The communication process between the political elites and the general public, crucial as it is in a democratie system, is suffering increasingly from an information overlaad. The best way to tackle this problem seems to be the improvement of the communication medium, i.e. ofthe political language. Ideology is the most «rational» political language available : it can carry more information about elite decision-making to a relatively modest cost.This problem-definition suggest a sequence of three critical questions. Do the decisionmakers have a (...) political ideology? If so, is it instrumental in the actual decision-making process? If so, why does this ideological factor rarely reach the general public? The article deals with the two last questions from a format point of view. It can be shown, after the necessary conceptual clarifications and contrary to current opinion, that ideology can hold its own in the private forum of political decision-making and fades away when the elites address the public in the public forum.The private forum is dominated by the need for policy output and by the necessity of coalition-formation. The adaptation of ideology to this situation depends on its degree of articulation and on the type of coalition-formation. In general the «salience» aspect of ideology is likelyto suffer less than its «position» aspect.The public forum is dominated by the needs of recruiting support and legitimizing proposals. Generally ideology is too costly a device to be used for these purposes. (shrink)

This article argues that both hard and soft institutions shape the strategies and - to a lesser extent - the preferences of political actors in the European Union. First of all, it discusses the institutional perspective in political science and presents an institutional model of decision-making. Secondly the institutional argument is illustrated by a detailed account of the decision-makingprocess with respect to the Packaging Directive. An analysis of the actor configuration, the interactions between the involved actors and an overview of (...) the decision-making process itself, all show to what extent actor's strategies and preferences are constrained and empowerd by the European institutional context. (shrink)

The aim of this study is to describe organizational commitment between type A personality’s and type B is personality’s workers on three companies. Organizational commitment is define as the degree of psychological identification with or attachment to the organization for which we work. Participant of this study was 108 workers from three different companies. Data was obtained by questionnaire and processed with SPSS for Windows ver. 12. Using Mann-Whitney independent t-test for non parametric, the result of organizational commitment U = (...) 1183, p > 0.05, showed that there is no difference of organizational commitment between type A personality and type B personality on company X, Y, and Z. (shrink)

Since introduced in 1961, many researchers have placed on Organizational Commitment as dependent variable, independent variable, or mediator variable. As a result many journals and books of industrial and organizational psychology, occupational psychology, and organizational behavior write about this topic. This article summarizes theories and researchers in Faculty of Psychology Universitas Indonesia on Organizational Commitment as the dependent variable.  .

In foreign policy-making there exists a tension between what the executive is prepared to do and what parliament or public interest groups would want it to do. A recent study of domestic pressure on foreignpolicy-making in the Netherlands has shown that there exists a close connection between the success of public interest groups in changing foreign policy behavior and their ability to mobilize parliamentary support for their efforts. That study, entitled Controversies at Home, was based on the results of 16 (...) case-studies of recent controversial foreign policy decisions.Foreign ministries aften use the need for secrecy, coherence and consistency as arguments to resist change. The role of the national parliament in foreign policy-making deserves to be strengthened. In this respect some of the experiences of the United States Congress could be applied to parliaments in other countries. The possibilities are discussed with specific reference to the situation in the Netherlands. (shrink)

The nuclear energy decision-making process is a clear example of the difficulty the Belgian political system has in making decisions. An explanation for this incapability has to be sought among the political elite, which allows the Belgian economy to be directed by special interests.This admission fits into an «elitist consensus», an unwritten agreement among top-political leaders. Threats to this elitist consensus are subtly neutralized, leaving the power of these economie groups unaffected. The power of the private producers of electricity is (...) to a large extent consolidated by the inertia of the political system. This passivity is instrumental in maintaining the elitist consensus. The power of the anti-nuclear groups, measured in its mobilizing effects, is relatively small. As producers of energy, the electricity companies have a privileged position in the Belgian economic system, because energy is thought to be the motor of economic growth. A thorough parliamentary debate on energy could change the elitist consensus but for this, a political majority would have to be found. (shrink)

On the level of the administrative power of the municipalities, the amalgamations did not lead to an increase of their authority.In addition, the distance between the citizen and the administration has increased in three ways : the increased distances between the centres and the outlying residential zones raised the problem of intramunicipal service provision ; the social distance also increased because of the increase of the influence of and the importance attached to the municipal executive body; the expansion of the (...) tasks of the administrators led to an organisational distance. The political policy structures have also been profoundly changed after the amalgamations : the national parties have gained in influence; political instability has increased; the structures were adapted to the new situation; the operation of the local policy organs has changed ; the municipal councils acquired a more intellectually oriented professional composition. (shrink)

: The aims of this research is to find out the connection between burnout and organizational factors, including work overload, lack of control, insufficient reward, breakdown of community, absence of fairness and conflicting value. The participants are 191 school teachers. The data were collected by using questionnaires and to be analyzed by pearson product moment correlation. The result indicated the more negative organizational factors perceived by teachers, the higher level of burnout.  .

Abstrak : Penilitian ini berusaha mencari concurrent validity dari metapor pemaknaan organsasi diukur nilai dasar kerja seseorang. Metapor pemaknaan organisasi diukur dengan cara kualitatif yaitu meminta orang untuk menyampaikan ekspresi perasaannya tentang perusahaan dalam bentuk gambar dan ungkapan lisan atau tulisan, sedangkan pengukur nilai dasar kerja menggunakan alat ukur Nilai Kerja (PVQ) dari Schwartz (2001). Sampel penilitian ditetapkan secara purposif yaitu karyawan PT. Pembangkit Jawa Bali sejumlah 129 yang sedang mengikuti pelatihan manajemen dasar pada tahun anggaran 2004. Analisis fenomenologi terhadap (...) metapor pemaknaan organisasi digunakan sebagai metode eksplorasi yang akan menghasilkan dan interpretasi dari pengalaman-pengalaman tersebut. Hasil analisis fenomenologi kemudian dikonfirmasikan dengan hasil pengukuran kuantitatif PVQ.  . (shrink)

This research aim to know difference to percePT. ion to leadership style of superior pursuant of organizational commitment. Leadership style represent a corps of characteristic by a leader used to influence activity a group to reach specific. Organizational commitment is member to its organization which reflect how big identify member organization and how big desire to remain to in organization. Characteristic purpose for the subject of this research is employees of PT. X which have employees status remain to. To collect (...) data used by re3maining instrument in the form of questionnaire with Likert Scale. Data obtained from 181 respondent from each part of unit work at company. Data processing conducted with calculation of ANOVA with significance test at level 0.01 indicating that is fourth leadership style type mean differ by significant, F (19.48) = 0.00, p < 0.01. This matter indicate that H 0 refused, its meaning there is difference to percePT. ion leadership style of superior pursuant of organizational commitment.  . (shrink)

The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between employee’s perception of the implementation of the benefit program and employee’s commitment to the organization. The respondents are 64 employees which taken from X company. The result shows that there is a significant relationship between employee’s perception of the implementation of the benefit program and employee’s commitment to the organization.  .

Financiële technologische ontwikkeling, de zogeheten fintech, is hot en happening. De ontwikkelingen gaan snel maar leiden geregeld tot moreel kwetsbare praktijken. Een geautomatiseerd systeem de schuld geven van economische uitbuiting, uitsluiting en privacyschending is onzinnig. De auteurs gaan in op de vraag wat de rol van financiële ethiek (nog) is als de besluitvorming en gedragssturing bij en in het ontwerp van allerlei systemen (grotendeels) vooraf bepaald wordt. -/- Dit artikel is relevant voor financieel professionals die fintech vormgeven en/of gebruiken. (...) Helaas zijn er geen kant-en-klare oplossingen om moraliteit te programmeren. De auteurs roepen lezers daarom op om bij het managen van de nieuwe innovatiegolf te blijven streven naar vormen van goed bestuur en best practices. (shrink)