In this article, I put Judith Butler’s thought of nonviolence in dialogue with that of M. K. Gandhi to show how, for both thinkers, a defense of nonviolence must be grounded in interdependency and equality, which consequently entails a displacement of the individual self and its interests as the focus of ethics. Although Butler’s and Gandhi’s accounts of nonviolence differ in some important respects, both base their defense of nonviolence on a recognition of interdependency in opposition to Western individualism. This (...) critique of individualism as an adequate ethical framework leads each author to question the concept of self-defense and to reject the preservation of individual life as the goal of ethical and political action. (shrink)

En mars 2020, les mesures prises autour du monde pour contenir le virus du Covid-19 bouleversent simultanément, et de manière majeure, les rythmes et activités de la vie quotidienne. Cette période est celle durant laquelle la rupture produite par la pandémie a été la plus forte, tant elle était soudaine et inimaginable. Au Québec, les migrants avec un statut de résidence temporaire sont affectés de manière spécifique : ils sont nombreux à travailler dans l’hôtellerie-restauration, secteur contraint de fermer temporairement ses (...) portes, font face à la fermeture des frontières internationales et sont incertains de leur droit à des dispositifs d’aide financière. Affectés simultanément dans plusieurs sphères de leur vie, ils pourraient voir leur parcours bifurquer rapidement. L’analyse de la manière dont la pandémie les affecte, lors de ce premier mois, dégage les multiples temporalités qui articulent l’événement historique macrosocial et les parcours biographiques, pouvant produire des bifurcations futures. (shrink)

Les écrits du XVIIIe siècle sur l’habitude de manger de la viande affrontent certains problèmes qui ne sont abordés aujourd’hui que dans une optique de défense de la cause animale, comme la sensibilité des animaux tués pour la viande ou le devenir de l’être humain lorsqu’il consomme de la chair. Ce discours au XVIIIe siècle n’est cependant pas le fait de défenseurs des animaux, et se trouve même paradoxalement exempt de conséquences pratiques : les auteurs qui déplorent la consommation de (...) chair n’appellent pas pour autant à abandonner celle-ci. Comment les penseurs occidentaux du XVIIIe siècle résolvent-ils le paradoxe qui consiste à souligner l’empathie avec les animaux tout en les tuant pour s’en nourrir? À travers des textes de philosophes et de médecins du XVIIIe siècle sur les effets de la consommation de viande, il s’agit ici d’interroger la représentation de l’être humain sous-jacente à un discours qui appartient aujourd’hui à l’inconscient de l’alimentation carnée. (shrink)

In this classic treatise on logic, Mercier provides a rigorous and comprehensive exploration of the foundations of rational thought. Incorporating insights from both formal logic and the philosophy of mind, A New Logic is essential reading for anyone looking to improve their analytical skills. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of (...) America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

As they make their way through Louis Althusser’s and Jacques Derrida’s texts, readers will cross innumerable curtains – ‘the words and things’, as Derrida says, as many fabrics of traces. These curtains open onto a multiplicity of scenes and mises en scène, performances, roles, rituals, actors, plays – thus unfolding the space of a certain theatricality. This essay traces Althusser’s and Derrida’s respective deployments of the theatrical motif. In his theoretical writings, Althusser’s theatrical dispositive aims to designate the practical and (...) material dimension of the scenes of ideology, materially enacted through roleplays, performances, acts, or discourses. At the horizon: a scientific discourse on ideology or, later, a strategic intervention in the class struggle. This scientific and/or strategic orientation echoes Althusser’s definition of materialism: ‘no more storytelling’. But Derrida’s ‘closure of representation’ reminds us that there’s no presence – even the most ‘material’ – no ‘truth’ or ‘correctness’ – in theoretical or strategic terms – without effects of re-presentation, differential repetition, narrative reconstruction: theatricality and materiality suppose a force of resistance, a secret heterogeneity, curtain foldings. Hence the irreducible necessity of reading, storytelling, transformative interpretation. What are the implications for thinking inheritance and debt – for example, the one binding Althusser and Derrida, and us to them? (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Un humaniste indépendant: W.C. Brownell et le rôle de la critique.--La doctrine de l'humanisme: l'œuvre d'Irving Babbit.--L'humanisme et la religion: lœuvre de Paul Elmer More.--Conclusion: L'utilisation de l'humanisme--Traductions: "Emerson", par W.C. Brownell. "L'humanisme et l'imagination", par Irving Babbitt. "La littérature victorienne et la philosophie du changement", par Paul Elmer More.

This essay examines Étienne Balibar's readings of Jacques Derrida and deconstruction. The text is framed as a review of two books by Balibar: 'Equaliberty' and 'Violence and Civility'. After describing the context of those readings, I propose a broader reflection on the ambiguous relationship between 'post-Marxism' and 'deconstruction', focusing on concepts such as 'violence', 'cruelty', 'sovereignty' and 'property'. I also raise methodological questions related to the 'use' of deconstructive notions in political theory debates.

The 18th century was a wealth of knowledge, exploration and rapidly growing technology and expanding record-keeping made possible by advances in the printing press. In its determination to preserve the century of revolution, Gale initiated a revolution of its own: digitization of epic proportions to preserve these invaluable works in the largest archive of its kind. Now for the first time these high-quality digital copies of original 18th century manuscripts are available in print, making them highly accessible to libraries, undergraduate (...) students, and independent scholars. Delve into what it was like to live during the eighteenth century by reading the first-hand accounts of everyday people, including city dwellers and farmers, businessmen and bankers, artisans and merchants, artists and their patrons, politicians and their constituents. Original texts make the American, French, and Industrial revolutions vividly contemporary. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to insure edition identification: ++++ British Library T100404 With a half-title. Anonymous. By P. P. F. J. H. Le Mercier de la Rivière. Possibly printed in Paris (or the Low Countries). Londres: chez Jean Nourse; & se trouve à Paris, chez Desaint, 1767. [2], vii, [1],511, [1]p.; 4°. (shrink)

Excerpted from an article on Leibniz first published in 1974 in Hermès III, la Traduction, Michel Serres’s ‘Transdisciplinarity as Relative Exteriority’ offers a synoptic view of Serres’s vision of the relationship between philosophy and the sciences. Serres charts four historical strategies by which philosophy has secured its theoretical control over the sciences, four versions of philosophical exteriority towards the scientific field. He contrasts this topography or philosophical ‘theatre’ of representation to Leibniz’s immanent relation to scientific discourse. A systematic whole without (...) fixed metalanguage, the Leibnizian encyclopaedia constitutes, according to Serres, a truly transdisciplinary method. (shrink)

Quand tu es seul, debout au milieu de la haute plaine d'Asie,sous la coupole insondable où parfois un piloteou un ange sème dans l'azur une coulée d'amidon;quand tu tressailles sentant ta petitesse,apprends-le: l'espace auquel semble-t-il il ne fautrien, a grandement besoin en réalitéd'un regard extérieur, de distance, de vide.Tu es seid à pouvoir lui rendre ce service.Joseph BrodskyIn the course of this century, a number of authors have asserted that geographic knowledge is useful for the development of programs to parcel (...) out land. Hoping to foster this link between insight and action, applied geography saw the light of day. In order to be genuinely effective, the practice of this kind of planning, so it was thought, needed to rely on the expertise of the geographer who studied forms of human settlement. More fundamentally, the utilitarian claim of applied geography rested on the conviction according to which the spatial organization of human societies brought into play the question of justice and commonweal. As Jean Gottmann wrote, our epoch is particularly sensitive to the fact that everyone, whoever or from wherever they may be, consider themselves “to be entitled to live just as well as all others.” In this way a “popular will” was affirmed “that the necessary measures be taken to envisage, prepare, and provide for an improvement of life's comforts …, for a better life.” Inspired by the “modern idea of planning,” applied geography set itself the goal of “establishing justice […] by a more even distribution of people, of their means of subsistence, [and] of their living standard.”. (shrink)

Le métissage n’est pas une singularité américaine, certes. Le déplacement des hommes et des femmes, la circulation des idées, le commerce des marchandises, les flux financiers qui vont de pair avec les transferts culturels ont généralement favorisé la rencontre des corps et l’hybridation des imaginaires. Mais l’essor du Nouveau Monde depuis le xvie siècle a constitué un « formidable changement d’échelle », élevant l’Amérique en un carrefour des migrations intercontinentales. Théâtre du choc e...

Pendant l’Empire romain, aux ive et ve siècles, les Juifs ont réclamé et parfois obtenu des privilèges d’immunité leur permettant d’échapper à leurs charges civiques et impériales. Ils ont également demandé des privilèges écartant les solutions du droit commun lorsque celles-ci heurtaient leurs propres lois. C’est cette attitude qui les aurait, selon certains, progressivement constitués en un groupe religieux privilégié situé en marge de la communauté civique. Mais nous contestons que les privilèges aient pu jouer un rôle dans la marginalisation (...) juridique des Juifs, l’im-munitas ne constituant pas nécessairement, contrairement à ce que sous-entend l’étymologie, le négatif de la com-munitas. (shrink)

L’ouvrage rassemble les notices biographiques de centaines de femmes paraguayennes des xixe et xxe siècles, obtenues par une recherche bibliographique mais aussi dans les archives, par des enquêtes d’histoire orale et un travail avec les historiens autodidactes de nombreuses régions du pays. L’auteur souligne qu’elle n’a pas pu pour des raisons linguistiques avoir accès aux femmes immigrées (allemandes ou coréennes) et indigènes. La section Civile et Judiciaire et les Testaments des Archives...

Traduction à l’espagnol de l’original allemand publié en 2003, l’ouvrage présente de manière à la fois synthétique et vivante une histoire des femmes et du genre en Amérique latine en se fondant sur une très ample bibliographie. Les premiers chapitres (Les femmes indigènes et la conquête ; la société coloniale ; le rôle des femmes dans l’économie ; la modernisation du xixe siècle et les deux chapitres sur le xxe siècle) n’ont été repris qu’a la marge tandis que le dernier (...) chapitre sur les rep... (shrink)

Les révolutions et les mouvements de libération vis-à-vis des puissances coloniales et impériales posent d’emblée la question du « nous » qui porte ces revendications, écartelé entre régionalismes, nationalismes et panaméricanisme, panafricanisme ou panarabisme voire internationalisme, fragmenté entre plusieurs identités religieuses et ethnolinguistiques. Dans les moments de crise ou de « conjoncture fluide » où s’entrechoquent plusieurs horizons d’attente, les frontières de genre, de classe,...

La place croissante prise par les approches qui croisent race, classe et genre en Amérique latine et dans les Caraïbes, aurait dû donner lieu à une bibliographie foisonnante en ajoutant les entrées miscegenation, creolization, hybridization en anglais ; criollo, mestizaje, mestiçagem et métissage en espagnol, portugais et français. Ce n’est pas le cas. Peu d’articles traitent de front et uniquement les deux items métissage/genre, dans leurs titres, leurs mots clés ou leurs résumés. Pourtant,...

Dévasté par la Guerre de la Triple Alliance (1865-1870) qui entraîna la mort de plus de la moitié de sa population, le Paraguay a élaboré un imaginaire national où la figure de la femme en tant que « mère » de la patrie joue un rôle central. Tant et si bien que ses « filles », femmes de l'élite paraguayenne, livrent bataille dans les années 1970 - en pleine dictature du Général Alfredo Stroessner (1954-1989) - pour imposer leur définition de (...) sa “véritable” identité. (shrink)

L’ouvrage présente une anthologie de quarante huit cas de perversions féminines publiés par vingt-quatre médecins différents du xixe siècle, précédés d’une introduction de vingt pages et se concluant par une bibliographie de trois pages. Les cas sont classés selon les termes de l’époque dans l’ordre suivant : onanisme (12 cas), nymphomanie (13), érotomanie (5), anaphrodisme, frigidité et impuissance (1), bestialité, zoophilie (2), nécrophilie (1), exhibitionnisme (1), saphisme, tribadisme et...

Reason, we are told, is what makes us human, the source of our knowledge and wisdom. If reason is so useful, why didn't it also evolve in other animals? If reason is that reliable, why do we produce so much thoroughly reasoned nonsense? In their groundbreaking account of the evolution and workings of reason, Hugo Mercier and Dan Sperber set out to solve this double enigma. Reason, they argue with a compelling mix of real-life and experimental evidence, is not (...) geared to solitary use, to arriving at better beliefs and decisions on our own. What reason does, rather, is help us justify our beliefs and actions to others, convince them through argumentation, and evaluate the justifications and arguments that others address to us. In other words, reason helps humans better exploit their uniquely rich social environment. This interactionist interpretation explains why reason may have evolved and how it fits with other cognitive mechanisms. It makes sense of strengths and weaknesses that have long puzzled philosophers and psychologists--why reason is biased in favor of what we already believe, why it may lead to terrible ideas and yet is indispensable to spreading good ones.--. (shrink)

Free riding involves benefiting from common resources or services while avoiding contributing to their production and maintenance. Few studies have adequately investigated the propensity to overestimate the prevalence of free riding. This is a significant omission, as exaggeration of the phenomenon is often used to justify control and coercion systems. To address this gap, we investigate how the common good approach may mitigate the flaws of a system excessively focused on free-riding risk. In this conceptual paper featuring illustrative vignettes, we (...) argue that the common good perspective is realistic and effective in preventing this excessive attention by promoting trust as an unconditional gift and a response to vulnerability. We discuss the common good perspective’s originality over the dominant approaches and propose a set of ethical and managerial recommendations that may be the best protection against this excessive focus and maybe even against free riding itself. (shrink)

“It's almost like putting salt in a wound, for this person who's already made a very difficult decision,” suggested Meghan Patterson, a licensed obstetrician-gynecologist whom we interviewed in our qualitative study of the experiences of North Carolina abortion providers practicing under the state's Woman's Right to Know Act. The act requires that women receive counseling with state-mandated information at least twenty-four hours prior to obtaining an abortion. After the law was passed, Patterson worked with clinic administrators, in consultation with a (...) lawyer, to write a script to be used in the state-mandated counseling procedure. She and her colleagues took particular steps to mitigate the effects of what she described as HB 854's “forced language”—such as referring to the “father of the child.” While HB 854 stipulated that patients must be informed of the medical risks associated with the particular abortion procedure as well as those of carrying the child to term, Patterson's script made explicit the magnitude of comparative risks, emphasizing that the risks of carrying a pregnancy to term are substantially greater than the risks of an early-term abortion. She felt that these contextualization strategies helped to facilitate trust and rapport in a clinical care situation that proved relationally and morally challenging. In this article, we take up and expand on this point by elucidating an empirically grounded approach to ethically justified care when health care providers face legal or institutional policy mandates that raise possible moral conflicts. Our approach builds on recent bioethics discourse addressing conscience in the practice of medicine. While the concept of conscience has broad philosophical underpinnings relating to moral judgment, agency, and discernments of right and wrong, debates in bioethics have tended to engage the concept primarily vis-à-vis rights of conscientious objection or refusal. Here, we suggest a broader frame for thinking about claims of conscience in health care. Our approach draws on the feminist bioethics and the ethics of care literatures to highlight how providers may be motivated by matters of conscience, including relational concerns, in the active provision of certain forms of care. What emerges are two possibilities: not only conscientious refusal to comply with a policy mandate but also conscientious compliance—working conscientiously within a mandate's confines. (shrink)

Montesquieu, « Newton du monde humain », fondateur d’une physique sociale, qui aurait le premier appliqué la méthode scientifique aux phénomènes humains et mis en évidence leur rationalité : ce jugement a été largement utilisé pour revendiquer l’auteur de L’Esprit des lois comme fondateur des sciences sociales. Son intérêt constant pour les sciences, ses lectures, ses activités académiques et ses propres expérimentations n’auraient pu qu’inspirer un modèle scientifique à ses écrits philosophi..

Humans massively depend on communication with others, but this leaves them open to the risk of being accidentally or intentionally misinformed. To ensure that, despite this risk, communication remains advantageous, humans have, we claim, a suite of cognitive mechanisms for epistemic vigilance. Here we outline this claim and consider some of the ways in which epistemic vigilance works in mental and social life by surveying issues, research and theories in different domains of philosophy, linguistics, cognitive psychology and the social sciences.

Much work on intellectual humility has focused on its epistemic benefits. We suggest that displaying (or failing to display) intellectual humility also has effects on how others perceive us and that, as a result, intellectual humility can serve reputation management purposes, in at least four ways: (i) Intellectual humility can be used to signal we are a good source of information; (ii) Intellectual humility can be used to signal we are competent through countersignaling; (iii) Intellectual humility can be used to (...) make sure others do not believe we are overclaiming superiority; (iv) lack of intellectual humility (or intellectual arrogance) can be used to signal dominance. The evidence suggests that intellectual humility (or lack thereof) can have each of these effects. Seeing intellectual humility as (inter alia) a reputation management tool predicts that people will be more or less likely to display intellectual humility in some contexts. For instance, people in a position of power might stand to lose less if they fail to be intellectual humble; accordingly, evidence suggests that they tend to display less intellectual humility. In conclusion, we speculate that understanding intellectual humility as reputation management could help construct environments more conducive to displays of intellectual humility. (shrink)