COVID-19 was recognized as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Nine days later in Brazil, community transmission was deemed ongoing, and following what was already being put in place in various affected countries, restrictive and physical distancing measures that varied in severity across the different states were adopted. Adherence to restrictive and physical distancing measures depends on the general acceptance of public health measures as well as communities’ financial leverage. This article aims to explore and discuss ethical facilitators and barriers (...) to the implementation of physical distancing measures within three dimensions: political, socio-economic, and scientific. Furthermore, we would like to discuss ways to ethically promote restrictive and physical distancing measures in a large and unequal country like Brazil. There is an urgent need for transparent, consistent, and inclusive communication with the public, respecting the most vulnerable populations and attempting to minimize the disproportionate burden on them. (shrink)

Four ethical values — maximizing benefits, treating equally, promoting and rewarding instrumental value, and giving priority to the worst off — yield six specific recommendations for allocating medical resources in the Covid-19 pandemic: maximize benefits; prioritize health workers; do not allocate on a first-come, first-served basis; be responsive to evidence; recognize research participation; and apply the same principles to all Covid-19 and non–Covid-19 patients.

El aprendizaje cooperativo aplicado en la clase de ILE (inglés como lengua extranjera) mejora el desarrollo de habilidades fundamentales en el alumnado y la competencia lingüística. Se presenta un trabajo de experimentación comparativa exploratoria que parte de la hipótesis de que el aprendizaje cooperativo (método jigsaw) podría ser conveniente para trabajar la escritura académica. Las conclusiones corroboran esta hipótesis ya que se obtienen resultados más favorables en el grupo experimental donde se aplicó el aprendizaje cooperativo. Se discuten las implicaciones educativas (...) prácticas dirigidas a las propuestas metodológicas para mejorar la escritura académica de inglés como lengua extranjera en enseñanza universitaria. (shrink)

This study explores the ethical implications of social media advertising, particularly its portrayals of physical appearance and body worship. Employing a qualitative approach, our aim is to deepen understanding of user concerns and perceptions regarding these advertising strategies. We conducted 12 focus groups comprising 80 participants for coding analysis. Our findings reveal users’ adaptability in recognizing advertising content, while also highlighting pervasive skepticism and societal pressures, particularly regarding societal expectations related to body image. Moreover, our research identifies a striking lack (...) of awareness among users of advertising regulations. These results underscore the critical need for innovative approaches that prioritize honesty and transparency in social media advertising, particularly concerning respecting individual autonomy over one’s body and encouraging healthy commercial practices. (shrink)

Tradicionalmente, a questão da identidade pessoal é considerada a questão a respeito ao que faz uma pessoa ser a mesma ao longo do tempo. Recentemente, porém, atenção à experiência fenomênica trouxe uma nova perspectiva ao debate. À luz dessa mudança de perspectiva, Klein sugere que indivíduos com amnésia episódica retrógrada retêm uma noção de quem são, além de terem senso de continuidade. Ele, portanto, argumenta que a memória episódica não é necessária para se ter sensação de si mesmo diacrônica. Desafiamos (...) a conclusão de Klein apontando que existem tipos mais extremos de amnésia—amnésia psicogênica—que parecem problemáticos à sua proposta de que o senso de continuidade é suficiente para se ter sensação de si mesmo diacrônico. Esse é o caso, porque alguns exemplos de amnésia psicogênica são casos de amnésia dissociativa, que mostram que ter uma experiência consciente contínua não resolve o problema. (shrink)

S’il apparaît encore important, cinq ans après sa parution, de rendre compte de ce recueil de textes articulant jeunesse et sexualité, c’est que ce riche ouvrage venait en 2010 combler un vide sur le sujet dans le champ des sciences sociales. Comme le soulignent dès l’introduction ses directeurs et sa directrice – dans des propos toujours d’actualité – le débat public autour de ces questions est aujourd’hui majoritairement occupé par un discours « psy » souvent peu fondé sur des enquêtes (...) empi... (shrink)

Zadie Smith’s latest novel, NW, presents a multiverse in which multiplicity is driven into homogeneization by the forces of those dominant discourses that attempt to suppress the category of the “Other.” This paper focuses on the development of the two female protagonists. Their opposing attitudes towards motherhood, together with their confrontation with their origins, bring to the fore the performativity found in the discourses of gender, sexuality, class, and race. Thus, this paper will explore authenticity and performativity in a contemporary (...) context, where patriarchal and neocolonial discourses still apply. (shrink)

An accessible analysis of the global expansion of financial markets in poor communities, incorporating the latest thinking and evidence.

It is usually assumed that Heraclitus is, exclusively, the philosopher of flux, diversity and opposition while Parmenides puts the case for unity and changelessness. However, there is a significant common understanding of things, not simply an accidental similarity of understanding. Both philosophers, critically, distinguish two realms: on the one hand, there is the one, common realm, identical for all, which is grasped by the ‘logos that is common’ or the steady nous that follows a right method in order to interpret (...) the real. On the other hand, the realm of multiplicity seen and heard by the senses, when interpreted by ‘barbarian souls’, is not understood in its common unity. Analogously, when grasped by the wandering weak nous it does not comprehend the real’s basic unity. In this paper I attempt to defend the thesis that both thinkers claim that the common logos or the steady intellect grasp and affirm the unity of the real. (shrink)

This article aims to determine to what extent photographic practices in psychology, psychiatry and physiology contributed to the definition of the external bodily signs of passions and emotions in the second half of the 19th century in France. Bridging the gap between recent research in the history of emotions and photographic history, the following analyses focus on the photographic production of scientists and photographers who made significant contributions to the study of expressions and gestures, namely Duchenne de Boulogne, Charles Darwin, (...) Paul Richer and Albert Londe. This article argues that photography became a key technology in their works due to the adequateness of the exposure time of different cameras to the duration of the bodily manifestations to be recorded, and that these uses constituted facial expressions and bodily gestures as particular objects for the scientific study. (shrink)

El propósito de la ponencia es destacar que la fundamentación de la mediación escolar en la hermenéutica analógica tiene consecuencias sobre la formación de mediadores. La fundamentación de la mediación escolar en la hermenéutica analógica permitió redefinirla como un proceso “prudencial”, y, con ello, el perfil del mediador adquiere una fisonomía muy diferente a la de un “administrador imparcial de conflictos”. La mediación escolar, como estrategia de política pública orientada a atender el problema de la violencia en la escuela, tiene (...) un sentido educativo y por lo mismo, supone que docentes y directivos dispongan de una formación teórica y práctica específica. El mediador prudente conduce un proceso prudencial y ello significa pensar en una “formación virtuosa” más que en una “formación técnica”. En primer lugar, se hará una breve referencia a la mediación como estrategia política de educación para la paz. Luego, se mostrará la vinculación conceptual entre hermenéutica, mediación y prudencia; y se señalarán las consecuencias teóricas de dicha relación. Finalmente, se caracterizará el sentido y alcance de la formación de un mediador prudente. (shrink)

Nosso objetivo neste artigo é expor a maneira como Merleau-Ponty desenvolve, no texto “Nota sobre Maquiavel”, o argumento de que o pensamento político de Maquiavel é essencialmente humanista, uma vez que problematiza, entre outras coisas, as relações do homem com o homem e as relações dos homens com sua situação e com a história, tendo como fio condutor de tal problematização o papel a ser desempenhado pelo príncipe na direção do Estado e, consequentemente, das vidas de seus súditos.

Michel Foucault, no curso Em defesa da sociedade, explica a relação entre o biopoder e o racismo. Dentre as modalidades de racismo praticadas desde o século XIX, Foucault inclui o socialismo, sendo que neste há um racismo de tipo evolucionista, biológico, que funciona plenamente em relação aos doentes mentais, aos criminosos, aos adversários políticos etc., que foi necessário sempre que o socialismo teve de insistir no problema da luta contra o inimigo e da eliminação do adversário no interior da sociedade (...) capitalista, e apareceu porque foi a única maneira, nesse caso, de pensar uma razão para matar o adversário. Por outro lado, Maurice Merleau-Ponty publicou, em 1947, o livro Humanismo e Terror, no qual invoca o problema da violência praticada pela União Soviética, pondo em evidência a teoria e a prática da violência pelo regime comunista. Para Merleau-Ponty, quando se vive numa época em que a base tradicional de uma sociedade se destrói e o homem deve reconstruí-la e reconstruir também as relações humanas, a liberdade de cada um desaparece e a violência aparece. Isso seria como foi o princípio do comunismo, com Lênin. O que Merleau-Ponty questiona é se a violência praticada em 1947 pelo mesmo regime tem o mesmo sentido que tinha no leninismo. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar se há e quais são os pontos de toque entre a visão foucaultiana do racismo de Estado praticado pela URSS e a violência revolucionária identificada por Merleau-Ponty na mesma URSS. (shrink)

New technologies could facilitate new ways of cheating. This emerging scenario places academic integrity policy in higher education institutions as critical. Academic integrity scholars have designed conceptual frameworks to analyze academic integrity policy. The body of the literature on academic integrity policy analysis includes studies developed in North America, Europe, and Australia. However, insight into several regions of the world is lacking. This pioneering study in the Chilean context analyzes documents addressing academic integrity at forty-three accredited universities. Using a qualitative (...) research design, we framed this policy analysis in the five core elements of exemplary academic integrity policy: access, approach, responsibility, detail, and support. The findings revealed challenges with accessing documents online, a strong presence of legal language that might not be understandable to all students, and a scarcity of information about review cycles. The punitive approach was prevalent, with a significant focus on students’ conduct. Signs of collaboration and mechanisms for promoting academic integrity cultures were nearly absent. The documents primarily targeted students and the roles of other stakeholders concentrated on the enforcement of sanctions and misconduct investigations. The analysis also showed the use of general definitions to describe academic integrity breaches, inconsistency across the system in defining plagiarism and a lack of guidance to address contract cheating and unauthorized use of generative artificial intelligence. The findings also highlighted the unavailability of institutional support to teach, learn, and research with integrity or references to research-based practices. We propose twelve practical recommendations for policymakers and academic integrity advocates. (shrink)

In the context of agricultural activity intensification and rural abandonment, neo-rurality has emerged as a back-to-the-land migratory movement led by urban populations seeking alternative ways of life close to nature. Although the initiatives of the new peasantry are diverse, most are land related, such as agriculture and livestock farming. A priori, neorural people undertake agri-food system activities in ways that differ from the conventional model, following the principles of environmental and social sustainability. We conducted a systematic review of the literature (...) on the neo-rural phenomenon with the main objective of examining how neo-rurality has been found to support agroecological transitions. The corpus of neo-rural studies was analyzed from a social-ecological perspective, and a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) was conducted to determine whether neo-rural agri-food system activities follow agroecological principles. The results indicate that neo-rural studies is an emerging research field that has received considerable attention in western countries. Diverse conceptualizations and terms have been used to address the phenomenon, but the literature agrees on political and environmental motivations and several barriers faced by neo-rural people. This population and in particular new peasants, are employing a wide variety of agroecological practices and strategies throughout the agri-food system. Overall, neo-rural people have been reported to contribute significantly to agroecological transition. (shrink)

The main objective of this article is to explain the subjective-relative aspect as being the essential constituent of the structure of the lifeworld in the Husserl’s work Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. To this end, it will be analyzed, in a first moment, what consist the crisis of European sciences diagnosed by Husserl and how the process of mathematization of nature took place, which configures the objectivist scientific orientation. Finally, it will be possible to analyze the subjective-relative (...) structure of the lifeworld understood as the soil of immediate intuition experience. (shrink)

Cinq ans après sa première sortie, largement saluée, paraît cette édition revue et augmentée de l’Encyclopédie critique du genre dirigée par l’historienne et sociologue Juliette Rennes. Les 66 articles ont été actualisés et huit nouvelles entrées font leur apparition, portant le total à 74 : ce sont ainsi plus de 150 pages qui viennent compléter la somme initiale, et 10 auteurs et autrices supplémentaires qui participent à l’ouvrage (pour un total de 90, issus de quinze disciplines). L’introd...

O presente artigo tem como objetivo principal esclarecer a concepção da tradição megárica acerca do conceito de capacidade (δύναμις), tal como apresentada no livro Theta da Metafísica de Aristóteles. A análise se faz necessária devido à falta de atenção aristotélica na formulação da tese adversária dos megáricos, pois em nenhum momento Aristóteles parece nos oferecer argumentos plausíveis que justifiquem de maneira adequada a tese de seus oponentes. Partindo desta dificuldade de reconstrução do argumento megárico e visando lhe oferecer uma maior (...) dignidade, o estudo irá, em primeiro lugar, destrinchar possíveis argumentos que sustentem a tese no contexto da referida obra. Em seguida, irá provar que, mesmo a tese megárica não sendo tão facilmente refutável como uma primeira leitura poderia sugerir, há em sua estrutura problemas graves, que se evidenciam diante da concepção aristotélica da capacidade. (shrink)

Intentaré ofrecer alguna pista con relación a la cuestión de cuál es el alcance, significado y evolución de la figura del νομοθέτης en el Crátilo. Su papel le sirve a Platón instrumentalmente para refutar, siquiera parcialmente, por una parte, el convencionalismo de Hermógenes, mediante el sutil desplazamiento desde la figura de “quien establece el uso de las palabras” (arbitrariamente) a la figura de un experto artesano que debe conocer la naturaleza de las cosas para operar correctamente. Por la otra, también (...) le sirve para refutar el naturalismo de Crátilo, porque los forjadores de los nombres primitivos han errado al suponer una realidad exclusivamente en movimiento, y al ignorar que el lenguaje, siendo imitativo, implica la posibilidad del error. El análisis etimológico sirve para exponer cómo la mayoría de ellos han fallado, por lo que el lenguaje no es el camino para el conocimiento de la realidad, sino, a la inversa: el dialéctico, quien conoce lo que las cosas son, es el que está en condiciones de controlar que los nombres sean forjados y establecidos correctamente. Así resulta que los malos artesanos quedan descartados y el bueno, que conoce la Forma Nombre, se ha convertido al platonismo. (shrink)

El objetivo fundamental de este artículo está dirigido a valorar las funciones de la intertextualidad en la construcción del espacio insular caribeño en WideSargasso Sea, de la escritora dominiquesa Jean Rhys. Por tal motivo se analizaron las relaciones intertextuales entre Jean Eyre, de Charlotte Brontë, y Wide Sargasso Sea, de Jea Rhys, con énfasis en la isla en tanto espacio literario presentado de manera explícita. Como resultado se pudo constatar que la principal función de la intertextualidad en dicho texto responde (...) a la intención calibanesca y desmitificadora de desmonte de los arquetipos en los que la imagen del otro ha sido construida en el discurso del poder. De igual manera, el presente análisis permite develar la riqueza de las connotaciones otorgadas en el texto al espacio isla y a sus significados añadidos. La red de significaciones encontradas refuerza su identidad cultural caribeña. (shrink)

This paper analyses the role played by members of the Curie family in the visual diplomacy of cancer treatments. This relationship started in 1921, when Marie Curie travelled to the US, accompanied by her two daughters, Ève and Irène, to receive a gram of radium at the White House from President Warren Harding. In the years that followed, Ève Curie, as the biographer and natural heir of radium discoverers Marie and Pierre Curie, continued to contribute to the visual diplomacy of (...) cancer campaigning. Two events will be analysed through an interdisciplinary lens, merging history of science and visual-diplomacy studies, to show how the legacy of the Curies played out in the international consolidation of pre-war transnational alliances in the fight against cancer. One involves the picture of the chargé d'affaires of the France Republic, Jules Henry, receiving the biography authored by Ève,Madame Curie, at the French embassy in Washington. The other concerns the photograph of Ève visiting the Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO) in 1940, which was immediately reproduced in the Institute's bulletin in order to raise awareness of cancer prevention strategies, and also captured in film as a propaganda tool for the Estado Novo regime (1933–74). (shrink)

Este trabajo parte de una revisión completa del periódico para mujeres La Educanda (Madrid, 1861-1865), que permite apreciar las variaciones existentes en las dos épocas que conoce en su andadura y muestra de manera clara cómo pese a ser una publicación dirigida por hombres, en sus páginas va creciendo de manera notable la participación femenina, coincidiendo con una tendencia generalizada a visibilizar el papel de las mujeres editoras y escritoras en muchas de las empresas de la década de los sesenta.

Este trabajo es una investigación sobre filosofía de la cultura. Trata de comprender las expresio-nes simbólicas de algunos grupos humanos: los mesoamericanos del periodo clásico. Como saber filosófico, la filosofía de la cultura toma su punto de partida de las descripciones llevadas a cabo desde el plano de la exterioridad objetiva por arqueólogos, lingüistas e historiadores. Teniéndolas en cuenta intento comprender estas culturas en un doble plano: el fenomenológico y el ontológico. Como ejes de la organización de estas culturas tomo (...) las expresiones artísticas y religiosas más significativas referidas al espacio y al tiempo: sus lugares sagrados y sus calenda-rios sagrados, e intento realizar una comprensión de lo vivido o acontecido en la interioridad de los sujetos de estas culturas ante los lugares sagrados y sus calendarios, y alcanzar, desde el punto de vista de la ontología de la cultura la esencia del espacio como lugar de manifestación del Origen y del calendario como organización de la vida desde un constructo ideal. (shrink)

La razón instrumental moderna descuidó la dimensión del valor de lo humano, lo que ha provocado que las intenciones emancipadoras de creación y eficacia del concepto de derechos humanos de 1948 parezcan haber fracasado, pues en la época contemporánea éstos derechos no generan credibilidad ni protección; por el contrario, parecen estar orientados por el poder y servir como herramientas para la dominación. Por lo tanto, se encuentra a la teoría de la razón razonable de Luis Villoro como la alternativa conciliadora (...) y pertinente para reorientar el concepto de los derechos humanos con el objetivo de alcanzar relaciones humanas más justas. (shrink)

Research on the Spatial Quantity Association of Response Codes (SQUARC) has documented associations between spatial position and mental representations of quantity. Large quantities are associated with right and top, small quantities are associated with left and bottom. Resulting compatibility effects have largely been documented for response speed and judgment accuracy. Recently, employing luminance as quantity, Löffler et al. (2022) generalised such SQUARC compatibility effects to affective judgments, showing that horizontally SQUARC-compatible stimulus arrangements (i.e. bright on the right, dark on the (...) left side) are liked more than SQUARC-incompatible arrangements. The present Experiment 1 (N = 296) replicated this horizontal compatibility effect, dz =.18, and generalised it to vertical luminance SQUARC compatibility (i.e. bright on the top, dark on the bottom), dz =.22. Experiments 2a-b (total N = 259; Experiment 2b preregistered) employed stimulus arrangements tilted by 45° to manipulate horizontal and vertical (in)compatibility simultaneously within the same stimulus, finding robust horizontal compatibility effects, but mixed evidence regarding vertical compatibility. (shrink)

Todos los Acuerdos de Libre Comercio (ALCs) concluidos recientemente por la Unión Europea (UE) incluyen capítulos sobre Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible (CDS) donde se recogen compromisos mutuos en materia laboral y medioambiental. Las disposiciones sobre medio ambiente mencionan expresamente los acuerdos multilaterales que cada Parte se compromete a cumplir, como el Acuerdo de París sobre cambio climático. Sin embargo, la falta de un mecanismo de ejecución efectiva en caso de incumplimiento de las disposiciones sobre CDS merma la credibilidad de los (...) compromisos de sostenibilidad. El ALC de la UE con Nueva Zelanda representa un punto de inflexión en esta tendencia, ya que introduce un nuevo modelo de aplicación. Con respecto a los compromisos climáticos, en particular, el ACL incluye objetivos ambiciosos que, unido al nuevo enfoque de aplicación, podrían incorporarse a futuros ALCs de la UE, contribuyendo así de forma importante a la lucha global contra el cambio climático. (shrink)

RESUMEN El talante filosófico de la confianza otorga un sello distintivo al pensamiento de Paul Ricoeur e irradia su filosofía hermenéutica y su ética. Como presuposición onto-an-tropológica, la confianza no aparece tematizada expresamente en su obra, pero se puede pesquisar en nociones éticas clave: solicitud y atestación, desarrolladas en Sí mismo como Otro y en la Filosofía de la Voluntad y otros textos. El objetivo del estudio es exhibir dicha confianza como suelo del dinamismo interno de su filosofía, cuyo presupuesto (...) ontológico-ético es la relación originaria del sí con el otro, expresada en el espíritu hermenéutico-esperanzador, inseparable de su carácter hermenéutico-crítico. ABSTRACT The philosophical spirit of trust gives a distinctive stamp to the thought of Paul Ricoeur and radiates his hermeneutical philosophy and ethics. As an onto-anthropological presupposition, trust does not appear expressly thematized in his work, but it can be investigated in key ethical notions: solicitude and attestation, developed in Himself as Other and in the Philosophy of Will and other texts. The aim of the study is to show this trust as the ground for the internal dynamism of his philosophy, whose ontological-ethical presupposition is the original relationship of the self with the other, expressed in the hermeneutical-hopeful spirit, inseparable from its hermeneutical-critical character. (shrink)