Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and there is currently no cure. The “β‐amyloid cascade hypothesis” of AD is the basis of current understanding of AD pathogenesis and drug discovery. However, no AD models have fully validated this hypothesis. We recently developed a human stem cell culture model of AD by cultivating genetically modified human neural stem cells in a three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture system. These cells were able to recapitulate key events of AD pathology including (...) β‐amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In this review, we will discuss the progress and current limitations of AD mouse models and human stem cell models as well as explore the breakthroughs of 3D cell culture systems. We will also share our perspective on the potential of dish models of neurodegenerative diseases for studying pathogenic cascades and therapeutic drug discovery. (shrink)

Il sistema morale e l'agire umano secondo San Tommaso -- Il concetto di legge nella dottrina tomista -- La grazia e le virtù -- La conoscenza della giustizia -- Il pensiero politico di san Tommaso.

Volume 20, Issue 10, October 2020, Page 65-66.

Die Absicht des vorliegenden Buches ist es, das Geflecht der unterschiedlichen Fragestellungen, die mit dem Stichwort „Fichte und seine Zeit“ verbunden sind, in Betracht zu ziehen und ihre internen Zusammenhänge und ihre Geschlossenheit deutlich zu machen. The intention of this book is to take the network of different issues that are associated with the main theme " Fichte and his time" into consideration and make their internal relationships and their closeness significantly.

Mit dem Untertitel »Streitfragen« bringt dieser Band 44 der Fichte-Studien eine Gruppe von Beiträgen, die das Hauptthema »Fichte und seine Zeit« behandeln und es aus unterschiedlichen Gesichtspunkten entfalten.

The extracellular‐signal regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK or ERKs) are involved in the regulation of important neuronal functions, including neuronal plasticity in normal and pathological conditions. We present findings that support the notion that the kinetics and localization of ERK are intrinsically linked, in that the duration of ERK activation dictates its subcellular compartmentalization and/or trafficking. The latter, in turn, dictates whether ERK‐expressing cells would enter a program of cell death, survival or differentiation. We summarize experimental data showing that chronic activation (...) of ERK plays a role in the mechanisms that trigger neurodegeneration. We also discuss how MKPs, members of the subclass of dual specificity phosphatases, might be the link between ERK kinetics and its subcellular localization. BioEssays 25:1085–1095, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

The proceedings of a June 1995 conference in Luino, Italy. One poem and 16 papers explore various issues in the philosophy of science with an emphasis on the foundations of probability and statistics and quantum mechanics. The topics include subjective probability, Bayesian statistics, probability kinematics, causal decision making, and probability and realism in quantum mechanics. The problem of collecting new evidence and updating probability judgements are addressed in reference to different applications. No index. Reprinted from Erkenntnis vol. 45, nos. 2-3 (...) (1996). Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR. (shrink)

Recent Canadian and international events have sparked dialogue and action to address racism within the nursing discipline. While the urgency to seek and implement antiracist solutions demands the attention of nurses, we contend that a contemporary analysis of the mechanisms that continue to perpetuate racism within nursing's theoretical foundation is required first. This study reconsiders the perceived functions of racism within the current state of nursing concepts and theories. In particular, we expose the role that covert racism plays by inadvertently (...) sustaining racism through nursing's theoretical foundation, and how this process strengthens white supremacy. We argue that, in the absence of exposing these covert mechanisms, the development of solutions will be futile in dismantling racism. By making visible the covert mechanisms of racism within nursing's theoretical foundation, we attempt to establish an opportunity for the nursing discipline to dismantle its racist foundation and engage in sustained antiracist action. Lastly, this study demonstrates the need to equip the discipline with a moral commitment to antiracism in an effort to emancipate nursing from its racist legacies. (shrink)

Este trabajo presenta seis ponencias en torno a los problemas que atraviesan distintos sectores de la población en situación de vulnerabilidad social en el goce de sus derechos humanos en el contexto de la pandemia global de COVID-19. Las exposiciones reflexionan sobre los prejuicios y vulnerabilidades que atraviesan las personas adultas mayores; las violencias de género en contextos de aislamiento; las personas en contextos de movilidad excluidas de las medidas de protección; el tratamiento y priorización de las personas con discapacidad (...) en los centros de derivación de COVID-19; la protección de las garantías penales en la administración de justicia durante los juicios de lesa humanidad llevados en forma remota; y el avance de las causas por crímenes de lesa humanidad durante la pandemia. (shrink)

Unfounded—conspiracy and health—beliefs about COVID-19 have accompanied the pandemic worldwide. Here, we examined cross-nationally the structure and correlates of these beliefs with an 8-item scale, using a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. We obtained a two-factor model of unfounded (conspiracy and health) beliefs with good internal structure (average CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.05, SRMR = 0.04), but a high correlation between the two factors (average latent factor correlation = 0.57). This model was replicable across 50 countries (total N = 13,579), (...) as evidenced by metric invariance between countries (CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.06, SRMS = 0.07) as well as scalar invariance across genders (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMS = 0.03) and educational levels (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMS = 0.03). Also, lower levels of education, more fear of COVID-19, and more cynicism were weakly associated with stronger conspiracy and health beliefs. The study contributes to knowledge about the structure of unfounded beliefs, and reveals the potential relevance of affective (i.e., fear of COVID-19) and cognitive (i.e., cynicism) factors along with demographics, in endorsing such beliefs. In summary, we obtained cross-cultural evidence for the distinctiveness of unfounded conspiracy and health beliefs about COVID-19 in terms of their structure and correlates. (shrink)

This handbook offers a deep analysis of the main forms of legal reasoning and argumentation from both a logical-philosophical and legal perspective. These forms are covered in an exhaustive and critical fashion, and the handbook accordingly divides in three parts: the first one introduces and discusses the basic concepts of practical reasoning. The second one discusses the main general forms of reasoning and argumentation relevant for legal discourse. The third one looks at their application in law as well as at (...) the different areas of legal reasoning. The handbook’s division in three parts reflects its conceptual architecture, since legal reasoning and argumentation are considered in relation to the more general types of reasoning. (shrink)

The power of the application of bioinformatics across multiple publicly available transcriptomic data sets was explored. Using 19 human and mouse circadian transcriptomic data sets, we found that NR1D1 and NR1D2 which encode heme‐responsive nuclear receptors are the most rhythmic transcripts across sleep conditions and tissues suggesting that they are at the core of circadian rhythm generation. Analyzes of human transcriptomic data show that a core set of transcripts related to processes including immune function, glucocorticoid signalling, and lipid metabolism is (...) rhythmically expressed independently of the sleep‐wake cycle. We also identify key transcripts associated with transcription and translation that are disrupted by sleep manipulations, and through network analysis identify putative mechanisms underlying the adverse health outcomes associated with sleep disruption, such as diabetes and cancer. Comparative bioinformatics applied to existing and future data sets will be a powerful tool for the identification of core circadian‐ and sleep‐dependent molecules. (shrink)

If the aura has been interpreted as a result of the artwork or its enactment, it is possible to think the aura as the work that the artwork produces: the artwork acts, interacts with the Other or identifies it. Can the aura be identified in this relationship between moods and emotions, between the artwork and the viewer? Where to place the path that opens a gap to establish a connection between Self and Other? The aura of the artwork is this (...) Otherness, this Other that remains to be seen, to be listened and traced: the Other that still cannot be heard, which remains silent or speaks through tensions, plots and tracks. The relationship between trauma (shock) and experience, memory and consciousness, between what is remembered and what is hard to remember, is the question addressed in these pages. (shrink)

If the aura has been interpreted as a result of the artwork or its enactment, it is possible to think the aura as the work that the artwork produces: the artwork acts, interacts with the Other or identifies it. Can the aura be identified in this relationship between moods and emotions, between the artwork and the viewer? Where to place the path that opens a gap to establish a connection between Self and Other? The aura of the artwork is this (...) Otherness, this Other that remains to be seen, to be listened and traced: the Other that still cannot be heard, which remains silent or speaks through tensions, plots and tracks. The relationship between trauma (shock) and experience, memory and consciousness, between what is remembered and what is hard to remember, is the question addressed in these pages. (shrink)

Psychopathy is a disorder characterized by severe and frequent moral violations in multiple domains of life. Numerous studies have shown psychopathy-related limbic brain abnormalities during moral processing; however, these studies only examined negatively valenced moral stimuli. Here, we aimed to replicate prior psychopathy research on negative moral judgments and to extend this work by examining psychopathy-related abnormalities in the processing of controversial moral stimuli and positive moral processing. Incarcerated adult males (N = 245) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol (...) on a mobile imaging system stationed at the prison. Psychopathy was assessed using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R). Participants were then shown words describing three types of moral stimuli: wrong (e.g., stealing), not wrong (e.g., charity), and controversial (e.g., euthanasia). Participants rated each stimulus as either wrong or not wrong. PCL-R total scores were correlated with not wrong behavioral responses to wrong moral stimuli, and were inversely related to hemodynamic activity in the anterior cingulate cortex in the contrast of wrong > not wrong. In the controversial > noncontroversial comparison, psychopathy was inversely associated with activity in the temporal parietal junction and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These results indicate that psychopathy-related abnormalities are observed during the processing of complex, negative, and positive moral stimuli. (shrink)

Graduates of doctoral programs are expected to be competent at designing and conducting research independently. Given the level of research competence needed to successfully conduct research, it is important that assessors of doctoral programs have a reliable and validated tool for measuring and tracking perceived research competence among their students and graduates. A high level of research competence is expected for all Ph.D. graduates worldwide, in addition to in all disciplines/fields. Moreover, graduates of Ph.D. programs may complete their studies in (...) one country but then obtain a research position in another country, emphasizing the need to ensure that all doctoral programs are fostering similar levels of research competence. Thus, the purpose of this study was to gather additional evidence for validity and reliability of the Research Competence scale. Specifically, we sought to extend the findings of by adapting the scale, translating it to other languages, and applying the tool with a sample of early stage researchers. Our findings provide initial evidence that the adapted PR-Comp is appropriate for use in three languages and across a variety of disciplines/programs of study. (shrink)

IntroductionIn this study we compared the effects of a mindfulness-based intervention with a story reading intervention on the executive functions and psychological profile of children in two different public schools in São Paulo, Brazil.MethodsIn this controlled clinical trial, 207 children aged 8 to 9 years old responded to the Five-Digit Test, stress levels, depression, anxiety, positive and negative affect, at baseline and 8 weeks later. From T0 to T1, school 1 participated in MBI classes and school 2 in IS classes.ResultsIn (...) school 1, children improved their scores on all tests except reading and counting compared with school 2. No differences were observed between groups in terms of emotional health.ConclusionIt is feasible to implement MBI or SI in Brazilian public schools. Students in the MBI group presented broader effects in executive functions, while students in the SI group showed a trend toward reduced negative affect and depression symptoms. (shrink)

Hinsichtlich der Perspektive, die wir versuchen zu vertreten, enthält der logische Aufbau der Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre von 1794-1795 durch das Anstreben einer Beziehungslogik, d.h. des Zusammenhaltens der Gegensätze, die Voraussetzungen für die weitere Entwicklung der Lehre Fichtes, vor allem in Hinsicht auf das Politische.

Hinsichtlich der Perspektive, die wir versuchen zu vertreten, enthält der logische Aufbau der Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre von 1794-1795 durch das Anstreben einer Beziehungslogik, d.h. des Zusammenhaltens der Gegensätze, die Voraussetzungen für die weitere Entwicklung der Lehre Fichtes, vor allem in Hinsicht auf das Politische.

In der Schrift Geist und Buchstab in der Philosophie stellt sich Fichte die Frage, was der Geist sei, und referiert die von Schiller zu diesem Problem eingenommene Position. Schillers Antwort auf die Frage, warum einige Werke uns mehr anziehen als andere, stellt Fichte jedoch nicht völlig zufrieden. Für Schiller kommt die Mitteilbarkeit des Werkes aus seinem allgemeinen Sein, wobei Verallgemeinerung das Opfern des Einzelnen bedeutet, um zum Gemeinsinn der Menschheit zu gelangen. Dagegen spielt für die Position Fichtes das Verständnis der (...) Individualität eine besondere Rolle. Fichte geht es darum, die Individualität nicht zu opfern, sondern die enge Verbindung von Finden und Mitteilen auszudrücken. Die Individualität weist auf die Gleichzeitigkeit von Äußerlichkeit und Innerlichkeit, wobei das Finden gleichzeitig dazu da ist, sie zum Ausdruck zu bringen. Diese in Geist und Buchstab aufgestellten Behauptungen Fichtes haben ihre Grundlage in der Wissenschaftslehre. Dort hat Fichte nämlich begriffen, wie der Weg, aus dem Entgegengesetztsein zwischen Ich und Nicht-Ich, zwischen Unendlich und Endlich, zwischen Unbestimmbarkeit und Bestimmbarkeit, die Dimension des Aufeinderfolgens - im Sinne des Opferns eines der Momente des Entgegengesetztseins, etwa der Individualität bei Schiller - verlassen muß, um zur Dimension der Gleichzeitigkeit, d.h. der inneren Relation der gegensätzlichen Momente, zu gelangen. Die Relation ist das, was Fichte erlaubt, aus der Sackgasse zwischen Idealismus und Realismus, in der der theoretische Teil der Wissenschaftslehre steckte, herauszukommen. Der Ausweg aus dem irreduziblen Gegensatz wird gleichzeitig mit dem Übergang vom theoretischen zum praktischen Teil vollzogen. (shrink)

In der Schrift Geist und Buchstab in der Philosophie stellt sich Fichte die Frage, was der Geist sei, und referiert die von Schiller zu diesem Problem eingenommene Position. Schillers Antwort auf die Frage, warum einige Werke uns mehr anziehen als andere, stellt Fichte jedoch nicht völlig zufrieden. Für Schiller kommt die Mitteilbarkeit des Werkes aus seinem allgemeinen Sein, wobei Verallgemeinerung das Opfern des Einzelnen bedeutet, um zum Gemeinsinn der Menschheit zu gelangen. Dagegen spielt für die Position Fichtes das Verständnis der (...) Individualität eine besondere Rolle. Fichte geht es darum, die Individualität nicht zu opfern, sondern die enge Verbindung von Finden und Mitteilen auszudrücken. Die Individualität weist auf die Gleichzeitigkeit von Äußerlichkeit und Innerlichkeit, wobei das Finden gleichzeitig dazu da ist, sie zum Ausdruck zu bringen. Diese in Geist und Buchstab aufgestellten Behauptungen Fichtes haben ihre Grundlage in der Wissenschaftslehre. Dort hat Fichte nämlich begriffen, wie der Weg, aus dem Entgegengesetztsein zwischen Ich und Nicht-Ich, zwischen Unendlich und Endlich, zwischen Unbestimmbarkeit und Bestimmbarkeit, die Dimension des Aufeinderfolgens - im Sinne des Opferns eines der Momente des Entgegengesetztseins, etwa der Individualität bei Schiller - verlassen muß, um zur Dimension der Gleichzeitigkeit, d.h. der inneren Relation der gegensätzlichen Momente, zu gelangen. Die Relation ist das, was Fichte erlaubt, aus der Sackgasse zwischen Idealismus und Realismus, in der der theoretische Teil der Wissenschaftslehre steckte, herauszukommen. Der Ausweg aus dem irreduziblen Gegensatz wird gleichzeitig mit dem Übergang vom theoretischen zum praktischen Teil vollzogen. (shrink)

O Principado priva o senado de muitos dos seus poderes tradicionais. No entanto, durante a crise de 69 d. C., são vários os candidatos ao lugar de príncipe e os generais que afirmam nos seus discursos poder contar com o apoio do senado. Este artigo desina-se a averiguar o exato valor atribuído a este apoio num contexto em que o senado revela uma generalizada incapacidade de ação política.

Dans cet article, après avoir souligné l’heureuse ambiguïté du terme d’utopie, dont nous avons de bonnes raisons de penser qu’elle a été remarquée par Thomas More, nous rendons d’abord compte de la large diffusion de l’utopisme au niveau historique et géographique. Nous examinons ensuite quelques-unes des critiques les plus importantes qui lui ont été adressées, soulevées notamment par Karl Popper et Hans Jonas. Examiner les différentes problématisations de l’utopisme permet de mettre en lumière ses différents aspects afin de différencier l’intentionnalité (...) utopique des configurations utopiques. Ce qui précède nous permet, en dernier lieu, d’esquisser quelques lignes directrices pour une “critique de la raison utopique”. (shrink)

Dans cet article, après avoir souligné l’heureuse ambiguïté du terme d’utopie, dont nous avons de bonnes raisons de penser qu’elle a été remarquée par Thomas More, nous rendons d’abord compte de la large diffusion de l’utopisme au niveau historique et géographique. Nous examinons ensuite quelques-unes des critiques les plus importantes qui lui ont été adressées, soulevées notamment par Karl Popper et Hans Jonas. Examiner les différentes problématisations de l’utopisme permet de mettre en lumière ses différents aspects afin de différencier l’intentionnalité (...) utopique des configurations utopiques. Ce qui précède nous permet, en dernier lieu, d’esquisser quelques lignes directrices pour une “critique de la raison utopique”. (shrink)

Dans cet article j’analyse le concept de transmutatio corporalis dans la théorie des passions de Thomas d’Aquin. Je prends en considération surtout le traité sur les passions contenu dans la Somme de théologie, mais aussi d’autres textes du maître dominicain : le Commentaire sur les Sentences, les Questions disputées sur la vérité, le bref traité Sur le mouvement du cœur. Tout d’abord, je montre comment l’idée de transmutatio corporalis est essentielle pour la définition thomasienne de la passion, puis j’identifie en (...) quoi consiste cette modification corporelle dans les principales passions. Je termine avec l’analyse de la transmutatio corporalis dans la dynamique entre l’âme et le corps, m’arrêtant notamment sur l’idée de la redundantia, à savoir le processus circulaire par lequel l’âme modifie le corps et le corps modifié intervient sur l’âme. (shrink)

Se fondant sur une analyse méta-éthique anti-cognitiviste et un concept anti-subjectiviste de « réalité », Hägerström contestait la prétention de la théorie juridique traditionnelle, particulièrement le positivisme juridique, à être une science du droit au motif que les entités auxquelles elle se réfère ne sont pas réelles. Olivecrona a su prolonger cette thèse tout en la nuançant. En adoptant un point de vue socio-psychologique, il a construit une théorie réaliste du droit susceptible, à la fois, de mettre en évidence les (...) phénomènes psychiques et linguistiques qui sont au fondement de nos idées de droits et de devoirs, de déterminer les fonctions que ces idées exercent dans la société et d’identifier la façon dont elles influencent nos conduites. (shrink)

The Tibetan term jo mo, generally translated as ‘noble Lady,’ ‘female adept,’ or ‘nun’ and documented from the very beginning of Tibetan history, has a mainly religious meaning (and to a lesser degree a social one). Besides various women adepts referred to as jo mo present throughout Tibetan tradition up to the present day, a hagiographic text from the late thirteenth century entitled Jo mo nyis shus rtsa bzhi’i lo rgyus, “The Stories of the Twenty-four Jo mo,” has preserved the (...) short life stories of twenty-four female Tibetan adepts (Tib. jo mo) of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, disciples of the Indian Tantric master Pha dam pa sangs rgyas (d. 1117). The realizations attained along the Path by the jo mo in question were mainly attested to by relics (Tib. ring bsrel) and other miraculous objects or events witnessed at the time of their deaths. The aim of this paper is to analyze the religious identities of the twenty-four jo mo as described in the JMLG, while exploring some of the ways in which the Tibetan Buddhist tradition has negotiated the ambiguous religious status of these female Buddhist adepts. (shrink)

Au carrefour de la phénoménologie française contemporaine Depuis la fin des années ’90, la réflexion sur l’événement a permis de compter Claude Romano parmi les protagonistes de la phénoménologie française contemporaine. Sa proposition phénoménologique s’est ensuite nouée (grâce à l’endurante lecture des romans de Faulkner) à l’inouï débordement de l’événement de la vie que le récit est censé redonner, pour ainsi dire, "en elle-même" et à l’abri de toute sorte de réduction. L’enjeu de ces pages – consacrées à l’ouvrage de (...) Claude Romano paru en 2010, Au cœur de la raison, la phénoménologie – sera la même répétition de la phénoménologie que Romano nous a livrée dans cet ouvrage. En effet, notre avis est que Romano, en 2010, a pratiqué une Wiederholung de la phénoménologie et qu’il l’a fait situant celle-ci au centre d’un carrefour où confluent les questions historiques (Husserl, Heidegger), les libres variations de la phénoménologie en France (Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, Levinas), la philosophie analytique. Or par cette répétition il s’est installé au carrefour de la phénoménologie française contemporaine , et cela pour deux raisons : premièrement, parce qu’il a donné une contribution décisive à l’alternative "réduction vs intentionnalité" qui ne cesse de représenter l’alternative de la réception française de la phénoménologie. Deuxièmement, parce que par sa répétition il a ouvert aussi un chemin nouveau et original qui maintenant demande à être phénoménologiquement questionné. (shrink)

La genèse de l’œuvre de Levinas montre en acte comment cette pensée a pris sa forme, commençant par une sorte de renversement de la philosophie. Un renversement qui se dit au moins en deux sens, en tant que renversement thématique (donc une relecture renversante des thèmes philosophiques principaux) et un renversement proprement philosophique, visant cet envers que la philosophie n’a pas encore su atteindre, son « soi » mouvant incessamment la pensée. En ce renversement il y va du nouveau questionnement (...) des thèmes classiques de la philosophie, donc du moi et de l’être, de l’activité et de la passivité, de l’horizon et de la phénoménalité possible, renversés afin d’atteindre leur impensé. (shrink)

In De anima, III, Aristotele studia tre operazioni sensibili : percezione dei sensibili comuni, appercezione, discriminazione, cui la critica si riferisce come alla teoria del ‘senso comune’, identificando la αἴσθησις κοινή del De anima con la κοινὴ δύναμις dei Parva naturalia. Ma le due espressioni denotano aspetti ben diversi : la prima indica una capacità posteriore alla divisione della percezione nei cinque sensi, mentre la seconda è una capacità anteriore e radicale della percezione.

https://revistes.uab.cat/enrahonar/article/view/v37-galavotti.