Recent efforts in a range of scientific fields have emphasised research and methods concerning individual differences and individualisation. This article brings together various scientific disciplines—ecology, evolution, and animal behaviour; medicine and psychiatry; public health and sport/exercise science; sociology; psychology; economics and management science—and presents their research on individualisation. We then clarify the concept of individualisation as it appears in the disciplinary casework by distinguishing three kinds of individualisation studied in and across these disciplines: Individualisation ONE as creating/changing individual differences (the (...) process that generates differences between individuals: intrapopulation or intraspecific variation/heterogeneity); Individualisation TWO as individualising applications (the tailoring or customising of something—information, treatment, a product or service, etc.—for an individual or specific group of individuals); and Individualisation THREE as social changes influencing autonomy, risk, and responsibilities (the process discussed under the rubric of sociological individualisation theory). Moreover, we analyse conceptual links between individualisation and individuality, and characterise different sorts of individuality that the disciplines study. This paper aims to promote interdisciplinary research concerning individualisation by establishing a common conceptual-theoretical basis, while leaving room for disciplinary differences. (shrink)

Grotius ist ein Klassiker der Theorie internationaler Beziehungen. In der politischen Philosophie hingegen wird er eher selten diskutiert. In meinem Beitrag greife ich seine Kritik an der verbreiteten Vorstellung eines unbedingt geltenden Widerstandsrechts auf. Grotius bestreitet insbesondere, dass aktiver Widerstand gegen Zwänge unter allen Umständen gerechtfertigt ist. Seiner Auffassung nach sind gewisse Zwangsverhältnisse – freiwillige Abhängigkeitsverhältnisse – durchaus mit dem Naturrecht vereinbar. Um diese Kritik plausibel zu machen, bringe ich sie zunächst gegen eine aktuelle Variante der für die Diskussion von (...) Widerstandsrechten immer noch einschlägigen Locke’schen These vom Selbsteigentum in Stellung, aus deren Sicht freiwillige Abhängigkeitsverhältnisse zwanglose Verhältnisse sind. Dann entwickele ich in Grundzügen einen alternativen Widerstandsbegriff, der an Grotius‘ Idee eines natürlichen Privilegs der Selbstverteidigung anknüpft. Dieser Idee zufolge stützt sich Widerstand nicht etwa auf einen einzufordernden Rechtstitel wie das Selbsteigentum, sondern beruht auf menschlicher Schwäche. (shrink)

In their paper on the influence of meta-induction to the wisdom of the crowd, Paul Thorn and Gerhard Schurz argue that adding meta-inductive methods to a group influences the group positively, whereas replacing independend methods of a group with meta-inductive ones may have a negative impact. The first fact is due to an improvement of average ability of a group, the second fact is due to an impairment of average diversity within a group by meta-induction. In this paper some critical (...) remarks to meta-inductive group expansion and replacement are made. In particular it is stressed that both ability and diversity are of equal importance to a group’s performance. (shrink)

The article draws a connection between three items preserved at the von Wright and Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Helsinki (WWA), namely a book by Wilhelm Busch and two copies of the photos of von Wright and Wittgenstein in Cambridge taken by Knut Erik Tranøy in 1950, by suggesting that the photos contain an allusion by Wittgenstein.

One challenge of societies in the 21st century is the conflict of norms between different cultures. In Ancient Greece, too, such conflicts arose, and great thinkers offered great solutions. In this contribution we will argue for the following: - Ancient ethical theories were not only individual ethical theories but also social ethical theories (II). - The ancient methods of scientific examinations are useful not only in classical sciences but also in ethics (III). - Accepting the result of (III) yields highly (...) interesting theoretical results about conflicts of norms between different cultures (IV). (shrink)

In den Philosophischen Brocken kritisiert Kierkegaard die sokratische Präexistenzlehre wegen ihrer nihilistischen Konsequenzen für die Zeitlichkeit: Das geschichtliche Dasein des Menschen wäre überflüssig, wenn er a priori bereits vollendet wäre. Weil Kierkegaard in seiner christlichen Argumentation dennoch nicht umhin kann, selbst ein Analogon zum vorgeburtlichen Sein der Seele bei Platon vorauszusetzen, wendet er in der religiösen Schrift Die Krankheit zum Tode einen sophistischen Trick an, mit dessen Hilfe er die Präexistenzimplikation aus dem Bewusstsein des Lesers verdrängen will.

This Savonarola of our century can fill a hall at the drop of a leaflet. But where the inflammatory friar of Florence was silenced by hanging and roasting at the stake, Chomsky's punishment is to be consigned to media oblivion in his own land.

Mémoire de Mons. Lange contre cette philosophie -- Réponse préliminaire d'un auteur anonimeà ce mémoire -- Sommaire de la réponse de Mr. Wolf mȩme avec un avis au lecteur de l'histoire de ce nouveau différend.

„Der sittliche Wert eines Menschen beginnt erst dort, wo er bereit ist, für seine Überzeugung sein Leben zu geben.“ [The moral worth of a human being emerges when she is willing to give her life for her convictions] - Henning von Tresckows -.

❙❙ Under den senare hälften av 1900-talet ökade möjligheterna att diagnostisera sjukdomar redan under fosterlivet. Ultra- SAMMANFATTAT ljudsdiagnostiken som började tillämpas på 1960-talet har förfinats alltmer. Idag genomgår nästan varje gravid kvinna..

Complex functions of the central nervous system such as learning and memory are believed to result from the modulation of the synaptic transmission between neurons. The sequence of events leading to the fusion of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic active zone and the detection of this signal at the postsynaptic density involve the activity of ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. Their accumulation and dynamic exchange at synapses are dependent on their interaction with synaptic scaffolds. These are synaptic structures composed of (...) adaptor proteins that provide binding sites for receptors and channels as well as other synaptic proteins. While in its entirety the synaptic scaffold is a relatively stable structure, individual adaptor proteins exchange at a fast time scale. These properties of scaffolds help to ensure the stability of synaptic transmission while permitting the modulation of synaptic strength. Here, we review the dynamics of the synaptic scaffold and of adaptor proteins in relation to their roles in the organisation of the synapse as well as in the clustering and trafficking of receptor proteins. BioEssays 30:1062–1074, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)