Les études qui constituent cet ouvrage mettent en scène des trajectoires interprétatives de l'opéra afin de faire ressortir la plasticité de cet objet culturel qui est, dès sa naissance au XVIIème siècle, le symbole de l'altérité ...

[Multiple authors] In this paper, we propose a general architecture that is based on fast/slow solvers and a metacognitive component. We then present experimental results on the behavior of an instance of this architecture, for AI systems that make decisions about navigating in a constrained environment. We show how combining the fast and slow decision modalities allows the system to evolve over time and gradually pass from slow to fast thinking with enough experience, and that this greatly helps in decision (...) quality, resource consumption, and efficiency. (shrink)

Este artigo será dividido em três tópicos: “I. Os conflitos antinômicos da razão consigo mesma”, “II. Reconstrução dos argumentos da Terceira antinomia e da solução crítica” e “III. Liberdade transcendental e liberdade prática”. O primeiro exporá em que consiste os problemas antinômicos. O segundo irá se deter no Terceiro problema antinômico e na solução crítica promulgada por Kant. O terceiro, finalmente, apresentará um embate entre Kant e Schopenhauer, salientando o por quê da solução schopenhauriana à Terceira antinomia ser recusada, ao (...) passo que a kantiana deve ser aceita. (shrink)

Our present moral traits are unable to provide the level of large-scale co-operation necessary to deal with risks such as nuclear proliferation, drastic climate change and pandemics. In order to survive in an environment with powerful and easily available technologies, some authors claim that we need to improve our moral traits with moral enhancement. But this is prone to produce paradoxical effects, be self-reinforcing and harm personal identity. The risks of moral enhancement require the use of a safety framework; such (...) a framework should guarantee practical robustness to moral uncertainty, empirical adequacy, correct balance between dispositions, preservation of identity, and be sensitive to practical considerations such as emergent social effects. A virtue theory can meet all these desiderata. Possible frameworks incorporate them to variable degrees. The social value orientations framework is one of the most promising candidates. (shrink)

The objective of this work is to reconstruct the concepts of constellation, parataxis and essay, from the perspective of Theodor Adorno, in order to approach them by affinity, but demonstrating the way that each one expresses within its specificities the Adorno’s insistence in a model of thought in which the non-identical: 1) resists conceptual subsumption by arranging itself in a constellatory configuration; 2) it does not succumb to subordinate juxtapositions typical of merely communicative language; and, 3) finds its best philosophical (...) expression in the essay form. In order to do so, we will take as a starting point the adornian reconstruction of the constellation category as a legacy of Walter Benjamin’s thought, so that later we can present the expansion of this category in Adorno’s thought, relating it both to the conception of parataxis as in the conception of the essay form, but aiming to understand these categories as way of thinking philosophically aiming to elucidate the place of the non-identical in the scope of dialectical thinking of Theodor Adorno. (shrink)

A new argument has been made against moral enhancement by authors who are otherwise in favour of human enhancement. Additionally, they share the same evolutionary toolkit for analysing human traits as well as the belief that our current morality is unfit to deal with modern problems, such as climate change and nuclear proliferation. The argument is put forward by Buchanan and Powell and states that other paths to moral progress are enough to deal with these problems. Given the likely costs (...) and risks involved with developing moral enhancement, this argument implies moral enhancement is an unpromising enterprise. After mentioning proposed solutions to such modern problems, I will argue that moral enhancement would help implement any of them. I will then detail Buchanan and Powell’s new argument disfavouring moral enhancement and argue that it makes too bold assumptions about the efficacy of traditional moral progress. For instance, it overlooks how that progress was to achieve even in relatively successful cases such as the abolition of slavery. Traditional moral progress is likely to require assistance from non-traditional means in order to face new challenges. (shrink)

O homem contemporâneo vive um mundo de incertezas, onde muitos dos antigos paradigmas que o senso comum considerava como absolutos se desmoronam com incrível velocidade. Esta volatilidade de sentidos é observada com ampla nitidez na busca do sagrado: as religiões tradicionais são deixadas de lado ou misturadas a práticas esotéricas, místicas e ocultas, tentativa humana de explorar o mundo através de um enfoque holístico, que reimprima na vida a magia outrora perdida. Neste contexto de construção de uma nova realidade, a (...) percepção e manifestação do sagrado não desaparecem, mas, seguindo a mentalidade de seu tempo, transformam-se. A religiosidade assume um caráter individualista, imediatista e descompromissado, restaurando conceitos e práticas da antigüidade, em uma tentativa clara de reencantamento do mundo, agora sob a perspectiva da sociedade globalizada. Filosofias orientais invadem a dimensão religiosa do mundo ocidental, numa mistura explicitamente paradoxal. Deste epicentro nasce a cultura da Nova Era, movimento que busca restaurar a tradição sagrada do homem postulando um saber místico, pretendendo conectar o ser humano ao transcendente partindo não de instituições específicas, mas de conhecimentos e práticas do esoterismo, ocultismo e magia. Palavras-chave: Nova Era; Subjetivismo; Consumismo. ABSTRACT Contemporary man lives in a world of uncertainties, where many of the old paradigms that common sense used to consider absolute are falling apart with incredible speed. Such volatility of senses is clearly noticed in the search for the sacred: traditional religions are left behind or mingled with esoteric, mystical and occult practices, in a human attempt to explore the world from a holistic viewpoint capable of rescuing life’s lost magic. In that context of construction of a new reality, the perception and manifestation of the sacred do not disappear; they rather change, following the mentality of the times. Religion assumes an individualistic, immediate and uncommitted feature, restoring old concepts and practices, in an attempt to render the world enchanted once more, now in the perspective of globalized society. Oriental philosophies invade the religion scope of the Western world, in an explicitly paradoxical blend. From that epicenter is born the New Age culture, a movement that tries to restore human sacred tradition by postulating a mystical dimension and connecting man to the transcendent, not through specific institutions, but through the knowledge and practice of esoterism, occultism and magic. Key words: New age; Subjectivism; Consumerism. (shrink)

This article intent to bring some notes to understand the role of religion in the work of Slavoj Žižek. Is quite clear that religion is a big problem that Žižek faces in some of his book and to us is quite clear that his concern about this theme is extremely important to his view on politics and psychoanalysis. This article points out some insights about the main themes that Žižek works in his book about religion. We have no intent to (...) encompass all the repercussion of Žižek’s thought about religion, but we believe that this article opens a good aproximation to the theme of religion in Zizek’s work. Keywords: Christianism, Religion, Atheism, Death of God. (shrink)

Este artigo discute o conceito de "panóptico digital" e seu papel na sociedade contemporânea. O filósofo Byung-Chul Han introduz a idéia do "panóptico" - inicialmente desenvolvido por Jeremy Bentham no século 18 - para descrever uma forma de controle e vigilância presente na sociedade moderna. São discutidos os efeitos das tecnologias digitais no acompanhamento e controle do comportamento individual, bem como a ameaça que isso representa para a privacidade e a autonomia. Também discute o conceito de "psicopolítica" e como ele (...) está relacionado ao uso das tecnologias digitais para vigilância e controle. Por fim, destaca a importância de proteger a liberdade e a privacidade individual, ao mesmo tempo em que considera os impactos potenciais das tecnologias digitais nas relações sociais. (shrink)

Online controlled experiments, also known as A/B tests, have become ubiquitous. While many practical challenges in running experiments at scale have been thoroughly discussed, the ethical dimension of A/B testing has been neglected. This article fills this gap in the literature by introducing a new, soft ethics and governance framework that explicitly recognizes how the rise of an experimentation culture in industry settings brings not only unprecedented opportunities to businesses but also significant responsibilities. More precisely, the article (a) introduces a (...) set of principles to encourage ethical and responsible experimentation to protect users, customers, and society; (b) argues that ensuring compliance with the proposed principles is a complex challenge unlikely to be addressed by resorting to a one-solution response; (c) discusses the relevance and effectiveness of several mechanisms and policies in educating, governing, and incentivizing companies conducting online controlled experiments; and (d) offers a list of prompting questions specifically designed to help and empower practitioners by stimulating specific ethical deliberations and facilitating coordination among different groups of stakeholders. (shrink)

O estatuto do realismo em Foucault, apesar de elaborado insistentemente, permanece elíptico – em parte graças à sua associação a proposições que poderíamos denominar ficcionalistas. Através dos textos onde Foucault aborda os nexos de pertencimento entre ficção, universalidade e facticidade, o artigo propõe uma leitura não-realista de suas pesquisas, caracterizada pela recusa não do real enquanto objeto, mas de sua evidência ontológica. Inicialmente, trata da apresentação das insuficiências das interpretações que exigem uma ontologia – como a de Paul Veyne –, (...) bem como das que a substituem pela excepcionalidade da criação – como a de Michel de Certeau. Em seguida, detalha a questão da literatura como paradigma metodológico, especialmente nas referências de Foucault à obra de René Char. Enfim, mostra em que sentido a enunciação do discurso da arqueogenealogia está mais próximo do (não-)realismo de Fichte – no seu improvável encontro com Blanchot – do que da dialética hegeliana. (shrink)

A história da relação equívoca entre Nietzsche e Wagner revela as dimensões de sua frágil tensão, se considerada segundo os elementos com base nos quais ambos conceberam o problema da cultura e sua renovação como missão política e teórica. O presente artigo pretende, a partir da leitura de documentos testemunhais, sublinhar a distância ideológica que o filólogo e o compositor, estrategicamente, tiveram de ignorar. Mostram-se, através desta análise, as diferenças normalmente pouco abordadas entre os projetos de reforma da cultura elaborados (...) pelos dois autores – tanto no que se refere à atuação política, quanto no que diz respeito a uma visão de mundo. (shrink)

O governo do presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso teve papel relevante na consolidação de políticas voltadas ao campo e ao processo de reforma agrária no Brasil. O objetivo do artigo é refletir sobre o perfil e as tensões envoltas na política de reforma agrária do governo FHC, e os desdobramentos dessa política face ao número de famílias assentadas e áreas obtidas para fins de reforma agrária no Brasil. Utiliza-se como fonte textos de pesquisadores que estudaram os caminhos e descaminhos da reforma (...) agrária brasileira e dados do “Banco de Dados da Luta Pela Terra”. Compreende-se que, no Governo FHC, apesar do número de famílias assentadas e áreas obtidas terem avançado de forma considerável em relação a governos anteriores, a reforma agrária foi tratada de forma marginal, e o governo, por vezes, negou as lutas e o protagonismo dos movimentos sociais do campo. (shrink)

este texto refleja la intención de ver las crisis como operadoras de cambios de orden, cambios estructurales. Si estos cambios son lo suficientemente profundos se pueden catalogar como rupturas. Las rupturas dependen, en una medida importante, del azar; no pueden ser buscadas concretamente ni de forma explícita. Durante las crisis, el azar juega un papel particularmente importante, por ser momentos de mayor incertidumbre y aleatoriedad. En ámbitos incontrolables, probablemente sea lo mejor actuar no muy lejos de la inmediatez.

Revisando la Investigación sobre el conocimiento humano de DavidHume, encontramos una idea poco humeana: La división entre Relaciones de ideas y cuestiones de hecho. Es, al menos, mucho más importante que esa división, ciertamente equívoca, la diferencia que puede haber entre dos proposiciones según la cantidad y la fiabilidad de la información de que disponemos sobre cada una. Por otra parte, he querido resaltar las cercanías con Nietzsche en su aversión al extremo orgullo de los hombres respecto de su intelecto.

Revisando la Investigación sobre el conocimiento humano de DavidHume, encontramos una idea poco humeana: La división entre Relaciones de ideas y cuestiones de hecho. Es, al menos, mucho más importante que esa división, ciertamente equívoca, la diferencia que puede haber entre dos proposiciones según la cantidad y la fiabilidad de la información de que disponemos sobre cada una. Por otra parte, he querido resaltar las cercanías con Nietzsche en su aversión al extremo orgullo de los hombres respecto de su intelecto.

ABSTRACT This study observes oral poetry as an aesthetic manifestation and attention, especially to poems that recall childhood in which the inspiration is the oral collection. Coordinates favor following the poetic and creative properties of the aforementioned poetic genre, from which verses from the book Batata cozida, mingau de cará [Cooked Potato, Yam Porridge], written by Eloí Bocheco (2006), are analyzed. Thus, it can be said that the poetics for childhood understood by the writer’s proposal allows the little reader to (...) transit, in the same creation, through the known, that is, throughout the elements of oral poetry almost always recovered from the popular tradition; and for what he knows at the same opportunity: the poem of declared authorship, which presupposes a work woven basically in writing. In addition, such verses can be understood as a variation of the oral tradition, renewed on the threshold between orality and writing, in a playful game with both codes. (shrink)

Although the primary locus for analyzing the role of desire in Hegel’s self-consciousness has been set upon the Phenomenology of Spirit, by moving toward the texts of his youth, especially the theological fragments written between 1794 and 1798, we find a series of tensions between desire, positivity, and totality that inform us about the deadlocks that the Hegelian system must have faced in order to be constituted. This confrontation, looked at from the point of view of the emphasis on identity, (...) and not, as the commentators who base themselves on Phenomenology claim, on otherness, is constituted as an enterprise not only of self-formation, but of erotic self-fruition. The article proposes, through a detailing of what, in Hegel, would lead us to Freud, an investigation into the meanings of desirant suffering in the prehistory of speculative philosophy. (shrink)

O artigo procura avaliar a consolidação e os desdobramentos da função heurística e simbólica ocupada pelo Ungeheuer [o monstro ou o monstruoso] na filosofia kantiana, tendo em vista a emergência do horizonte da racionalidade moderna. Uma reconfiguração dessas imagens do Monstro e da Monstruosidade parece ter lugar no momento mesmo em que a filosofia moderna procurou pensar sua identidade e seus limites. O pensamento de Kant, que ocupa - de fato ou de direito - um lugar central nessa ruptura, apresentaria (...) de modo exemplar, embora não evidente, o percurso dessa transformação. This work intends to evaluate the origins and developments of the symbolic and heuristic function at stake in the term Ungeheuer [the monster or the monstrous] within Kant's philosophy, regarding the rising horizon of modern rationality. A reconfiguration of the Monster and Monstrous imagery seems to take place right at the moment when modern philosophy had to reflect upon its own identity and limits. Kant's thought, that occupies - de jure or de facto - a central place within this rupture could exemplarily, but not obviously, show the path of such transformation. (shrink)

O artigo se propõe a esclarecer a hesitante relação de Foucault com a teoria estruturalista da década de 1960 a partir da recondução histórica e política dessa questão ao debate intelectual que procurou, com maior ou menor sucesso, no modelo linguístico de Saussure, uma nova grade de inteligibilidade para as ciências humanas ciências humanas. A descrição das transformações que ocorreram no interior deste debate e o modo como elas levaram Foucault a repensar sua participação nele nos ajudam a esclarecer como (...) a simpatia explícita pelo estruturalismo do início dos anos 1960 cede lugar a uma recusa insistente de filiar-se a ele no final dessa década. This paper intends to elucidate the hesitating relation between Foucault and structuralist theory at the 1960s by recasting it, in a historical and political way, within the intellectual debate that tried to build, more or less successfully, a new grid of comprehensibleness to humanities from the linguistic model of Ferdinand de Saussure. The descritption of transformations that took place within this debate and the way they compelled Foucault to rethink his participation in it could help us to understand how explicit affinities towards structuralism in the beginning of the 1960s gives place to an insistent refusal of affiliation at the end of this decade. (shrink)

RESUMO O artigo analisa a importância das reflexões sobre medicina, a dinâmica do corpo, da doença e da saúde, tais como desenvolvidas pelo médico John Brown no século XVIII, sobre a filosofia da natureza de Novalis, contextualizando a recepção dessas reflexões do âmbito romântico-idealista da Alemanha do começo do século XIX. ABSTRACT This paper examines the relevance for Novalis’s philosophy of nature of John Brown’s reflections upon Medicine, dynamics of body, illness and health, the way they were developed by this (...) 18th century physician, by setting the context for it within romantic-idealist early 19th century Germany. (shrink)

This article analyzes the meaning of the expression "disenchantment of the world" in the French philosopher Marcel Gauchet’s thought. In order to do so, it seeks to show that, through the thesis of an exit of religion, Gauchet presents the historical development of religion in three distinct stages but successive and interrelated each other, that is to say: The religion of the past as the configurator of the original experience of heteronomy in its most absolute form of the so-called primitive (...) societies or without writing; The historic moment of exit from religion as an event of absolute transition from heteronomous hegemony to autonomy hegemony; and,, finally, the current stage as a "post-religion" moment, in which a metamorphosis of religion is seen in personal belief and, thus, to a transformation of the figure of the Beyond or suprasensible, which entails, in turn, different conceptions and figures of transcendence in the contemporary world. In traversing the Gauchetian thought in its historical-analytical arc, the article shows how the French thinker reflects on the conditions of possibility of the religious and religiosity in the present times. (shrink)

Resultado de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo identificar os critérios que propiciaram a política de seleção do acervo do Real Gabinete Português de Leitura e a partir desses, estabelecer a Política de Seleção que foi praticada pelo Gabinete. Por uma abordagem exploratório-descritiva e utilizando características do acervo, esse artigo busca delinear a figura do leitor no período de 1837-1847. Identifica algumas classes de leitores e suas leituras.

I will argue that deep moral enhancement is relatively prone to unexpected consequences. I first argue that even an apparently straightforward example of moral enhancement such as increasing human co-operation could plausibly lead to unexpected harmful effects. Secondly, I generalise the example and argue that technological intervention on individual moral traits will often lead to paradoxical effects on the group level. Thirdly, I contend that insofar as deep moral enhancement targets higher-order desires, it is prone to be self-reinforcing and irreversible. (...) Fourthly, I argue that the complex causal history of moral traits, with its relatively high frequency of contingencies, indicates their fragility. Finally, I conclude that attempts at deep moral enhancement pose greater risks than other enhancement technologies. For example, one of the major problems that moral enhancement is hoped to address is lack of co-operation between groups. If humanity developed and distributed a drug that dramatically increased co-operation between individuals, we would likely see a paradoxical decrease in co-operation between groups and a self-reinforcing increase in the disposition to engage in further modifications – both of which are potential problems. (shrink)

In this paper, we propose a regularity theory of causation. The theory aims to be reductive and to align with our pre‐theoretic understanding of the causal relation. We show that our theory can account for a wide range of causal scenarios, including isomorphic scenarios, omissions, and scenarios which suggest that causation is not transitive.

How individuals tend to evaluate the combination of their own and other’s payoffs—social value orientations—is likely to be a potential target of future moral enhancers. However, the stability of cooperation in human societies has been buttressed by evolved mildly prosocial orientations. If they could be changed, would this destabilize the cooperative structure of society? We simulate a model of moral enhancement in which agents play games with each other and can enhance their orientations based on maximizing personal satisfaction. We find (...) that given the assumption that very low payoffs lead agents to be removed from the population, there is a broadly stable prosocial attractor state. However, the balance between prosociality and individual payoff-maximization is affected by different factors. Agents maximizing their own satisfaction can produce emergent shifts in society that reduce everybody’s satisfaction. Moral enhancement considerations should take the issues of social emergence into account. (shrink)

Expediente - Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, v. 17, n. 54, set.-dez. 2019.

Expediente - Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, v. 19, n. 58, jan.-abr. 2021.

Expediente - Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, v. 19, n. 60, set./dez. 2021.

This article aims to present how the philosopher Emmanuel Lévinas understands the issues of suffering and evil in the world, hardships frequently considered as obstacles to the belief in God. Breaking away from the logic of theodicies, the French-Lithuanian philosopher developed original and instigating perspectives on these themes, placing them in an eminently ethical domain. It concerns an ethic that escapes reciprocity, in a context of asymmetry, with the granting of absolute priority to the other man. Such reflections are particularly (...) relevant in the dramatic scenario established by the Covid-19 pandemic, which has given rise to suffering, death, and several uncertainties, among which the narrative of God. The new coronavirus has sparked a crisis of global dimensions, which raises the need for a new civilizational paradigm, prioritizing principles such as cooperation, human solidarity and ethical responsibility towards others, a horizon in which Lévinas' conceptions are included. (shrink)

Review BARROZO, Victor Breno Farias. Modernidade religiosa : memória, transmissão e emoção no pensamento de Danièle Hervieu-Léger. São Paulo: Fonte Editorial, 2014.

The impact of large digital corporations on our freedom is often lamented but rarely investigated systematically. This paper aims to fill this desideratum by focusing on the power of social media corporations and the freedom of their users. In order to analyze this relationship, I distinguish two forms of freedom and two corresponding forms of power. Social media corporations extend their users’ freedom of choice by providing many new options. This provision, however, comes with the domination by these corporations because (...) it is based on their power of uncontrolled interference. Users could escape this domination through exit. One reason why they do not choose this option is that they would lose the benefits associated with the network effects provided by social media services. A second reason is that the power of social media corporations runs so deep that they are able to manipulate the autonomous decision-making processes of their users. Users are provided with many new avenues for authentic self-presentation on social media. By using them, however, users need to conform to a web interface that is designed by corporations to undermine self-control. Through these two mechanisms, corporations are able to promote an interest in users to present themselves on their platforms. Insofar as this works, they secure the users’ compliance to their domination through subjectivation. This double conjunction of choice and domination, on the one hand, and autonomy and subjectivation, on the other, makes the case that the very power of corporate social media stems from their intrinsic connection to genuine practices of freedom. (shrink)

We aim to devise a Ramsey test analysis of actual causation. Our method is to define a strengthened Ramsey test for causal models. Unlike the accounts of Halpern and Pearl ([2005]) and Halpern ([2015]), the resulting analysis deals satisfactorily with both over- determination and conjunctive scenarios.

Nesse artigo, estudamos os escritos tardios de Walter Benjamin, compreendidos entre 1935-1940. Nossa hipótese é que os conceitos de sonho, ruína e história se articulam de maneira intrincada no pensamento da maturidade do autor. A estrutura do texto conta com duas partes argumentativas. A primeira, à luz dos livros N das Passagens e do Exposé (1939), visa examinar detalhadamente como Benjamin opera com uma concepção renovada de sonho a partir de sua inserção nos objetos materiais eles mesmos. A segunda parte (...) é focada em certas passagens das teses Sobre o conceito de história (1940). Nela pretendemos dar conta de uma concepção de história renovada que é combativa e investigar qual a tarefa do historiador materialista para Benjamin. (shrink)

Sartre’s account of the emotions presupposes a conception of human nature that is never fully articulated. The paper aims to render such conception explicit and to argue that frustration occupies a foundational place in Sartre’s picture of affective existence.

O artigo tem como objetivo traçar uma visão panorâmica sobre como Lacan trabalha a questão de Deus em seus seminários. Tendo em vista a importância da questão de Deus para Lacan, nosso artigo se mostra como uma tentativa de mapear tal problema nos seminários e evidenciar que o tema sobre Deus perpassa toda a obra de Jacques Lacan, que vai alterando as suas formulações sobre Deus à medida que seu ensino avança.

Les politiques urbaines se heurtent aux pratiques d’appropriation par les pauvres, qui demandent à être indemnisés en cas d’expulsion par des grands travaux, même quand ils ont voté pour la municipalité qui les a ordonnés. Mais du coup ils veulent participer aux décisions. Leurs luttes multiformes se réfèrent au commun de la ville produit par les pratiques sociales.