclusion of an argument by analogy is a normative claim about how to decide a certain case. Second, they must not fail to accord relevance to the fact that the source case was authoritatively decided in a certain way. We argue in the first half of this paper that the common view of the structure of analogical arguments in law cannot overcome (...) these hurdles. In the second half we develop an original account that aims to succeed where others failed. (shrink)

Traditionally the doping debate has been dominated by those who want to see doping forbidden (the prohibitionist view) and those who want to see it permitted (the ban abolitionist view). In this article, the authors analyse a third position starting from the assertion that doping use is a symptom of the paradigm of highly competitive elite sports, in the same way as addictions reflect current social paradigms in wider society. Based upon a conceptual distinction between occasional use, habitual use and (...) addiction, and focusing on the physical and/or mental dependency caused by the addictive use of a certain drug, we argue that marihuana, stimulants and anabolic steroid abuse—the most frequently detected substances in doping tests—satisfies at least one, often both, of these conditions. A conclusion to be drawn from the authors' arguments is that the prohibitionist view is inappropriate for dealing with doping, as the severe sanctions attached to it will cut the doper off her/his social and professional environment, thereby risking reinforcing her/his addictive conduct. But the ban abolitionist view seems inappropriate as well. At first sight, it seems neither rational nor humane not to intervene when confronted with conduct which is highly harmful for the individual and upon which she has reduced or no control whatsoever. Instead the authors' proposal will be to contextualise dopers' conduct within sport healthcare and see it strictly in relation to each athlete's personal background. Developing preventive programmes—implemented through person-tailored counselling and eventually treatment, rather than severe sanctions or the mere lifting of the ban—seems to be a more reasonable, and probably more efficient, way of conducting ‘the war against doping’. (shrink)

In Zwicker (1987) the hypergame paradox is introduced and studied. In this paper we continue this investigation, comparing the hypergame argument with the diagonal one, in order to find a proof schema. In particular, in Theorems 9 and 10 we discuss the complexity of the set of founded elements in a recursively enumerable relation on the set N of natural numbers, in the framework of reduction between relations. We also find an application in the theory of diagonalizable algebras and construct (...) an undecidable formula. (shrink)

Die Bibliotheca Teubneriana, established in 1849, has evolved into the world's most venerable and extensive series of editions of Greek and Latin literature, ranging from classical to Neo-Latin texts. Some 4-5 new editions are published every year. A team of renowned scholars in the field of Classical Philology acts as advisory board: Gian Biagio Conte (Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa) James Diggle (University of Cambridge) Donald J. Mastronarde (University of California, Berkeley) Franco Montanari (Università di Genova) Heinz-Günther Nesselrath (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (...) Dirk Obbink (University of Oxford) Oliver Primavesi (Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München) Michael D. Reeve (University of Cambridge) Richard J. Tarrant (Harvard University) Formerly out-of-print editions are offered as print-on-demand reprints. Furthermore, all new books in the Bibliotheca Teubneriana series are published as eBooks. The older volumes of the series are being successively digitized and made available as eBooks. If you are interested in ordering an out-of-print edition, which hasn't been yet made available as print-on-demand reprint, please contact us:[email protected] All editions of Latin texts published in the Bibliotheca Teubneriana are collected in the online database BTL Online. (shrink)

At the 2019 and 2021 International Conference on Environmental Psychology, discussions were held on the future of conferences in light of the enormous greenhouse gas emissions and inequities associated with conference travel. In this manuscript, we provide an early career researcher perspective on this discussion. We argue that travel-intensive conference practices damage both the environment and our credibility as a discipline, conflict with the intrinsic values and motivations of our discipline, and are inequitable. As such, they must change. This change (...) can be achieved by moving toward virtual and hybrid conferences, which can reduce researchers’ carbon footprints and promote equity, if employed carefully and with informal exchange as a priority. By acting collectively and with the support of institutional change, we can adapt conference travel norms in our field. To investigate whether our arguments correspond to views in the wider community of ECRs within environmental psychology, we conducted a community case study. By leveraging our professional networks and directly contacting researchers in countries underrepresented in those networks, we recruited 117 ECRs in 32 countries for an online survey in February 2022. The surveyed ECRs supported a change in conference travel practices, including flying less, and perceived the number of researchers wanting to reduce their travel emissions to be growing. Thirteen percent of respondents had even considered leaving academia due to travel requirements. Concerning alternative conference formats, a mixed picture emerged. Overall, participants had slightly negative evaluations of virtual conferences, but expected them to improve within the next 5 years. However, ECRs with health issues, facing visa challenges, on low funding, living in remote areas, with caretaking obligations or facing travel restrictions due to COVID-19 expected a switch toward virtual or hybrid conferences to positively affect their groups. Participants were divided about their ability to build professional relationships in virtual settings, but believed that maintaining relationships virtually is possible. We conclude by arguing that the concerns of ECRs in environmental psychology about current and alternative conference practices must be taken seriously. We call on our community to work on collective solutions and less travel-intensive conference designs using participatory methods. (shrink)

Discuter de leurs propres doctrines selon une méthode “scolaire”, qui consiste à retrouver les doctrines de Platon afin de construire par ce moyen leur propre pensée, est une caractéristique commune aux médio-platoniciens. Un tel procédé est donc conditionné par l’exégèse de Platon ; d’ailleurs, l’exégèse elle-même devient un objet de discussion durant le moyen-platonisme, où surgit le problème très controversé de la meilleure interprétation de Platon. Une enquête sur la présence du Phèdre – qui était l’un des dialogues les plus (...) lus de Platon – chez ces philosophes doit prendre en compte diverses méthodes d’interprétation mise en place, notamment l’interprétation grammaticale, l’interprétation physique et l’interprétation épistémologique, que cet article s’efforce de mettre en lumière. (shrink)

Cet article explore la production du savoir dans le cadre d'une « anthropologie nationale». Au Mexique s'est développée de façon précoce une des plus importantes anthropologies « nationales » du monde postcolonial; malgré son « succès », elle a toujours été hantée par l'absorption de ses principaux représentants dans l'appareil d'État et par un sentiment de discontinuité et d'isolement intellectuel. Quatre aspects de l' anthropologie mexicaine sont abordés dans le contexte historique où ils ont émergé: le rôle de l'anthropologie dans (...) la construction d'une image de la nation (1850-1900); les stratégies d'intervention dans la modernisation et l'incorporation des populations indigènes et «attardées» (1880-1930); son rôle dans la régulation de l'orthodoxie du développement (1940-1968), puis dans la reformulation de l'image de la nation face à l'urbanisation massive (depuis 1968). (shrink)

: How do people make decisions? Previous psychological research consistently shed light on the fact that decisions are not the result of a pure rational reasoning, and that emotions can assume a crucial role. This is particularly true in the case of moral decision-making, which requires a complex integration of affective and cognitive processes. One question that is still open to debate concern the individual factors that can affect moral decisions. Gender has been consistently identified as a possible variable of (...) interest for the adoption of different strategic behaviors, with men using more rational processes and women more deontological principles. In the present study we aimed at exploring the presence of gender differences in different decision-making scenarios. Results showed that the moral scenario led to a similar acceptance rate in both genders, while economic and shopping offers were more likely to be accepted by men. Also, women were more inclined to refuse unfair offers, which included a higher personal benefit at the expense of the opponent, even if this meant a total loss for both parties. Finally, correlational analyses revealed a different relation between risk propensity and decision-making in men and women in different scenarios. Keywords: Decision-making; Utilitarianism; Altruism; Moral Decision-making; Economic Decision-making Decisioni morali, economiche e d’acquisto a confronto. Effetti di genere e utilitarismo Riassunto: Come prendiamo le decisioni? La letteratura psicologica disponibile ha chiarito in ampia misura come le decisioni non siano il risultato di un ragionamento puramente razionale e che le emozioni possono assumere un ruolo cruciale. Questo è particolarmente vero nel caso delle decisioni morali, che richiedono una complessa integrazione tra processi affettivi e cognitivi. Una questione ancora aperta riguarda i fattori individuali che possono incidere sulle decisioni morali. Il genere è stato identificato come una possibile variabile da considerare rispetto all’adozione di comportamenti strategici differenti, in cui gli uomini sembrano più inclini a far uso di processi razionali e le donne a considerare principi deontologici. In questo lavoro abbiamo provato a esplorare la presenza di differenze di genere in diversi contesti decisionali. I risultati hanno mostrano come in ambito morale entrambi i generi siano portati ad accettare opzioni simili, mentre offerte economiche e commerciali sono accettate in misura maggiore dagli uomini. Le donne sarebbero più inclini a rifiutare offerte inique che comprendono benefici personali maggiori a discapito di una controparte, anche se questo implica una perdita totale da ambo le parti. Infine, le analisi correlazionali hanno mostrato una diversa relazione tra propensione al rischio e processi decisionali tra uomini e donne in contesti diversi. Parole chiave: Processi decisionali; Utilitarismo; Altruismo; Processi decisionali morali; Processi decisionali economici. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Jean Monnet was the inventor of the community method; by placing economic integration before the political one, he reversed the criteria of unification that had characterised the development of nation-states in the Old Continent. He was never a government or party leader; despite this, he engaged on an equal footing with the most prestigious statesmen of the twentieth century, influencing their choices: from Viviani in 1914 to Giscard d’Estaing in 1975, passing through Schuman, Spaak, De Gasperi, Adenauer and Kennedy. (...) Monnet favoured the creation of supranational community institutions. Through his foresight he was able to combine ideas and pragmatism and in this way he taught a whole generation of European leaders to debate issues of common interest, thus overcoming national selfishness; from the Schuman Declaration of which he was the main ‘inspirer’ (as he was sarcastically called by Charles de Gaulle) which led to the European Coal and Steel Community (1951) to the first election by universal suffrage of the European Parliament (1979), passing through the failure of the European Defence Community (1954), the Rome Treaties establishing the European Economic Community and Euratom (1957) and his tireless commitment inside the Action Committee for the United States of Europe. (shrink)

Nel corso del 2020 la missione congiunta franco-italiana, costituita dall’Università degli Studi di Milano e dall’Institut français d’archéologie orientale del Cairo (Ifao), ha effettuato la sua abituale campagna tra le rovine dell’antica Tebtynis dal 15 settembre al 7 novembre. Gli scavi sono stati estesi nel settore meridionale dell’insediamento, lungo la grande strada che nei papiri demotici è definita “dromos di Tefresudj(ty?)”. Due case-torri costruite nel II e nel I sec. a.C. sono state portate alla luce; parecchi edifici risalenti all’epoca tolemaica (...) e a quella romana sono stati scavati ed è stata localizzata una piazza. Benché l’area investigata si presentasse parzialmente sconvolta da interventi effettuati all’inizio del secolo scorso, una buona quantità di oggetti e di testi è stata raccolta. (shrink)

Une mention d’Athéna Archegetis dans un passage fragmentaire du papyrus P.Hib. I 15 conduit à déterminer l’histoire de l’épithète, attestée dans la tradition littéraire et épigraphique entre la fin du ve siècle et la période impériale. À partir de la fin du iiie siècle avant J.-C., l’usage d’archegetis s’étend à d’autres divinités qu’Athéna en dehors d’Athènes (Magnésie, Xanthos, Éphèse, Samos, Attaleia, Myra…). Cette étude passe en revue et reconsidère la documentation disponible sur ce terme afin d’en préciser — quand c’est (...) possible — le sens et les fonctions, surtout (mais pas seulement) en contexte athénien. En règle générale, l’épithète souligne le caractère identitaire d’une divinité particulière en un moment de changement ou de renouveau politique ou religieux. (shrink)

Cet article cherche à discuter certaines implications de la phénoménologie événémentiale de Romano afin d'en mésurer la fécondité pour la question - largement négligée par notre tradition philosophique - de la naissance. A travers la critique de la notion de "conscience interne du temps" proposée par Husserl dans les Leçons de 1905 et les Manuscrits de Bernau de 1918-19, Romano met au point sa conception de l'événement en tant que origine intemporelle de toute temporalité mondaine. La dernière partie de cet (...) article cherche justement à interpréter la naissance comme phénomène événementiel d'ouverture originaire de toute possibilité future pour l'advenant. (shrink)

Ce texte n’est rien d’autre qu’une note de lecture en marge du livre du neuroscientifique Lionel Naccache, Le cinéma intérieur. Projection privée au cœur de la conscience (Odile Jacob, 2020). Tout en reconnaissant l’intérêt de cet ouvrage et plus généralement des recherches en neurosciences cognitives pour l’étude de la fiction, je mets en évidence le panfictionnalisme qui anime Naccache. Ce panfictionnalisme découle de l’absence d’une définition claire de la fiction et de la non-distinction qui en résulte entre fiction et récit.

Cet article entend montrer que les « déficiences délibératives » qu’Aristote attribue à l’esclave (naturel) et à la femme en Pol. I 13, 1260a 4-15 et qui jouent un rôle explicatif important dans ce premier livre ne trouvent aucune justification théorique dans le corpus aristotélicien, que ce soit dans les ouvrages logico-métaphysiques, psycho-physiques ou éthico-politiques. En effet, il s’agit d’explications idéologiques, pseudoscientifiques, de la condition sociale inférieure de chacun de ces groupes. Ainsi, cet article veut aussi attirer l’attention sur une (...) certaine tendance des commentateurs à chercher à tout prix des circonstances atténuantes pour les thèses d’Aristote en la matière, tendance qui, signe des temps, s’est sans doute aggravée ces dernières décennies et qui, dans des cas extrêmes, va jusqu’à qualifier de « défendable » la défense aristotélicienne de l’esclavage. (shrink)

À Wilma, ma mère, qui n’est plus et à mon fils, qui n’est pas encore. Aristote affirme dans les Seconds Analytiques : « il est possible de signifier aussi les choses qui ne sont pas (σημαίνειν… τὰ μὴ ὄντα). » Même sans contextualiser cette phrase, on s’aperçoit d’emblée qu’à proprement parler il n’est pas question ici du néant, mais de ce qui n’est pas. Aristote le dit même au pluriel. En effet, chez Aristote nombreuses sont les choses...

Autour d’une question ‘inédite’ de Merleau-Ponty : Proust philosophe?Le présent essai tentera d’approfondir certains des aspects les plus significatifs des pages, toutes encore inédites, que Merleau-Ponty avait écrites en vue du Cours du jeudi de 1953-1954 au Collège de France sur Le problème de la parole. Il se concentrera en particulier sur la partie du cours dans laquelle Merleau-Ponty formule une question importante concernant l’auteur de la Recherche, ou plutôt là où il se demande si Proust est un philosophe. Il (...) cherche à comprendre comment Merleau-Ponty répond à cette question, développant des aspects de sa propre pensée qu’on retrouvera de manière prépondérante dans l’oeuvre future. Les questions du «platonisme de Proust», du statut des «essences alogiques», de l’«entrelacement des choses et de notre vie» – pour en citer quelques-unes – enrichissent ces pages et contribuent à reproblématiser tant les articulations de réfl exions qui jouent un rôle décisif dans la constellation merleaupontienne que l’approche de la lecture du chef-d’oeuvre proustien. La Recherche du temps perdu, en effet, comme le suggèrent ces écrits merleau-pontiens (dix ans avant Proust et les signes) peut être vue comme une «recherche de la vérité». Une recherche de la vérité qui se décline ici, précisément pour dégager les pouvoirs de la parole, en une «reconquête de l’espace».About a Merleau-Ponty’s ‘Inedited’ Question : Is Proust a Philosopher?The present essay will attempt to deepen some of the most significant aspects of pages, still all unpublished, that Merleau-Ponty had written for the 1953-54 Thursday course at the Collège de France on The Problem of Speech. This essay will concentrate in particular on the part of the course in which Merleau-Ponty expresses an important question concerning the author of the Remembrance of Things Past (À la recherce du temps perdu), or rather where Merleau-Ponty wonders if Proust is a philosopher. This essay tries to understand how Merleau-Ponty responds to this question, developing aspects of his own thought which one will find in a predominant way in the future work. The questions of “Proust’s Platonism,” the status of “a-logical essences,” the “interlacing of things with our life” – in order to mention a few – enriches these pages and contributes to a reproblematization of the reflective articulations which play a decisive role in Merleau-Ponty’s constellation that the reading of Proust’s masterpiece approaches. Remembrance of Things Past, as indeed, these Merleau-Ponty writings suggest (ten years before Deleuze’s Proust and Signs), may be viewed as a “search (une recherche) for truth.” This is a search for truth that develops into, in order precisely to present the powers of speech, a “reconquest of space”. (shrink)

L’« artification » peut être conçue comme un processus entraînant « le passage du non-art à l’art ». Selon une perspective phénoménologique (notamment husserlienne), ce passage semble impliquer deux mouvements neutralisants qui le constituent et que l’on pourrait nommer « imagification » et « esthétisation ». D’une part, une telle neutralisation est l’indice d’une suspension de tout intérêt, à la fois de l’artiste et du spectateur, pour l’existence ou la non-existence de « l’objet artifié » (Husserl reprend et relance ici (...) une ligne kantienne). D’autre part, ce désintéressement ouvre en même temps l’expérience, pour l’artiste et pour le spectateur, à un intérêt diffèrent, à savoir un intérêt axiologique visant à une saisie de valeurs. (shrink)

L’espace esthétiqueLe « renversement du cartésianisme » chez Deleuze et Merleau-PontyCet essai se propose de développer le rapport entre Deleuze et Merleau-Ponty à partir de la tentative des deux philosophes français d’aller au-delà du courantde pensée qu’on pourrait qualifi er, comme le fait Merleau-Ponty lui-même, de « cartésianisme ».Nous commençons notre itinéraire avec la critique que les deux philosophes adressent à la notion cartésienne de « ligne » – passage obligé pour penser, à travers Leibniz et sa notion de « (...) point », la ligne en tant qu’« ensemble de points ». On cherche ensuite à penser une ligne qui ne serait plus tracée dans un espace objectif présupposé, mais plutôt qui « se trace » dans un « espace expressif ».Un tel renversement de la « ligne cartésienne » produit, comme on le verra, des effets qui intéressent également la représentation de la ligne du temps. Émanciper cette dernière du modèle cartésien signifi e la penser par-delà toute référence chronologique, toute dépendance du temps de Kronos. On peut lire dans ce sens la tentative des deux philosophes pour penser le temps de l’événement, le temps de l’Aion. On verra enfin comment, d’un espace et d’un temps anticartésiens, doit naître, pour Merleau-Ponty et Deleuze, une nouvelle grammaire porteuse d’une nouvelle compréhension de la métaphore. Ni l’idée de métaphore proposée par Merleau-Ponty, ni le concept de devenir créé par Deleuze ne concernent une ressemblance fondée sur une identité donnée. Si la métaphore merleau-pontienne et le devenir deleuzien doivent être en mesure de restituer l’essence d’une chose, une telle essence se trouve, ou mieux se crée,à partir d’un mouvement vers « ce que la chose n’est pas ». C’est précisément dans ce sens que Merleau-Ponty lit la métaphore proustienne et que Deleuze cherche à rendre compte des ressemblances créées dans l’oeuvre de Gombrowicz.The Aesthetic SpaceThe “Reversal of Cartesianism” in Deleuze and Merleau-PontyThe present essay proposes to explore the relationship between Deleuze and Merleau-Ponty from the attempt they make to go beyond the current of thought thatwe may qualify, like Merleau-Ponty does it himself, as Cartesianism. We begin our itinerary with the critique that both philosophers direct at the Cartesian notion of the line. The passage through the Cartesian notion of the line is “obligated” in order to think – by means of Leibniz and his notion of point -- the line as a “set of points.” The Cartesian passage is obligated moreover in order to think a line which could no longer be drawn in a presupposed objective space but, rather, which would be “drawn” in an “expressive space.” Such a reversal of the Cartesian line, as we shall see, produces effects that concern also the representation of the line of time. To emancipate the line of time from the Cartesian model means we must think beyond all chronological references, beyond all dependence on the time of Chronos. We are able to read, in this way, both philosophers’ attempt to think the time of the event, the time of Aion. Finally we shall see how, for Merleau-Ponty and Deleuze, a new grammar carrying a new understanding of the metaphor must be born from an anti-Cartesian space and time. Neither the idea of metaphor proposed by Merleau-Ponty nor the concept of becoming created by Deleuze speaks of a resemblance founded upon an identity that is given ahead of time. If Merleau-Ponty’s idea of metaphor and Deleuze’s concept of becoming must be able to produce the essence of a thing, such an essence finds, or better, it iscreated on the basis of a movement toward “what the thing is not.” It is precisely in this sense that Merleau-Ponty reads Proust’s metaphors and that Deleuze will seek to give an account of created resemblances in the work of Gombrowicz. (shrink)

L’espace esthétiqueLe « renversement du cartésianisme » chez Deleuze et Merleau-PontyCet essai se propose de développer le rapport entre Deleuze et Merleau-Ponty à partir de la tentative des deux philosophes français d’aller au-delà du courantde pensée qu’on pourrait qualifi er, comme le fait Merleau-Ponty lui-même, de « cartésianisme ».Nous commençons notre itinéraire avec la critique que les deux philosophes adressent à la notion cartésienne de « ligne » – passage obligé pour penser, à travers Leibniz et sa notion de « (...) point », la ligne en tant qu’« ensemble de points ». On cherche ensuite à penser une ligne qui ne serait plus tracée dans un espace objectif présupposé, mais plutôt qui « se trace » dans un « espace expressif ».Un tel renversement de la « ligne cartésienne » produit, comme on le verra, des effets qui intéressent également la représentation de la ligne du temps. Émanciper cette dernière du modèle cartésien signifi e la penser par-delà toute référence chronologique, toute dépendance du temps de Kronos. On peut lire dans ce sens la tentative des deux philosophes pour penser le temps de l’événement, le temps de l’Aion. On verra enfin comment, d’un espace et d’un temps anticartésiens, doit naître, pour Merleau-Ponty et Deleuze, une nouvelle grammaire porteuse d’une nouvelle compréhension de la métaphore. Ni l’idée de métaphore proposée par Merleau-Ponty, ni le concept de devenir créé par Deleuze ne concernent une ressemblance fondée sur une identité donnée. Si la métaphore merleau-pontienne et le devenir deleuzien doivent être en mesure de restituer l’essence d’une chose, une telle essence se trouve, ou mieux se crée,à partir d’un mouvement vers « ce que la chose n’est pas ». C’est précisément dans ce sens que Merleau-Ponty lit la métaphore proustienne et que Deleuze cherche à rendre compte des ressemblances créées dans l’oeuvre de Gombrowicz.The Aesthetic SpaceThe “Reversal of Cartesianism” in Deleuze and Merleau-PontyThe present essay proposes to explore the relationship between Deleuze and Merleau-Ponty from the attempt they make to go beyond the current of thought thatwe may qualify, like Merleau-Ponty does it himself, as Cartesianism. We begin our itinerary with the critique that both philosophers direct at the Cartesian notion of the line. The passage through the Cartesian notion of the line is “obligated” in order to think – by means of Leibniz and his notion of point -- the line as a “set of points.” The Cartesian passage is obligated moreover in order to think a line which could no longer be drawn in a presupposed objective space but, rather, which would be “drawn” in an “expressive space.” Such a reversal of the Cartesian line, as we shall see, produces effects that concern also the representation of the line of time. To emancipate the line of time from the Cartesian model means we must think beyond all chronological references, beyond all dependence on the time of Chronos. We are able to read, in this way, both philosophers’ attempt to think the time of the event, the time of Aion. Finally we shall see how, for Merleau-Ponty and Deleuze, a new grammar carrying a new understanding of the metaphor must be born from an anti-Cartesian space and time. Neither the idea of metaphor proposed by Merleau-Ponty nor the concept of becoming created by Deleuze speaks of a resemblance founded upon an identity that is given ahead of time. If Merleau-Ponty’s idea of metaphor and Deleuze’s concept of becoming must be able to produce the essence of a thing, such an essence finds, or better, it iscreated on the basis of a movement toward “what the thing is not.” It is precisely in this sense that Merleau-Ponty reads Proust’s metaphors and that Deleuze will seek to give an account of created resemblances in the work of Gombrowicz. (shrink)

Résumé — Les analyses minutieuses consacrées aux concepts clés de forme et de matière jouent, dans la philosophie de Marty, un rôle de premier plan. Ce texte vise à tirer au clair la relation établie dans l’œuvre martyenne entre le sens ontologique et le sens grammatical de ces concepts. Sur la base d’une vaste reconstruction historique, les Untersuchungen introduisent, contre l’interprétation wundtienne et en accord avec celle de Husserl, un concept de forme émancipé de toute emprise ontologique. Ce concept, de (...) nature structurale, est à l’abri des deux métaphores de la forme qui ont toujours conditionné les grammaires spéculatives.— A main role in the philosophy of Anton Marty is played by his insightful analysis of the key-concepts of form and matter. This text aims to shed light on the relationship between the ontological character of those concepts and their grammatical function in Marty’s works. After a thorough historical reconstruction, Marty defends, as well as Husserl and against Wundt’s interpretation, a concept of form free of any ontological influence. This structural concept is apart from the two metaphors of the form which have always conditioned the speculative grammars. (shrink)

Il a fallu deux ans pour la parution de l’édition française de ce court mais très dense ouvrage concernant le partage eucharistique entre les Églises de la Réforme et l’Église catholique. Et on ne peut que déplorer l’absence des Églises orthodoxes dans ce débat si central pour l’œcuménisme. L’originalité de la recherche est tout d’abord dans la méthode adoptée : partir des pratiques de partage eucharistique déjà officiellement en vigueur dans plusieurs contextes pour en déduire des positions ..

Presentazione del curatore italiano (C.Corradetti): È possibile conciliare il pluralismo culturale con la dimensione pubblica della deliberazione? Partendo dall’analisi critica di Rawls e Habermas, James Bohman offre una risposta innovativa alla questione dell’accordo democratico. In tale proposta, parallelamente al rigetto di soluzioni meramente strategiche, viene riabilitata la nozione di compromesso morale nel quadro di un accordo normativo. Mantenendo fede ad una prospettiva composta da elementi normativi e fattuali, l’autore si propone di ampliare le opportunità democratiche nella riconciliazione tra conflitti culturali (...) profondi propri delle società contemporanee. L’elemento civico partecipativo risulta essere dunque una componente essenziale per la produzione di una sfera pubblica vibrante. Ne emerge una ricostruzione convincente volta non solo a respingere le critiche degli scettici sulle reali possibilità d’inclusività democratica, ma diretta soprattutto a suggerire un più efficace modello deliberativo per la garanzia della stabilità sociale. Questo testo è diventato ormai un riferimento internazionale classico nella discussione sul tema della deliberazione pubblica. L’autore ha inoltre sviluppato in ambito post-nazionale il suo modello deliberativo senza tuttavia ridiscutere i fondamenti concettuali della sua proposta teorica qui enunciati.Vista la rilevanza del tema e considerata la centralità del testo proposto, sembrerebbe dunque auspicabile rendere il testo disponibile anche al lettore italiano. (shrink)

Trata das possibilidades de uma teologia ecumênica das religiões tendo como eixo articulador a preocupação pela paz, pela justiça e pela integridade da criação. O objetivo é analisar temas de destaque para o cenário das análises sociais e teológicas como: a) O valor do humano e da ética social para o diálogo interreligioso, b) As possibilidades de uma unidade aberta, convidativa e integradora no âmbito das religiões; c) A importância pública das religiões; d) As religiões como códigos de comunicação; e) (...) O poder do império e o poder do diálogo das religiões. Para isso, vamos contar com as contribuições de Hans Küng, Jürgen Moltmann, Julio de Santa Ana, Xavier Pikaza e José Comblin respectivamente. A proposição é que a perspectiva ecumênica, uma vez articulada com as dimensões sociais, políticas, econômicas e culturais, dentro dos variados contextos históricos, pode oferecer densidade e amplitude para a reflexão teológica. Os esforços que valorizam a capacidade de diálogo e de sensibilidade ecumênica e aqueles que destacam a importância pública das religiões partem da concepção de que a perspectiva ecumênica, tanto em nível prático quanto em nível teórico-metodológico, requer e possibilita uma compreensão mais apurada da realidade, um aperfeiçoamento de visões dialógicas e o cultivo de maior sensibilidade para a valorização da vida e para a promoção da paz e da justiça. Palavras-chave: Teologia das religiões. Ecoteologia. Paz e justiça. Ecumenismo.This paper focus on the possibilities of an ecumenical theology of religions, having as a its principal concern peace, justice and integrity of creation. It aims to analyze some central issues for the social and theological scenario, such as: a) humanity and social ethics for interreligious dialogue; b) the possibilities for an open, engaging and inviting interreligious unity; c) the public relevance of religions; d) religions as communicating codes; e) the imperial powers and the power of religious dialogue. We will take into account the contributions of Hans Küng, Jürgen Moltmann, Julio de Santa Ana, Xavier Pikaza and José Comblin. The study affirms that the ecumenical perspective, once articulated to social, political, economic and cultural dimensions, within the various theological contexts, can offer density and extension for the theological reflection. Efforts that value the capacity for dialogue and ecumenical sensibility and those that highlight the public importance of religions start from the conception that the ecumenical perspective, both in the practical and in the theoretical-methodological levels, requests and makes it possible for a deeper comprehension of the reality, an improvement of dialogic visions and the cultivation of more expressions of sensibility for the valorization of life and for the promotion of peace and justice. Key-words: Theology of religions. Ecotheology. Peace and justice. (shrink)

In his last book, Le complexe des trois singes. Essai sur l’animalité humaine (2017), the French philosopher Étienne Bimbenet accuses “sensocentric” (« pathocentristes ») animal ethics of committing a performative contradiction: according to Bimbenet, these theories of animal rights — among which he focuses on the case of Zoopolis (2011) by Sue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka — would undermine themselves by means of declaring reason a “non-essential” feature of human beings, while at the same time those theories themselves can only (...) be understood as a highly rational human endeavour. As we will try to point out, the alleged performative contradiction does not actually take place. First of all, Donaldson and Kymlicka only describe reason as “non essential” when it comes to describing moral patients, not moral agents, and particularly not moral theoreticians. In the second place, Zoopolis presents itself explicitly as an effort in “articulating moral reasons” — not as a renouncement of reason as such. (shrink)