En el planteamiento de Kant, el estado civil de derecho debe regirse exclusivamente por los mandatos de una legislación jurídica. La facultad de coaccionar (indisociable del derecho) no puede estar mezclada con nada ético. Sin embargo, en el presente artículo se trata de defender que, desde el propio planteamiento de Kant, la política en general (y, por lo tanto, también el desarrollo legislativo ordinario de cualquier sistema de derecho) resultan imposibles si no se supone cierta virtud cívica.

The goal of this article is to discuss several critical positions published recently in academic journals on the book The order of ‘Capital’, which aim is to lay the foundations for a republican reading of Marx’s major work. The core of the argument focuses against any attempt to derive normative proposals from scientific discoveries. From here, clarifying some key concepts and positions of the republican tradition is a necessary condition in order to show the close solidarity between Marx and Kant (...) about the formal and institutional conditions of any possible theory of justice. (shrink)

En este texto abordamos el papel de la escuela en la producción de lo común y la diferencia como mandatos del Estado en el marco de los procesos de producción-reproducción del orden social. Inicialmente, discutimos lo común como relato de ficción demandado a la escuela durante los procesos de formación del Estado-nación. A continuación, abordamos lo común producido por la escuela, como efecto desbordado del relato de ficción de lo común-universal. Finalmente, analizamos el mandato de la escuela contemporánea para la (...) producción de la diversidad-diferencia, como nuevo régimen de verdad en la producción del individuo solipsista y las comunidades cerradas hiperfragmentadas. Como cierre, planteamos la paradoja de este nuevo mandato escolar para la producción de la diversidad-diferencia en un momento histórico en el que se ha consolidado un cierto común que podría servir de plataforma para disputar ese orden capitalista que hoy, como reverso, es lo único común globalizado. (shrink)

El propósito de esta investigación es caracterizar la inversión española en Ecuador, y analizar las percepciones sobre ésta de las empresas ibéricas que desarrollan su actividad en esta república Latinoamericana. Esta información es de especial relevancia para las instituciones gubernamentales, y para los potenciales inversores. Para realizar el trabajo se utilizó una metodología cualitativa con una perspectiva socioeconómica de tipo exploratoria de bola de nieve. Los resultados muestran como principal conclusión que los diez años del gobierno del presidente Rafael Correa (...) han sido positivos para la inversión en términos generales debido a la continuidad del gobierno que influyó en una mayor estabilidad política y social, que dio lugar a un periodo de crecimiento económico por encima de muchos países desarrollados. En relación a las multinacionales españolas, también fue favorable, por su participación en grandes proyectos de obra civil que supusieron importantes ingresos en una época de recesión económica y reducida inversión en España. (shrink)

en este trabajo analizo las diversas interpretaciones que ha suscitado la teoría del conocimiento de Giordano Bruno a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. El objetivo principal es destacar una serie de problemas fundamentales que han de ser superados si se quiere esclarecer adecuadamente el conjunto de la propuesta gnoseológica de Bruno, en concreto sus tesis relativas al estatuto y función de la facultad fantástica y sus productos, las imágenes. Son tres los problemas destacados: la confusión terminológica que (...) por parte de los intérpretes se observa en torno al concepto “imago”, en su doble sentido ontológico y gnoseológico; la tesis de que los productos mentales carecen de rasgos lógicos, idea a su vez derivada de una interpretación en exceso idealista de la génesis del conocimiento y la tesis de la “inmanencia fantásica”, consistente en reducir toda actividad gnoseológica al ámbito de la fantasía. Para justificar la problematicidad inherente a estas ideas acudiré tanto al texto bruniano como a la conocida distinción escolástica entre “concepto formal” y “concepto objetivo”. (shrink)

"Epistola a Memeceo, Maximas capitales, Sentencias vaticanas, fragmentos y testimonios; texto griego y traduccion": p. [87]-161.

At least since Kuhn’s Structure, philosophers have studied the influence of social factors in science’s pursuit of truth and knowledge. More recently, formal models and computer simulations have allowed philosophers of science and social epistemologists to dig deeper into the detailed dynamics of scientific research and experimentation, and to develop very seemingly realistic models of the social organization of science. These models purport to be predictive of the optimal allocations of factors, such as diversity of methods used in science, size (...) of groups, and communication channels among researchers. In this paper we argue that the current research faces an empirical challenge. The challenge is to connect simulation models with data. We present possible scenarios about how the challenge may unfold. (shrink)

Political fact-checkers evaluate the truthfulness of politicians’ claims. This paper contributes to an emerging scholarly debate on whether fact-checkers treat political parties differently in a systematic manner depending on their ideology (bias). We first examine the available approaches to analyze bias and then present a new approach in two steps. First, we propose a logistic regression model to analyze the outcomes of fact-checks and calculate how likely each political party will obtain a truth score. We test our model with a (...) sample of fact-checks from Newtral, a major Spanish fact-checker. Our model would signal bias under two assumptions: a) all political parties are on average equally accurate in their statements; b) the verification method gives precise instructions and is implemented systematically. We investigate this second assumption with a series of interviews with Newtral fact-checkers. We show that standard verification protocols are so loosely implemented that fact-checks reflect a set of journalistic decisions, rather than a bias in the statistical sense. We call for a more rigorous definition of verification methods as a pre-requisite for an unbiased assessment of politician’s claims. (shrink)

Induced abortion is a worldwide practice and its legalisation is a persistent demand of the women’s movement. Although in the academic literature there are numerous studies that address the study of fertility, nowhere near as much attention has been given to the analysis of induced abortion and its determining factors, and even less to the consideration of gender equality as a variable through which to understand it. This article focuses on the influence of gender equality on the rate of induced (...) abortion in different European countries. To that end the authors have constructed an econometric panel data model with information from 26 European countries for the period 2006–2011. They have analysed comparative indicators of the gender gap in terms of education, employment and wages. In addition, they have taken into account sociodemographic covariables such as the average age of motherhood, the migration rate and the percentage of births to unmarried mothers in each country. Also, as contextual factors the authors used the Human Development Index and an indicator of the legislation on abortion in the countries studied, as well as the percentage of the population who identify as having religious beliefs. The results show that the induced abortion rate is conditioned not only by national legislation on abortion, but also by gender equalities, specifically that as gender inequality decreases, so too does the frequency of induced abortions. These findings have clear political implications, showing as they do how improvements in the status of women, particularly with respect to their social and economic rights, impact on women’s reproductive decisions. (shrink)

The scientific approach to these social conglomerates implies the assumption of a systemic and anti-essentialist posture that considers the complexity of the social weave. In this article the process of interpreting these agricultural communities from the phenomenological perspective is consid..

En los estudios de Marx sobre el modo de producción específicamente capitalista en la periferia, más allá de Europa occidental, encontramos un doble movimiento: sus estudios históricos configuran todo un campo de tensiones en el que podemos examinar sus posiciones políticas y teóricas entrecruzadas con los cambios y las contradicciones históricas del siglo xix. Analizando las opiniones de Marx sobre la cuestión colonial y la cuestión nacional en casos tan variados como los de India, América Latina, China, Irlanda, Polonia o (...) Rusia comprobamos su distanciamiento creciente pero irregular con respecto al “sistema” hegeliano, que nunca dejó de inspirarlo, en un intento de superar la teleología de la historia. En cuestionamiento se encontraba el presupuesto de que las formas sociales superiores surgen del agotamiento y la aniquilación de las directamente inferiores. Aunque imperfecta, la superación de la teleología acercó a Marx al reconocimiento de la coexistencia en el espacio y en el tiempo de formas sociales heterogéneas, lo que apuntaba hacia una concepción diferente de la teoría y la acción política. (shrink)

Si no me falla la memoria, fue el dibujante Álvaro Barrios quien afirmó que el trabajo del artista contemporáneo colombiano se desarrolla según una agenda de trabajo. Si miramos algunos fenómenos del arte último en Colombia, podemos señalar que su agenda está determinada por el intento de comprensión de los procesos de la violencia en el país, a partir de una amplia gama de aproximaciones al concepto de memoria que ha tenido resonancia en las disciplinas humanísticas, las investigaciones académicas, el (...) uso político del concepto por parte de la legislación estatal, y una gran diversidad de eventos artísticos. Desde el ámbito del arte, exposiciones como Destierro y reparación (2008), Tapices de Mampuján (2010), La guerra que no hemos visto (2009) o La piel de la memoria (2011), han discutido sobre la violencia en Colombia desde la aproximación a los procesos de comprensión de la memoria y nuestro pasado reciente. Así, la imbricación de violencia y memoria se manifiesta en la visión del pasado y en los efectos que este puede desplegar sobre el presente, en tanto se ha considerado, incluso, a la memoria como una instancia de reconciliación social. (shrink)

Esta reseña artística, escrita especialmente por Carlos Arturo Fernández Uribe, está dedicada a un artista que tiene una innegable importancia en el espíritu de la marginalidad tipográfica. Fernández Uribe comenta los ejercicios que José Antonio Suárez dedicó a los vaciados de la colección Pizano, copias de obras clásicas utilizadas durante mucho tiempo en las clases de pintura y escultura de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Las relaciones entre el homenaje, el centón, la apropiación y la copia que (...) van de la literatura y la filosofía a las artes visuales son más que evidentes. (shrink)

Do basic emotions produce their predicted facial expressions in nonlaboratory settings? Available studies in naturalistic settings rarely test causation, but do show a surprisingly weak correlation between emotions and their predicted facial expressions. This evidence from field studies is more consistent with facial behavior having many causes, functions, and meanings, as opposed to their being fixed signals of basic emotion.

A partir de mediados del siglo XIX, y como rechazo de la historiografía del arte subordinada a sistemas filosóficos universales, el Formalismo intenta desarrollar la Historia del Arte como disciplina científica a partir del principio de la autonomía artística. La expresión más acabada de los métodos formalistas se encuentra en los conceptos de Wolfflin y en su explicación del paso entre el Renacimiento y el Barroco. Las ideas del Formalismo tuvieron una resonancia permanente en el desarrollo de las vanguardias y (...) su interés por el predominio de la forma artística. Pero, de la misma manera, estas ideas participaron en la crisis de toda la Modernidad. En las últimas décadas han aparecido nuevas perspectivas que intentan recuperar sus aportes para la disciplina de la Historia del Arte y la práctica de la crítica. (shrink)

Hans Belting ofrece un nuevo método de acercamiento al icono denominado "narración histórica". Esta nueva perspectiva, en cierto modo cercana a la orientación hermenéutica, permite comprender el sentido de la iconografia anterior a la Era del Arte, a partir de su contextos histórico, social y político. En el caso del arte bizantino, el cual estaba orientado hacia las prácticas cultuales, esta nueva perspectiva interpretativa sobrepasa el ámbito de la Historia del Arte, dado que permite comprender, más allá de su mero (...) valor estético, la evolución de las creencias religiosas. (shrink)

El artículo se ocupa del problema del fin del arte estableciendo una relación entre el arte y la historia del arte, y resalta, además, la importancia de sus efectos teóricos y metodológicos sobre la historiografía del arte. Así, pretende establecer un vínculo entre la posibilidad y desarrollo de las disciplinas que se refieren al arte, como por ejemplo la historia del arte, y lo que se entiende como arte. Sin embargo, no se pretende ver el marco conceptual del arte como (...) el resultado de una historia exclusivamente filosófica, sino también ligado a su condición histórica y a la reflexión en torno a determinados conceptos y realidades históricamente dadas. (shrink)

Los pueblos indígenas en México viven en un contexto de pobreza extrema, desigualdad social y discriminación que les obstaculiza el acceso y ejercicio del derecho a la educación, llave para mejorar su calidad de vida. La educación oficial, por disposición normativa, debe atender al criterio de interculturalidadderivado de la conformación multicultural de la sociedad mexicana, diferenciándose entre la educación intercultural con pertinencia cultural y lingüística para dichos pueblos, y la educación intercultural para toda la sociedad. Con esta premisa, considerando postulados (...) de la filosofía de la interculturalidad, se analiza argumentativamente el escenario de la educación superior para las etnias, materializado en instituciones de educación superior interculturales y convencionales; identificando la presencia de discentes de origen étnico en ambas. A partir de ello, se realizan propuestas para que las instituciones convencionales cumplan con el criterio de interculturalidad, que permita la incorporación de estudiantes indígenas sin menoscabo desu identidad cultural. (shrink)

According to a growing body of studies, people’s ability to forecast future emotional experiences is generally biased. Nonetheless, the existing literature has mainly explored affective forecasting in relation to specific events, whereas little is still known about the ability to make general estimations of future emotional states. Based on existing evidence suggesting future-oriented disposition as a key factor for mental health, the aims of the current study were (1) to investigate the relationship between negative (NA) and positive (PA) affective forecasting (...) biases and perceived psychological well-being, and (2) to explore whether positively biased predictions are associated with resilience and foster one’s skills to cope with stressful events. To do so, we asked 85 undergraduate students to forecast PA and NA over two weeks, as well as to report their daily affect through a web-based Ecological Momentary Assessment. According to the results, positively biased PA forecasting (i.e., overestimating positive emotional states) was associated with greater perceived psychological well-being and higher resilience. When high levels of stress were experienced, participants holding an optimistic, yet biased, estimation of future PA were more likely to successfully manage stressors, thus maintaining lower levels of NA and higher levels of positive emotions. We suggest that positively biased PA forecasting is an adaptive cognitive distortion that boosts people’s resilience and mental health, thus opening new avenues for the promotion of psychological well-being. (shrink)

The progress of Mathematics during the nineteenth century was characterised both by an enormous acquisition of new knowledge and by the attempts to introduce rigour in reasoning patterns and mathematical writing. Cauchy’s presentation of Mathematical Analysis was not immediately accepted, and many writers, though aware of that new style, did not use it in their own mathematical production. This paper is devoted to an episode of this sort that took place in Spain during the first half of the century: It (...) deals with the presentation of a method for numerically solving algebraic equations by José Mariano Vallejo, a late Spanish follower of the Enlightenment ideas, politician, writer, and mathematician who published it in the fourth (1840) edition of his book Compendio de Matemáticas Puras y Mistas, claiming to have discovered it on his own. Vallejo’s main achievement was to write down the whole procedure in a very careful way taking into account the different types of roots, although he paid little attention to questions such as convergence checks and the fulfilment of the hypotheses of Rolle’s Theorem. For sure this lack of mathematical care prevented Vallejo to occupy a place among the forerunners of Computational Algebra. (shrink)

There is currently much debate in the economic literature about whether ethical investment involves a financial sacrifice or premium. One of the most common methods of testing this compares the financial performance of ethical investment funds with that of other funds not considered “socially responsible” or ethical. The majority of these research studies evaluate the performance of the ethical funds according to classic measures, whereby different financial markets, in different countries and for different periods of time serve as reference for (...) evaluation. The ultimate conclusion of all of these studies is that there are no significant differences between the performance results of one type of funds and the other. In Spain, ethical investment funds are still an incipient sector of investment. To date, the Spanish market has not been included in any type of analysis of these characteristics. Therefore the main objective of this article is to compare the financial performance of ethical investment funds to that of other funds in the Spanish retail market. We propose the aggregate type of analysis as the Spanish ethical investment funds have experienced a weaker development in comparison to those of other developed countries. In the first step we suggest the financial performance to be compared by style analysis since the asset distribution of the Spanish Social Return Investment (SRI) funds differs from the European trend. In particular, we use the multifactor regression model with style benchmarks. We found that their financial performance is in all cases superior or similar to that achieved by the rest of the funds. In the second step, to achieve a more robust and homogeneous comparison, we used the bootstrap method, comparing ethical and non-ethical fund subsamples by homogeneous groups. No significant differences between these two types of funds have been found. Thus, if we assume the positive o neutral effect of ethical investment on investor utility in the retail Spanish market the financial and social performance (FSP) of ethical funds will be, in aggregate, superior to the FSP achieved by conventional funds. In conclusion, the financial performance of ethical mutual funds in Spain is no sacrifice. (shrink)

Corporate, Social, Ethical and Environmental Reporting should ideally discharge the accountability of an organisation to its stakeholders. Voluntary reporting has been characterised by a dearth of neutral and objective information such that the advocates of SEER recommend that it be made compulsory. Their underlying rationale is that legally specified disclosure requirements and enforcement mechanisms will enhance the quality of such reporting. This paper sets out to explore how realistic this scenario actually is, in view of the conflicting interpretations in the (...) literature on this subject. To that end, a survey of the reporting patterns of 78 of the largest Spanish companies between 2001 and 2003 examines the extent of their compliance with the ICAC-2002 standard, which obliged them to make environmental disclosures in their financial statements. The results suggest that progressive and improved regulation could increase the volume and quality of SEER disclosures. They also suggest, however, that persistent non-compliance means that the problems associated with voluntary disclosure still exist. Finally, through an impression management perspective, the study reveals, the diverse strategies, ranging from dismissal to concealment, that are employed by companies to avoid transparency. As regulation improves and enforcement expectations rise, it becomes more difficult to dismiss compulsory reporting norms. As a result, some firms engage in more complex concealment strategies to attain corporate legitimacy, depriving stakeholders of regulatory information. The latter point serves to reconcile apparently contradictory explanations in the literature as to whether legitimacy theory might explain partial compliance with SEER regulation. (shrink)

8 March, now known as International Women’s Day, is a day for feminist claims where demonstrations are organized in over 150 countries, with the participation of millions of women all around the world. These demonstrations can be viewed as collective rituals and thus focus attention on the processes that facilitate different psychosocial effects. This work aims to explore the mechanisms involved in participation in the demonstrations of 8 March 2020, collective and ritualized feminist actions, and their correlates associated with personal (...) well-being and collective well-being, collective efficacy and collective growth, and behavioral intention to support the fight for women’s rights. To this end, a cross-cultural study was conducted with the participation of 2,854 people from countries in Latin America and Europe, with a retrospective correlational cross-sectional design and a convenience sample. Participants were divided between demonstration participants and non-demonstrators or followers who monitored participants through the media and social networks. Compared with non-demonstrators and with males, female and non-binary gender respondents had greater scores in mechanisms and criterion variables. Further random-effects model meta-analyses revealed that the perceived emotional synchrony was consistently associated with more proximal mechanisms, as well as with criterion variables. Finally, sequential moderation analyses showed that proposed mechanisms successfully mediated the effects of participation on every criterion variable. These results indicate that participation in 8M marches and demonstrations can be analyzed through the literature on collective rituals. As such, collective participation implies positive outcomes both individually and collectively, which are further reinforced through key psychological mechanisms, in line with a Durkheimian approach to collective rituals. (shrink)