The aim of the present study is to analyze individual differences in academic self-efficacy within a population of Unaccompanied Foreign Minors from the European cities of Ceuta and Melilla. Variables describing educational level and length of stay were considered in a sample of 377 individuals being cared for in different youth centers. Of these, 63.4% belonged to the group who had stayed at the center for less than 9 months and 36.6% reported a length of stay of more than 9 (...) months. The age of participants ranged between 8 and 17 years old. Once the quality parameters of the instrument were elaborated, reliability and validity was confirmed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis using Structural Equation Modeling methodology. Data collection was then initiated. The results overall indicate that 87.6% of those who completed the questionnaire reported a higher level of self-efficacy with regards to working with any classmate, whilst at the same time seeing themselves as capable of achieving good marks. ANOVA results indicated significant differences with respect to educational level and length of stay. In this regard, students who had received professional training and had been at the Center for more than 9 months, were the ones who developed greater academic self-efficacy for spending more time working when tasks were judged to be difficult. The results obtained demonstrate that any intervention will be positive as long as it promotes different institutions to develop strategies that cater to a length of stay of more than 9 months and target education, academic self-efficacy, socialization and strengthening the future workforce. Such interventions can be directed through new European, Spanish or local level policies. It is clear that institutions still have a lot of work left to do. (shrink)

If Unamuno had been able to choose how to be remembered, he would have wanted him to be a poet. This book wants to do justice to that happy possibility. But above all because Unamuno was a poet in the highest sense: he was while writing the same essay as a novel, or theater, letter or verse, and he was also a poet when he passionately lived all the facets of his intense existence. His intellectual work was poetic and his (...) personal relationships, as well as his political activity, also responded to that peculiar Unamunian aesthetic in which the vital horizon is inescapably confused with the tasks of thought." --Translated from back cover. (shrink)

Nos adentramos en el conocimiento metafísico del mundo como dolor en Schopenhauer y su pesimismo trágico, desde una valoración estética de la realidad. Se analiza el mundo en su dualidad trágica esencial Mundo como Voluntad y Representación, se profundiza en el concepto de arte como liberador del mundo como representación. Desde una concepción de la vida como dolor se reflexiona sobre la negación de la voluntad de vivir y la religión como respuesta mítica al dolor del mundo, estimando la contemplación, (...) mística y ascetismo como liberación. Su estética y filosofía supone ser simbiosis entre su pesimismo trágico y la orientalización de Europa en el siglo XIX. (shrink)

Mi ensayo trata de mostrar que es insostenible la ficción de Rorty de una civilización avanzada científicamente cuyos habitantes no sintieran el dolor como una vivencia sufrida en primera persona y que únicamente lo captaran como una excitación objetiva de su sistema nervioso. Entre otras dudas relativas a que esa captación objetiva y exacta se hallaría en indefinida reconstrucción teórica y a que ella no puede ser la experiencia primera del dolor ni siquiera en esa otra galaxia, aduzco que tener (...) un estado fisiológico no equivale por principio a captarlo y que captar determinados rasgos objetivos no puede equivaler por principio a sufrir, a padecer. Concluyo señalando que Rorty, en su empeño por impugnar las representaciones mentales, pierde de vista cómo la experiencia del dolor manifiesta sobre todo la condición originaria del cuerpo vivido.My paper tries to show that Rorty’s fiction of a scientifically developed civilization whose inhabitants should not feel pain as a first-person experience, but would grasp it rather as an objective state of their nervous system, is unsustainable from a phenomenological point of view. I point out several doubts concerning the facts that such an objective apprehension would be in an indefinite process of theoretical reconstruction, and that even in that other galaxy it could not be valid as the original pain situation. But then I focus on the principles that to have a physiological state cannot be equiva-lent to grasping it, and second that to grasp several objective features cannot be equivalent to suffering or to undergoing pain. I conclude by suggesting that Rorty’s eagerness to discard mental representations made him neglect the lived body as implied in everyday experience: the body, not the mind, comes to the fore in the experience of pain. (shrink)

Biobanking in Europe has made major steps towards harmonization and shared standards for the collection and processing of data and samples stored in biobanks. Still, biobanks and researchers face substantial legal difficulties in the field of data protection and sample management. Data protection law was harmonized almost 15 years ago while rights in samples fall under the competence of the Member States of the EU. Despite the Data Protection Directive the field of data protection shows a substantial degree of deviation (...) as public health was excluded from the harmonization. Biobanks seem to have substantially fewer difficulties to cope with in terms of the legal requirements in the field of sample management. This paper discusses the legal framework, experiences of different biobanks in Europe and potential ways forward. It also highlights the need for a health economic analysis of the costs and benefits of privacy protection in Europe. At the moment, policymakers seem to build their decisions on an insufficient evidence base which underestimates the potential value of biobanks for European public health. Within the past few years little progress has been achieved with regards to the development of a unified legal framework in Europe, The diversity in the legal system is also reflected in the different approaches of ethics committees towards biobanking. To secure the responsible and effective use of data and samples, more efforts are needed to come up with pathways for a solution. (shrink)

The perception of sensory effects generated by one’s own actions is typically attenuated compared to the same effects generated externally. However, it is unclear whether this specifically relates to self-generation. Recent studies showed that sensory attenuation mainly relies on action preparation, not actual action execution. Hence, an attenuation of sensory effects generated by another person might occur if these actions can be anticipated and thus be prepared for.Here, we compared the perceived loudness of sounds generated by one’s own actions and (...) actions of another person that either could or could not be anticipated. We found an attenuation of the perceived loudness for self- as compared to other-generated sounds. This difference was independent of whether the sound-eliciting actions of the other person could be anticipated or not. Thus, sensory attenuation seems to be specifically tied to self-generation instead of being a secondary effect of agent-independent preparation for an upcoming action. (shrink)

Desarrollamos un análisis comparativo de las vivencias del dolor físico y de la imaginación desde la perspectiva fenomenológica. Partimos de la hipótesis de que ambas vivencias forman los estados límite de la vida consciente. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar las características esenciales de dichas vivencias y para ello seguimos los textos más relevantes de la tradición fenomenológica, especialmente los de Husserl y Sartre. Los de Husserl dedicados al cuerpo vivido y a las sensaciones táctiles, por un lado, y los dedicados a (...) la conciencia de imagen y a la fantasía, por el otro, son totalmente imprescindibles, y los complementamos con los de Sartre dedicados a la imaginación. Recurrimos también a estudios fenomenológicos actuales sobre ambas vivencias. En primer lugar describiremos la vivencia del dolor físico como una auto-afección que en casos de dolor severo destruye el fundamento de la constitución de sentido que es el cuerpo vivido. En segundo lugar, describiremos la imaginación como la reproducción de una experiencia posible. La conciencia como auto-afección es opuesta a la conciencia como reproducción de modo que, efectivamente, ambas forman los limites extremos de la conciencia humana como subjetividad encarnada. (shrink)

El libro centroamericano de los muertos de Balam Rodrigo es un retrato del terrible viaje que realizan los migrantes centroamericanos al pasar por México. Este oscila entre el verso y la prosa poética, así como en la narrativa, pues en ocasiones los poemas cuentan historias de muerte y desamparo de una persona en particular. Aunado a esto se encuentran los encabezados o extractos de notas periodísticas que titulan algunos poemas o se mezclan con los versos. Así, la naturaleza del libro (...) de Rodrigo es híbrida. Por ello en el presente artículo se analiza cómo es que el lenguaje perteneciente al mundo no-poético, se fusiona con los versos y crea metáforas y significados que van más allá de sus propias páginas. Lo cual hace que el lector sienta el dolor y angustia de los migrantes y se vuelva consciente de esta realidad. Esto se descubre al rastrear las fuentes originales de los extractos periodísticos, respetando el orden que da el autor. Como resultado se obtienen mapas espaciales y temporales, que exigen al lector conocer a fondo la causa que los propios versos gritan. (shrink)

In Sept. 1798, eight years after the publication of his three famous critiques, the oíd Kant complains, in a letter to his friend Christian Gane, that he is tortured by a "tantalic pain", because he had not found yet any insight of the "whole of philosophy". The aim of this - study is to "diagnose" this pain and to reveal an efficacious "therapy". It is explicated that Kant's project of an "a priori judging reason" suffers from Ihe unsolvable difficulty of (...) application, caused by the total abstrac tion of empirical contents. ln order to break up this difficulty, the rehabi litation of sentiments seems to be necessary. Thus it becomes possible to comprehend the processua.l wholeness of the kantian critiques: the - mutual relationship of feeling ("Critique of judgement"), thinking ("Critique of pure reason") and willing ("Ctitique of practical reason"). By means of Uds onto-logo-ellzi cal dimension the basic desire of kantian criticism becomes apparent in its positivity: the "renovation of metaphy sics by refutation of scepticism and indifferentism". (shrink)

This article discusses the Australian government’s immigration policies in the context of the global refugee crisis in the years 2015–2016, as reflected and dramatised through the polemical novel b...

El propósito del siguiente artículo consiste en elucidar algunos aspectos de la dinámica intersubjetiva de la expresión y el reconocimiento del dolor ajeno. Para ello se ha acudido a la noción artística de encarnación, presente en la tradición teatral moderna del realismo psicológico, en contraposición con su reinterpretación contemporánea en el arte de acción o performance. Mientras que en el primer caso la encarnación escénica del dolor remite a la encarnación de un personaje doliente, que implica un proceso de descorporización, (...) la encarnación performativa del dolor puede definirse, a la inversa, como un proceso de corporización de la vulnerabilidad. De la descripción y contraste de ambas propuestas dramáticas surgen interesantes consideraciones acerca de los posibles desajustes o desconexiones en el circuito intersubjetivo del dolor, así como también una comprensión de la retórica del dolor como estrategia de comunicación en la sociedad hipertecnológica. (shrink)

En este escrito nos proponemos mostrar la relación estrecha entre la problemática técnica y la vivencia histórica del dolor, propia de la era digital, en la que el sufrimiento es un sentimiento que se intenta negar o disfrazar. Desde nuestra perspectiva comprendemos el dolor como una experiencia fundamental que es importante asumir y vivir de forma cabal pues nos abre de manera originaria al mundo que nos rodea y a nosotros mismos. Para llevar a cabo esta tarea tomaremos en cuenta (...) la interpretación de Nietzsche y Jünger, quienes sostienen que el dolor tiene un carácter interpretativo epocal, esto nos lleva a reconocer la figura propia del dolor en la era de la técnica, donde se pretende ocultar esta experiencia con una apariencia de seguridad y confort que nos brindan la técnica, lo que se agudiza en la era digital con la autoexplotación y optimización de la existencia que denuncia Byung Chul Han. (shrink)

Esta investigación se centra en tres modalidades de vivencia del dolor que posibilitan un horizonte de encuentro con la alteridad. En primer lugar se lleva a cabo un análisis fenomenológico del sufrimiento como elemento de extrañamiento, presencia heterogénea que irrumpe en la existencia y altera su curso normal. A continuación se trata sobre la violencia, entendida aquí como una relación intersubjetiva en la que un individuo interactúa con otro a través del dolor, ya sea infligiéndolo o padeciéndolo. El trabajo se (...) cierra con varias consideraciones sobre la compasión, en tanto que supone una apertura hacia la intersubjetividad y un encuentro con una alteridad que se capta y manifiesta en su dimensión doliente. (shrink)

Drawing on stakeholder theory and the evolutionary approach to institutions, this paper investigates the channels through which corporate social responsibility (CSR) is developed in post-communist economies by focusing on the employee background factors that shape the employees' expectations with regard to corporate socially responsible behaviour. We identify three channels through which exogenous and endogenous CSR are developed: employees with work experience in multinational enterprises (MNEs) (leading to exogenous CSR), employees with CSR knowledge (leading to exogenous CSR) and employees with experience (...) of the socialist system (leading to endogenous CSR). Furthermore, we argue that the interactions between these channels lead to hybrid CSR in transition economies. We use a questionnaire-based survey with employees of domestic and MNEs in Romania and we conduct regression analysis. We find that employees with work experience in MNEs act as channels for exogenous CSR, while employees with experience of the socialist system act as channels for endogenous CSR. Furthermore, employees with experience of the socialist system and CSR knowledge or work experience in an MNE act as channels for hybrid CSR in transition economies. Based on our results, we put forward implications for theory, managers and policy makers. (shrink)

El objetivo del siguiente texto es presentar la distinción entre sufrimiento y dolor; y ofrecer unas nociones básicas sobre cómo los pensamientos y emociones pueden influir directamente sobre respuestas fisiológicas, de qué forma los factores psicológicos afectan también a su modo de afrontarlo; e ilustrarlo con ejemplos. Así se pretende ayudar a entender, por ejemplo, cómo los sentimientos de indefensión pueden incrementar la percepción de dolor, o cómo las relaciones con otras personas pueden muy bien reforzarlo.

The article takes into consideration human pain from a threefold approach. First, it considers pain as an anthropological reality; second, it shows how medical sciences have contributed to such a reality; and finally, it addresses spiritual pain, recognizing how relevant the latter is for the care of patients, mainly for palliative care. Thus, the aim of the article is to motivate a reflection on how to treat human pain in a comprehensive way.

Lawrence, Carmen Why should we protect our heritage? In the broadest sense our heritage is what we inherit; it's what we value of that inheritance and what we decide to keep and protect for future generations. Heritage is both global enough to encompass our shock at the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan in Afghanistan and as local as our own sepia-tinted family photographs. Everything which our predecessors have bequeathed, both tangible and intangible, may be called heritage - landscapes, (...) structures, objects, traditions, stories and language. (shrink)

This article provides a discussion of the concepts of politics, sovereignty and man in the thinking of CARL SCHMITT and THOMAS HOBBES, clarifying certain similarities and differences between the two authors. It attempts to understand the well-known theory of the German author concerning that which is political, as drawn from the struggle and distinction between friend/foe in light of the threat posed by the Hobbesian state of nature and the meaning of war. These ideas call for a State that does (...) not arise as the result of a contract, but from unity based on exclusions, according to SCHMITT. The Acerca de los conceptos de política Dolores Marcos y soberanía en Carl Schmitt y Thomas Hobbes need for an absolute power that can protect and coerce connects with certain features of HOBBES´ Leviathan. Finally, the conflictive dimension of man is understood as essential for the political realm, which is based, precisely, on egotistical and dange rous features in human beings. Understanding this sphere turns out to be essential for developing an approach to the resolution of conflicts. (shrink)

O artigo ten como obxectivo facer un percorrido por tres momentos da escritura filosófica no que o fenómeno do límite ou fronteira do pensamento se pon claramente de manifesto no discurso. En primeiro lugar, Kant, como artífice da produtiva noción dunha “fronteira [Grenze]” da razón como condición e límite do pensamento; en segundo lugar, Hegel, como o seu máximo crítico na “asunción [Aufhebung]” da negación da fronteira kantiana; e, finalmente, Kierkegaard, cuxa contribución á discusión dos seus predecesores consiste no “pathos (...) [Lidenskab]” do límite que Kant demarca e Hegel supera, pois no caso do pensador dinamarqués o límite da filosofía é ao mesmo tempo paradoxo, é dicir, algo que non pode ser coñecido senón tan só re-coñecido pola razón e que pon xustamente a razón no seu límite. (shrink)

Thi s w or k i s pa r t o f a r e visio n i n p r o g r es s r e visitin g o f mode r n Antidiscrimination L a w tha t th e author s h a v e bee n ca r r yin g ou t o v e r th e las t f iftee n y ears . Th e f irs t pa r t e (...) xamine s t e xt s by a U S politica l philosophe r an d t w o l e ga l scholar s (I . M . Y oung , C . A. MacKinno n an d K . Crensh a w) , tha t h a v e inspire d a propose d concep t o f discriminatio n and a n understandin g o f intersectionalit y base d o n th e ackn o wledgemen t o f system s o f oppres- sion . Th e secon d pa r t focuse s o n th e ana l ysi s o f th e concep t o f multipl e o r intersectional discriminatio n propose d by th e Spanis h l e ga l doctrin e sta r tin g fro m th e l e ga l cas e o f “La Nena” , a w oma n ma r rie d by th e Gips y ritua l tha t w a s denie d he r wid o w ’ s bene f its . F rom th e ab o v e , th e pape r conclude s wit h a serie s o f proposals , amon g w hic h thos e relate d to th e nee d t o a v oi d tha t th e intersectionalit y discours e disag g r e gate s g rou p politica l identity int o ind i vidualit y , reinforce s th e s e x-gende r system , o r strengthen s a n e xcess i v e ly judge- base d Antidiscriminatio n L a w. (shrink)

El hecho de que las variables socioculturales influyan en la interpretación del dolor y el sufrimiento conducen a replantear el modo de comprender a los seres humanos. En el presente artículo se reflexiona acerca del dolor y el sufrimiento desde su dimensión simbólica. De este modo, se presenta las Weltanschauungen como clave de comprensión e interpretación del ser humano tomando como punto de partida el dolor y el sufrimiento.

Among the most enduring taboos, those related to the human body are the most enduring, throughout history. Be it its re/presentation of exploration, it constituted for most cultures and epochs a very sensitive subject, ever evolving and changing, but perennially raw and open to debate and discussion. With the advent of new technologies sustaining and infiltrating society, the body is seen, explored and represented in new ways that can be, simultaneously, interpreted either as transgressive or respectful of taboos, depending on (...) the point of view or the current social norms. The question is: are we able to transcend transgression of taboos through our work or are we still far from achieving it? Our tools are computer-generated simulations based on patient-collected data. Building our arguments on Foucault’s Birth of the Clinic (1973) analysis, we approach the evolution of our own research as a ‘case study’. In the age of the life-support, stem-cell therapy and 3D organ printing, is computer simulation mimicking or mirroring organic life and phenomena, or is it creating a debatable simulacrum? From reducing the human body to a series of equations that lead to depersonalization and loss of self, to tailored modelling based on patient-collected biological data, the computer simulations took a variety of guises. At each point of the way, confronting the taboos, conventions and through controlled transgressions of established rules, we strived to transcend all historic limitations and update, adjust and fine-tune the technology and its uses to better suit the clinicians’ pursuits. (shrink)

La piedra clave que sostiene el sistema simbólico de las religiones, es sin duda, la experiencia de salvación. F. Heiler afirmaba que el aroma de las religiones es la soteriología y R. Panikkar proponía definir el hecho religioso con tres simples palabras: "camino de salvación". Por ello, la realidad existencial del dolor y el sufrimiento son el gran reto lanzado a la experiencia religiosa: proponéis salvación, se puede decir a los creyentes, pero el dolor y el sufrimiento siguen existiendo. ¿Cómo (...) es posible? Por ello, todas las religiones de formas muy diferentes, responden a la pregunta por sufrimiento y proponen formas para integrarlo existencialmente. (shrink)

The text brings a reflection on pain and memory relationship from Colombian sculptor Doris Salcedos’s work Shibboleth, whose background is the current Colombian armed conflict. More precisely, it emphasizes on the relevance of memory in a community’s authentic historical configuration. Or, in Beuys’ words, showing the wounds is highly important when trying to find cure and healing for a serious ill society, bathed in a bloody conflict between those born there, a land that, like it or not, it’s found to (...) be common for all of us. (shrink)

La experiencia de musulmanes, judíos y cristianos ante el sufrimiento, la muerte y la enfermedad tiene muchos puntos en común que es necesario y urgente resaltar. El libro está dividido entres partes que corresponden a las tres tradiciones analizadas. Consta de treinta artículos escritos por veintisiete autores. Participan profesores no sólo de las Universidades de Comillas, Deusto y Granada sino del Instituto Bíblico de Roma, de la Universidad Gregoriana de Roma, de la Universidad de Munich, de la Universidad Complutense de (...) Madrid, del Seminario Evangélico Unido de Teología (SEUT) y de la Facultad de Teología de Catalunya. Colaboran, por supuesto, sacerdotes católicos, pastores protestantes, un rabino y el secretario del Consejo Europeo de Mezquitas. Sin duda, nos encontramos ante una gran aportación en el campo de la Bioética y en la reflexión en torno al dolor, la enfermedad y la muerte. (shrink)

Dienes & Perner argue that the explicit representation of an individual to which a property is attributed requires explicit representation of the attributed property. The reasons for this conclusion are similar to the reasons why another of their conclusions may be considered suspect: A property may be explicit without an explicit representation of an individual or the predication of the property to an individual. We question the latter conclusion and draw connections to neurophysiological and cognitive evidence.

Women's equality claims have occupied the forefront of the European debate on face-veil bans; most claims have been denounced as mere manipulation for anti-Islamic and/or anti-immigrant political agendas, and the dilemma between anti-sexist and anti-racist struggles has been argued to be false. This article examines how opportunistic manipulation of gender equality claims and the ‘ethnicisation’ of sexism have been assessed and confronted in the scholarly debate opposing the bans, as well as the impact that this debate has had on women's (...) equality claims and the intersectionality issue. I argue that the women's oppression argument has not been fully considered, because it would have disrupted the anti-racist struggle due to unresolved problems with understanding intersectionality. (shrink)