Social participation and development of self-determination for people with intellectual disabilities are at the heart of several international conventions (UN, 1971, 1975) and ministerial Quebec’s policies (MSSS, 2001). The implementation of the educational program CASP-I, A competency-based approach to social participation (Gouvernement du Quebec, 2019) in Quebec represents a change for teachers of students with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities. In this program, self-determination is positioned as an important objective for the development of students’ social participation (Algozzine et al., 2001 (...) ; Cobb et al., 2009). However, the appropriation of this concept within schools is still partial (Cho et al., 2011 ; Shogren et al., 2014), which requires to support teachers succeed (Shogren et al., 2015 ; Whemeyer et al., 2013). The article will present the results of seven research interviews conducted with primary school teachers working with students with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities. The analysis of their representations of self-determination highlights the links between their knowledge and their beliefs about it, as well as the teaching practices that they associate with it. Recommendations are made to promote the appropriation of the concept of self-determination within Quebec schools and to support the accompaniment of teachers towards the desired change. (shrink)

Although pragmatism and phenomenology have both contributed significantly to the genealogy of so-called “4E” – embodied, embedded, enactive and extended – cognition, there is benefit to be had from a systematic comparative study of these roots. As existing 4E cognition literature has tended to emphasise one or the other tradition, issues remain to be addressed concerning their commonalities – and possible incompatibilities. We begin by exploring pragmatism and phenomenology’s shared focus on contesting intellectualism, and its key assumption of mindedness as (...) representation. We then outline distinctive insights from both traditions regarding the nature and role of habits, in order to put forward a habit-based epistemology as an alternative to the Cartesian idea-based epistemology that has dominated modern philosophy. We pay particular attention to the work of classical pragmatist C.S. Peirce, arguing that his semiotics, which analyses sign-use as habit, shows how theorists of embodied cognition can break a certain false dichotomy between embodiment and logical or intellectual structure which has prevented them from fully theorising propositional knowledge. In this way, our work both augments and challenges the Dewey/Merleau-Ponty connection that has been much more extensively explored by the field. (shrink)

This paper argues that we can acknowledge the existence of moral truths and moral progress without being committed to moral realism. Rather than defending this claim through the more familiar route of the attempted analysis of the ontological commitments of moral claims, I show how moral belief change for the better shares certain features with theoretical progress in the natural sciences. Proponents of the better theory are able to convince their peers that it is formally and empirically superior to its (...) rivals, and the better theory may be promoted to the status of the truth. Yet there is no 'decision-procedure' for ethics any more than there is for molecular biology. The betterness of true theories can be grasped through what I term 'undirectional narratives' of progress. And while there are true moral claims and perhaps numerous moral truths yet to be discovered, we should reject currently popular forms of moral realism with bivalence. Some moral claims lend themselves to the construction of fully reversible, bi-directional narratives and are likely neither true nor false. (shrink)

In this chapter, it is described and assessed how political scientists use rational choice theories to offer causal explanations. We observe that the ways in which rational choice theories are considered to be successful in political science differs, depending on the explanandum in question. Political scientists use empirical variants of rational choice theories to explain the political behavior of individual agents and analytical variants to explain the behavior of collective actors. Both variants are used for distinct explananda, which ask for (...) different modes of explanation that raise in turn different explanatory demands toward rational choice theories. We argue that when political scientists discuss the explanatory usefulness of rational choice theories, they should assess them in light of the demands they are supposed to meet. This would enable a more nuanced and problem-oriented appraisal of rational choice theories in political science. (shrink)

I argue that trustworthiness is an epistemic desideratum. It does not reduce to justified or reliable true belief, but figures in the reason why justified or reliable true beliefs are often valuable. Such beliefs can be precarious. If a belief's being justified requires that the evidence be just as we take it to be, then if we are off even by a little, the belief is unwarranted. Similarly for reliability. Although it satisfies the definition of knowledge, such a belief is (...) not trustworthy. We ought not use it as a basis for inference or action and ought not give others to believe it. The trustworthiness of a belief, I urge, depends on its being backed by reasons—considerations that other members of the appropriate epistemic community cannot reasonably reject. Trustworthiness is intersubjective. It both depends on and contributes to the evolving cognitive values of an epistemic community. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Catherine Malabou : “Unbind Me” Judith Butler : What Kind of Shape Is Hegel's Body in? Catherine Malabou : What Is Shaping the Body? Judith Butler : A Chiasm between Us, but No Chasm.

This paper contrasts the scholastic realisms of David Armstrong and Charles Peirce. It is argued that the so-called 'problem of universals' is not a problem in pure ontology (concerning whether universals exist) as Armstrong construes it. Rather, it pertains to which predicates should be applied where, issues which Armstrong sets aside under the label of 'semantics', and which from a Peircean perspective encompass even fundamentals of scientific methodology. It is argued that Peirce's scholastic realism not only presents a more nuanced (...) ontology (distinguishing existence and reality) but also illuminates why scholastic realism is a position worth fighting for. (shrink)

Metaethics from a First Person Standpoint addresses in a novel format the major topics and themes of contemporary metaethics, the study of the analysis of moral thought and judgement. Metathetics is less concerned with what practices are right or wrong than with what we mean by 'right' and 'wrong.' Looking at a wide spectrum of topics including moral language, realism and anti-realism, reasons and motives, relativism, and moral progress, this book engages students and general readers in order to enhance their (...) understanding of morality and moral discourse as cultural practices. Catherine Wilson innovatively employs a first-person narrator to report step-by-step an individual's reflections, beginning from a position of radical scepticism, on the possibility of objective moral knowledge. The reader is invited to follow along with this reasoning, and to challenge or agree with each major point. Incrementally, the narrator is led to certain definite conclusions about 'oughts' and norms in connection with self-interest, prudence, social norms, and finally morality. Scepticism is overcome, and the narrator arrives at a good understanding of how moral knowledge and moral progress are possible, though frequently long in coming. Accessibly written, Metaethics from a First Person Standpoint presupposes no prior training in philosophy and is a must-read for philosophers, students and general readers interested in gaining a better understanding of morality as a personal philosophical quest."--Publisher's website. (shrink)

This paper addresses some apparent philosophical tensions between realism and enactivism by means of Charles Peirce’s pragmatism. Enactivism’s Mind-Life Continuity thesis has been taken to commit it to some form of anti-realist ‘world-construction’ which has been considered controversial. Accordingly, a new realist enactivism is proposed by Zahidi (_Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences,_ _13_(3), 461–475, 2014 ), drawing on Ian Hacking’s ‘entity realism’, which places subjects in worlds comprised of the things that they can successfully manipulate. We review this attempt, and (...) argue that whilst Zahidi rightly urges enactivists towards ‘internal realism’, he cannot sustain a non-negotiable aspect of realism that is crucial for scientific progress – the claim that multiple subjects inhabit _the same world_. We explore Peirce’s pragmatism as an alternative solution, foregrounding his distinction between existence and reality, and his inquiry-based account of cognition. These theoretical innovations, we argue, fruitfully generalize Zahidi’s _manipulation-based_ enactivist realism to a richer, _inquiry-based_ enactivist realism. We explore how this realism’s pan-species monism about truth encourages and supports the investigation of non-human animal cognition, and conclude by considering some implications of our discussion for long-standing realism debates within pragmatism. (shrink)

Virtues and Virtue Education in Theory and Practice explores questions about the locality versus the universality of virtues from a number of theoretical and practical perspectives. Written by leading international scholars in the field, it considers the relevance of these debates for the practice of virtue and character education. This volume brings together experts from education, philosophy, and psychology to consider how different disciplines might learn from each other and how insights from theory and practice can be integrated. It shows (...) that questions about virtue relativity or universality have not only theoretical significance but also important practical ramifications. The chapters explore different complexities of virtue ethics and different approaches to nurturing virtue and beyond, questioning how well virtues travel across geographical and cultural borders. By examining the philosophical literature and making links between theory and practice in an original way, the book offers scholarly research-informed suggestions for practice. It will be of great interest to researchers and academics and students in educational philosophy, character education, ethics, and psychology. (shrink)

Théologiens et philosophes chrétiens ont souvent minimisé, voire occulté, la dimension d'amour du judaïsme en l'assimilant à un pur légalisme. Cette thèse imprègne encore les mentalités modernes, fussent-elles déchristianisées. Ce livre n'est toutefois pas apologétique ; il se propose d'aborder la gravité de l'amour dans la philosophie et la spiritualité juives sans s'adapter au cadre théorique chrétien. Les penseurs juifs ont en effet profondément médité eux-mêmes la complexité théologique, spirituelle, morale et émotionnelle de l'amour. Le choix des questions abordées relève (...) de leur caractère impérieux face aux simplifications outrancières qui s'imposent de nos jours en matière de religion. La référence à des philosophes de périodes historiques différentes et à de grands commentateurs spirituels permet de poursuivre le dialogue avec eux et non de le clore. Il ne s'agit pas d'élaborer une thèse définitive sur l'amour de Dieu et du prochain dans le judaïsme, mais de se demander ce que sa gravité – son poids, son centre – signifie pour ceux qui désirent en témoigner. (shrink)

"Articulating a fresh vision for teaching, one that focuses on ensuring justice, believing people, and believing in people, this how-to offers evidence-based insights and draws from the author's own rich experiences as a professor to provide practical tips for reshaping syllabi, assessing student performance, and creating trust and belonging in the classroom"-Provided by publisher.

Tasan Chong Yagyong (1762-1836) is one of the most creative thinkers Korea has ever produced, one of the country's first Christians, and a leading scholar in Confucian philosophy. Born in a staunchly Neo-Confucian society, in his early twenties he encountered writings by Catholic missionaries in China and was fascinated. However, when he later learned that the Catholic Church condemned the Confucian practice of placing a spirit tablet on a family altar to honor past generations, he left the small Catholic community (...) he had helped found and ostensibly returned to the Neo-Confucian fold. Nevertheless, the Christian ideas he studied in his youth influenced his thinking for the rest of his life, stimulating him to look at Neo-Confucianism with a critical eye and suggest new solutions to problems Confucian scholars had been addressing for centuries. A Korean Confucian's Advice on How to Be Moral is an annotated translation of Tasan's commentaries on the Confucian classic Zhongyong (usually translated as The Doctrine of the Mean) in which he applies both Confucianism and Christianity to the question of how to best develop a moral character. Written as a dialogue with King Chongjo, (r. 1776-1800) these texts reveal how Tasan interpreted his Confucian tradition, particularly its understanding of how human beings could cultivate morality, while the king's questions illustrate the mainstream Neo-Confucianism Tasan was reacting against. Tasan challenged the non-theistic standard, insisting that living a moral life is not easy and that we need to be motivated to exert the effort necessary to overcome our selfish tendencies. He had abandoned his faith by the time he wrote these commentaries but, influenced by Catholic works and determined to find a more effective way to live a moral life than non-theistic Neo-Confucianism provided, Tasan constructed a Confucian philosophy of moral improvement centered on belief in God. This translation, helpfully annotated for context and analysis, is an exploration of early Korean engagement with the West and a powerful guide to all those interested in Confucianism, Christianity, and morality. (shrink)

Modern scholars hold Bacon's philosophical works, Novum Organum, Advancement of Learning, and The New Atlantis, as his greatest achievements. Bowen's story reveals a man whose genius it was not to immerse himself in the rigor of scientific experimentation, but to realize what questions science should ask, and thereby reach beyond the status quo and appeal to the wider imagination of his generation. In his writings, Bacon challenged established social and religious orders, raised questions about the mind/body relation and the role (...) of dreams, and foresaw the development of the modern research university. It is Bacon's legacy to have gone beyond his age and, out of pure intuition, anticipate the concerns of future generations. (shrink)

Comment parler des deux bords d'une vie humaine, d'une vie unique par sa naissance et par sa mort? La clarté fragile de cette vie provient-elle du néant avant d'y retourner? Ou bien, pour ceux qui lui prêtent attention, se laisse-t-elle percevoir et penser comme la trace furtive d'une autre lumière? Les sociétés modernes éludent ces questions, voire les caricaturent, alors même que la mort violente, donnée en spectacle intrusif et quotidien, sidère la pensée à leur propos. Réfléchir à la naissance (...) et à la mort, en suivant divers fils - surtout ceux tissés par la tradition hébraïque - fait pourtant découvrir une nouvelle urgence dans l'amour de la vie. Certains y pressentent leur vérité intime et ultime. (shrink)

Quelle est l'intention de Platon lorsqu'il fait de Socrate un virtuose de l'étymologie dans le Cratyle? Préciser les rapports entre la " science des lettres " qui se constitue en son siècle et la nouvelle théorie des Idées qu'il élabore. Socrate s'entretient avec le jeune Hermogène puis avec l'énigmatique Cratyle des rapports entre les mots et les choses. La rectitude des noms est-elle affaire de convention, ainsi que le soutient Hermogène? Ou s'agit-il d'un accord " naturel ", comme le prétend (...) Cratyle? Découvre-t-on cet accord par science ou par inspiration? Au terme du débat, après avoir mis à l'épreuve toutes les ressources de la " science des lettres ", Socrate propose une nouvelle théorie du nom, instrument faillible construit pour faire voir la réalité en la minant. Il dessine aussi un ordre des priorités : il faut d'abord connaître les êtres, puis les noms. " Savoir comment il faut apprendre ou découvrir les êtres, peut-être est-ce là trop lourde tâche pour toi et moi! C'est déjà beau de reconnaître qu'il ne faut pas partir des noms. ". (shrink)

The use of racial categories in biomedicine has had a long history in the United States. However, social hierarchy and discrimination, justified by purported scientific differences, has also plagued the history of racial categories. Because “race” has some correlation with biological and genetic characteristics, there has been a call not to “throw the baby out with the bathwater” by eliminating race as a research or clinical category. I argue that race is too undefined and fluid to be useful as a (...) proxy for biology or genetics. (shrink)

Experimental philosophers advocate expansion of philosophical methods to include empirical investigation into the concepts used by ordinary people in reasoning and action. We propose also including methods of qualitative social science, which we argue serve both moral and epistemic goals. Philosophical analytical tools applied to interdisciplinary research designs can provide ways to extract rich contextual information from subjects. We argue that this approach has important implications for bioethics; it provides both epistemic and moral reasons to use the experiences and perspectives (...) of diverse populations to better identify underlying concepts as well as to develop effective interventions within particular communities. (shrink)

This paper argues that social contexts of inequality are crucial to understanding the ethics of gestational harm and responsibility. Recent debates on gestational harm have largely ignored the social context of gestators, including contexts of inequality and injustice. This can reinforce existing social injustices arising from colonialism, socio‐economic inequality and racism, for example, through increased regulation of maternal behaviour. To demonstrate this, I focus on the related notions of the ‘future child’ and an obligation of easy rescue, which have been (...) used to discuss the ethics of gestational harm in the context of alcohol consumption during gestation and foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). I use a feminist perspective to evaluate these ideas and conclude that anyone concerned with remediation of social injustice has good reason to be suspicious of the notion of the future child in the context of gestational harm. (shrink)

한국 인문학의 새 지형도, 자음과모음 하이브리드 총서 자음과모음은 지난 12월에 정통 학술 총서 ‘새로운 사유의 힘, 뉴아카이브 총서’를 선보인데 이어 올 3월에 한국 인문학의 새 지형을 그려나갈 ‘하이브리드 총서’를 펴낸다. 국내 학자들의 집필서만으로 구성되는 이 총서는 “경계 간 글쓰기, 분과 간 학문하기, 한국 인문학의 새 지형도”라는 캐치프레이즈 아래 ‘통섭’의 학문하기가 한국의 환경에서 어떻게 구현되는지를 보여주는 매우 주목할 만한 사례가 될 것이다. 이 총서로 펴내는 책들은 지난 2~3년간 계간 문예지 『자음과모음』의 ‘스펙트라’, ‘하이브리드’ 꼭지를 통해 연재된 인문, 사회, 과학, 예술 제 분야의 (...) 원고를 대상으로 하는데, 총서 발간을 계기로 일정한 퇴고 기간을 거쳐 좀 더 핍진한 주제의식과 매력적인 문체로 짜임새 있게 가다듬었다. 국내 학자들의 야심 찬 학문적 실험과 매력적인 글쓰기가 한데 어우러진, 국내에서 자체로 생산되는 보기 드문 총서가 아닐 수 없다. 하이브리드 총서 1차분은 문학평론가이자 작곡가인 최정우의 『사유의 악보―이론의 교배와 창궐을 위한 불협화음의 비평들』, 디자인 연구자 박해천의 『콘크리트 유토피아』, 여성학자 권김현영 외 5인의 『남성성과 젠더』 총 3권이다. 음악, 문학, 철학, 미학, 정치학, 심리학, 신학, 윤리학 등 다방면의 이론을 교배시키며 현란하면서도 핍진한 사유의 장을 펼쳐 보이는 최정우, ‘아파트’라는 프레임을 통해 한국의 세대론과 시각문화를 통찰하는 박해천, 남성성이라는 주제 아래 젠더론의 새 논법을 제시하는 권김현영 외 5인 등, 익숙한 대상들을 낯선 시각과 실험적인 방법론을 통해 새롭게 조명해낸 이들의 탐구는 작금의 인문학도들에게 참조해야 할 중요한 판본이 될 것이다. 향후 이택광, 이현우, 박원익, 정여울 등의 근간도 준비 중이다. 한국 이론계에 출현한 새로운 ‘사유’의 가능성: 13개의 악장과 8개의 변주로 이루어진 사유의 악보 하이브리드 총서 첫 번째 책, 최정우의 『사유의 악보―이론의 교배와 창궐을 위한 불협화음의 비평들』은 오늘날의 사유와 사태를 규정한 근대의 이론과 작품 들을 교차하고 병치하고 혼합함으로써 근대와 근대 이후, 그리고 그 이후를 사유하는 비평에세이로, 작곡가이자 비평가인 저자가 지난 10년간 써온 글들을 다듬어 엮었다. 번역, 평론, 음악, 연극 등 다양한 분야에서 활동하고 있는 저자는 음악, 문학, 철학, 미학, 정치학, 심리학, 신학, 윤리학 등 예술?인문학 분야의 다양한 작품과 담론들을 독특한 방식으로 ‘접붙이는’ 비평 방식을 통해 경계의 경계되는 지점을 질문하고 새로운 사유, 새로운 글쓰기의 가능성을 찾는다. 이 책은 저자가 2000년부터 2010년까지 다양한 지면을 통해 썼던 글들과 미발표한 글들을 모은 것으로 1990년대 소위 ‘포스트모더니즘’의 철학이 풍미하고 그 이식의 행위들이 횡행했던 한국의 이론적이고 실제적인 풍경 속에서 쓰였다. 하나의 서곡과 하나의 종곡, 그리고 13개의 악장들과 8개의 변주곡들로 구성되어 있는 이 글들은 음악, 문학 등의 작품 비평에서 이론, 철학, 미학에 이르는 메타비평, 정치학과 심리학 등의 철학이론, 자서전 읽기, 좌담 등에 이르기까지 각각이 다양하고 고유한 사유의 작업들로서 편의상 분류한 위와 같은 이름들로 포섭하기 어렵다는 특징을 갖는다. 악장과 변주곡들로 비유된 이 글들은 서로 다른 분과의 학문과 대상들 간의 낯선 결합으로 이루어져 있다. 이 혼종의 사유, 하이브리드적 시도는 저자의 약력에서 예감되듯 체질적인 것인 동시에, 그 자체로 단순한 치환이 갖는 폭력에 대한 저자의 ‘문제의식’으로, 즉 의도라고도 할 수 있다. 새로운 사유와 글쓰기를 위한, 나아가 새로운 이론을 형성하기 위한 위험한 ‘감행’이다. 새로운 전시를 알리는 불친절한 책의 도발: 질문 없는 세대에게 던져진 몇 개의 아포리아 저자는 이 책에서 다양한 사태와 사례로써 근대와 탈근대를 조망하지만 단지 그것이 무엇인지 규명하는 데서 멈추지 않고 그 이후를 사유해야 한다고 종용한다. 언어와 이미지가 범람하는 이 시대의 우울과 불안, 그리고 무엇보다 무감각을 이유로 들면서 저자는 다시 이론과 사유가 가동되어야 할 필요성을 절박하게 외친다. 우리가 인간이기 때문에, 혹은 인문학이 위기인 시대에 살고 있기 때문에 사유해야 하는 것이 아니라, 오히려 그러한 강요된 이데올로기에서 새롭게 사유해야 할 근거를 찾는 것이다. 따라서 저자는 ‘시대’ 혹은 ‘세대’라고 하는 구성된 집단적 주체와 인위적 시공간에 대해 도발적 질문을 던진다, 그것들을 전복하기 위해. 이데올로기가 바로 그 이데올로기에 대한 해명과 폭로로써만은 결코 사라지지 않는 것과 마찬가지로, 우리 시대 혹은 세대가 지닌 불안과 우울에 대한 깊은 무감각은 그것의 직접적 원인으로 생각되는 것들을 파악하고 제시한다고 해서 절대 깨지거나 사라지지 않는다. 저자는 그래서 이러한 사태를 극단으로 가져간다. 저자는 이 책이 ‘확신을 가진 이들만을 위한 것’이라고 확신을 가지고 말한다. 이 책은 ‘설득’에 대한 믿음과 ‘절멸’에 대한 의지를 양극단에 대립항으로 위치시키는 철학적이고 실천적인 어떤 극단의 선택이라는 문제를 제출한다. ‘윤리인가 불가능성인가, 미학인가 정치학인가, 자기인가 타자인가, 번역인가 오역인가, 유물론인가 유신론인가, 동지인가 적인가, 시인가 소설인가, 정주인가 횡단인가, 합의인가 파국인가, 쇠렌 키르케고르의 어법을 차용해 이것인가 저것인가.’ 이러한 선택의 문제란 오히려 어떤 ‘선택 불가능성’에 대한 이론의 ‘가능성’을 열어젖힌다. 절멸의 가능성 혹은 불가능성을 사유하고 그 이전과 이후를 사유할 것을 역설하는 이 책의 글들은 이론 이후를 사유하고, 사유 이후를 실천하며, 실천 이후를 이론화하는, 오늘날 혁명을 사유하는 이론적 실험이다. 불친절한 의도를 가지고 쓰인 이 책은 ‘이론’의 증폭과 심화, ‘혁명’을 위한 친절한 ‘매뉴얼’인 것이다. (shrink)