The theory of mental models postulates that meaning and knowledge can modulate the interpretation of conditionals. The theory's computer implementation implied that certain conditionals should be true or false without the need for evidence. Three experiments corroborated this prediction. In Experiment 1, nearly 500 participants evaluated 24 conditionals as true or false, and they justified their judgments by completing sentences of the form, It is impossible that A and ___ appropriately. In Experiment 2, participants evaluated 16 conditionals and provided their (...) own justifications, which tended to be explanations rather than logical justifications. In Experiment 3, the participants also evaluated as possible or impossible each of the four cases in the partitions of 16 conditionals: A and C, A and not-C, not-A and C, not-A and not-C. These evaluations corroborated the model theory. We consider the implications of these results for theories of reasoning based on logic, probabilistic logic, and suppositions. (shrink)

Examining how new forms of currencies diffuse is important to uncover their impact on the organization of communities, and thus motivates our study of community currencies. Community currencies provide a medium of exchange by using alternative banknotes or electronic money, which circulates only within particular communities, allowing members to trade goods, increase social cohesion, and achieve collective goals. In this study, we examine how community currencies help facilitate social commons by serving as a setting for building community relationships and a (...) catalyst for other social activities beyond market relations. We analyze cases of community banks that provide microfinance and issue community currencies in Brazil. We find that microfinance entrepreneurs who involve a greater diversity of stakeholders from public, private, and nonprofit sectors in decision making even prior to startup, while also facilitating the formation of supportive social capital from diverse cross-sector stakeholders, increase opportunities for developing new community currencies. By exploring the implications of entrepreneurial actions that promote inclusive participation of diverse stakeholders for accomplishing collective goals, our findings are relevant for other activities that create a common pool of resources while also developing the vitality of the community, including initiatives that use cryptocurrencies and other emerging forms of currencies for building social commons. (shrink)

We report two new phenomena of deontic reasoning: (1) For conditionals with deontic content such as, "If the nurse cleaned up the blood then she must have worn rubber gloves", reasoners make more modus tollens inferences (from "she did not wear rubber gloves" to "she did not clean up the blood") compared to conditionals with epistemic content. (2) For conditionals in the subjunctive mood with deontic content, such as, "If the nurse had cleaned up the blood then she must have (...) had to wear rubber gloves", reasoners make the same frequency of all inferences as they do for conditionals in the indicative mood with deontic content. In this regard, subjunctive deontics are different from subjunctive epistemic conditionals: reasoners interpret subjunctive epistemic conditionals as counterfactual and they make more negative inferences such as modus tollens from them. The experiments show these two phenomena occur for deontic conditionals that contain the modal auxiliary "must" and ones that do not. We discuss the results in terms of the mental representations of deontic conditionals and of counterfactual conditionals. (shrink)

From the beginning of history sounds have played a fundamentally important role in humanity’s development as ways of expression and of communication. However in contemporary western society, and indeed globally, we are experiencing an excess of speech and a relentless encouragement to expression. Such excess indicates a misunderstanding about what expression and dialogue should be. This condition encourages us to think about silence, solitude and contemplation and the role they might play in restoring the realm of personal understanding of the (...) Self and of one’s authentic experience of the Other. The purpose of this article is to explore the potency of a silence that arises from our participation in the world. We present first some ideas about silence as a human phenomenon. This is followed by an examination of silence and language, an investigation of silence in dialogue, and of its educational implications. The article concludes by emphasising the value of silence as potency in itself, assisting in recovering the expressive powers of language. We argue that it is important to understand the positive status of silence in order to recognise and avoid repressive speech and to introduce its potential for reflective learning. (shrink)

Corporeality is a subject strongly present in educational discussion nowadays. The purpose of this paper is to present an outline of issues we may address from the philosophy of sport that could foster a fruitful dialogue with the philosophy of education. It is understood that the philosophy of education can benefit from reflections on corporeality and human movement, namely from sports and games. Initially, the article introduces the philosophy of sport as a field of study that addresses reflections on human (...) movement from sports and games. They highlight elements that are not specific to such practices and foster reflexions on different areas. Afterwards, it explores the experience of corporeality and the dialogical dimension of human movement based on Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology. Human movement indicates a unique way of being communicative. Finally, it presents some reflections on playing games as an experience that helps us think about our relationships with others and the environment. From this perspective it is possible to seek some critical features to understand education in the experience of human movement, namely from playing games, such as experience, dialogue, and expressiveness. Thoughts on human movements may reinforce the role corporeality plays in education as a collective experience and the recognition of the body's expressive potential in constructing knowledge. (shrink)

The article explores E.M. Forster’s story The Machine Stops as an example of dystopian literature and its possible associations with the use of technology and with today’s cyber culture. Dystopian societies are often characterized by dehumanization and Forster’s novel raises questions about how we live in time and space; and how we establish relationships with the Other and with the world through technology. We suggest that the fear of technology depicted in dystopian literature indicates a fear that machines are mimicking (...) the roles that humans already play in relational encounters. Our relationship with machines frequently suggests a classical “I-it” situation. However, a genuine dialogue is where there is no master and where communication and understanding are achieved through the encounter and through openness to difference and to change. The article examines the ways machines and automata are imagined and become part of lived human existence, in the light of Martin Buber’s philosophy of dialogue and Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of perception and otherness. The problem seems to be how everyday technological interfaces can change the way we first perceive the world and the possibility that with certain types of mediation there is a loss of connection with the Other. It is argued that understanding dialogical conditions could help turn the relationship with technology into something more humane. Literature such as Forster’s is considered as an example of such a dialogical condition, suggesting ways of dealing with human dilemmas by exploring the field of possibilities. (shrink)

O objectivo deste artigo é analisar a insígnia profissional e outros símbolos tipográficos usados pelos membros de uma família de impressores de nome António Álvares, que trabalharam em Lisboa nos séculos XVI e XVII. Inicia-se com uma súmula dos dados biográficos e da actividade destes profissionais; segue-se a apresentação da marca tipográfica e de outras gravuras; e conclui-se com uma breve reflexão sobre a importância do estudo das marcas tipográficas para a compreensão do trabalho dos impressores, que inclui a detecção (...) de obras contrafeitas e clandestinas. (shrink)

Este relato apresenta recorte da experiência de estágio supervisionado de História no Colégio de Aplicação da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), em 2018, na turma 2B do ensino médio. De modo específico, trata da metodologia utilizada nas aulas para debater sobre o período da Primeira República no Brasil (1889-1930). Tal metodologia foi centrada no trabalho com diferentes fontes: o samba enredo da escola Imperatriz Leopoldinense, Liberdade! Liberdade! Abra as asas sobre nós (1989); o Hino da Proclamação da República e (...) a pintura (1890), A Redenção de Cam (1895). Essas obras foram utilizadas para compreender determinado contexto histórico, do auge do pensamento racialista na esfera pública e representativo de um projeto de nação que se pretendia branca. A experiência de interpretar as referidas fontes permitiu compreender o contexto de transição entre o império e a república e questionar ideias internalizadas que se apresentam como naturais em relação a cultura afro-brasileira na história do Brasil. (shrink)

* Doutora em Educação pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Professora na Universidade Estadual do Ceará. E-mail: [email protected]. ** Doutor em Sociologia pela Universidade Federal do Ceará. Professor titular da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Federal do Ceará. Professor-pesquisador do convênio de colaboração entre a l’Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, a linha de pesquisa Marxismo, educação e luta de classes do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira da Universidade Federal do Ceará e o Mestrado Acadêmico Intercampi em Educação e Ensino, da Universidade (...) Estadual do Ceará. Professor-pesquisador do Convênio de Colaboração entre o Programa de Mestrado em Antropologia de Iberoamérica da Universidade de Salamanca e Linha de Pesquisa Marxismo, Educação e Luta de Classes do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira da Universidade Federal do Ceará. E-mail: [email protected]. Resumo: O texto problematiza a legitimação das Artes como campo de saber nos currículos de cursos de Pedagogia. Reflete, pois, sobre formação inicial de pedagogos e o repertório artístico-cultural desses profissionais para atenderem às demandas escolares referentes ao ensino de Artes. Tomamos como base de fundamentação teórica, principalmente, a noção de campo de Bourdieu e sua idéia de consagração desse campo como um processo constituído relacionalmente. O trabalho traduz um estudo bibliográfico imerso no campo da Educação, guiado, entretanto, por reflexões sustentadas em observações e vivências estético-pedagógicas no âmbito da formação inicial docente, numa universidade pública estadual brasileira. Com o estudo, infere-se que à universidade cabe a responsabilidade estratégica de garantir a ampliação de componentes curriculares que abranjam saberes em Artes.Palavras-chave: Campo de saber. Artes. Formação de pedagogos. The field of artistic knowledge in the training curriculum of pedagogos and its echo in schools: The text problematizes the legitimization of the Arts as a field of knowledge in the curricula of Pedagogy courses. It reflects, therefore, on the initial formation of pedagogues and the artistic-cultural repertoire of these professionals to attend to the school demands related to the teaching of Arts. We take as theoretical basis mainly the notion of Bourdieu's field and his idea of ​​consecration of this field as a process constituted relationally. The work translates a bibliographic study immersed in the field of Education, guided, however, by reflections sustained in observations and aesthetic-pedagogical experiences in the scope of initial teacher training, in a Brazilian state public university. With the study, it is inferred that the university has the strategic responsibility to guarantee the expansion of curricular components that cover knowledge in Arts.Keywords: Field of knowledge. Arts. Formation of pedagogues. El campo de saber artístico en los curriculos de formación de pedagogos y su eco en las escuelas Resumen: El texto problematiza la legitimación de las Artes como campo de saber en los currículos de cursos de Pedagogía. Refleja, pues, sobre formación inicial de pedagogos y el repertorio artístico-cultural de esos profesionales para atender a las demandas escolares referentes a la enseñanza de Artes. Tomamos como base de fundamentación teórica principalmente la noción de campo de Bourdieu y su idea de consagración de ese campo como un proceso constituido relacionalmente. El trabajo traduce un estudio bibliográfico inmerso en el campo de la Educación, guiado, sin embargo, por reflexiones sostenidas en observaciones y vivencias estético-pedagógicas en el ámbito de la formación inicial docente, en una universidad pública estatal brasileña. Con el estudio, se infiere que a la universidad cabe la responsabilidad estratégica de garantizar la ampliación de componentes curriculares que abarquen saberes en Artes.Palabras Clave: Campo de saber. Artes. Formación de pedagogos. Data de registro: 15/02/2019Data de aceite: 23/04/2020. (shrink)

Este texto reflete sobre possibilidades de educação estética na universidade como necessidade premente à formação inicial de docentes, mais especificamente de pedagogos, no sentido da ampliação e do aperfeiçoamento de sua percepção estética, aliadas ao desenvolvimento de uma postura atenta aos contextos sócio-históricos vivenciados. Nessa direção, problematiza sobre quais dispositivos pedagógicos podem ser acionadores de impulsos lúdicos na formação de docentes, sob a luz das concepções de Schiller. Dentre outras contribuições teóricas, o texto cita ainda Freire, que tece importantes considerações (...) sobre as relações entre estética e ética na formação de professores, e que, a nosso ver, o aproxima das ideias de Schiller; Snyders, que trata do espaço universitário como locus privilegiado para se gerar a alegria cultural, energia necessária à aprendizagem diversificada e enriquecedora do repertório científico-cultural dos estudantes; Moraes e Therrien que refletem sobre a necessidade de ampliação do repertório cultural dos docentes; e Moura que aponta à maleabilidade pedagógica do professor como exigência de um perfil flexível e complexo. O trabalho constitui um estudo bibliográfico imerso no campo da filosofia da educação, guiado, entretanto, por reflexões amparadas em experimentações estético-pedagógicas vivenciadas, em processos de formação inicial docente, no âmbito de uma universidade pública estadual brasileira. Com o estudo, infere-se que à universidade cabe o papel decisivo de garantir e estimular o acesso a experiências estéticas que tanto ampliem o repertório artístico-cultural de estudantes como também neles favoreça a criação de impulsos lúdicos, tornando-os mais perceptivos e criativos, sendo que isso se materializará por meio de proposições curriculares de cada curso, aliadas às condições estruturais concretas dessa universidade. Palavras-chave: Educação estética. Impulsos lúdicos. Universidade. Formação de docentes. Pedagogia. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to present and analyse the biography of a passionate 20th century Romanian tourist who lived in Bucharest and travelled across Europe, bringing his (subjective) travel experiences of Western countries to private and public audiences curious about the unknown “abroad” during the 1980s. This case study is about the life and travel experiences of Vasile A. Marinescu, and deals with their visibility and interpretation during the communist era. The research is based on unpublished sources – (...) visual and audio sources, as well as manuscripts (between 1970 and 1980), interviews – and other already published archive materials. The research describes, in particular, how the West was perceived and presented in those semi-private shows, and how (and which of) those unofficial sources influenced the imagination of Romanians, aside the official propaganda. (shrink)

La novela de Ishiguro _ Nunca me abandones _ (2005) suele calificarse de distópica, asumiendo que refleja una inaceptable injusticia al plantear la explotación de clones de humanos, ‘donadores’ de órganos para sus humanos originales. Empero, el concepto de distopía no puede caracterizar la situación descrita de manera absoluta, pues para la humanidad original realmente no hay un mal funcionamiento social; por su parte, a pesar de padecer enajenación orgánica y la restricción a su libertad, en la novela no hay (...) rebeliones de clones o crisis humanitaria sufrida por los clones. Pudiendo reflejar una utopía, provoca indignación y se categoriza como distopía en el supuesto de que los clones son también humanos o deberían contar como tales, pues así lo parecen. La parcialidad de la categorización distópica revela cierto prejuicio que impide ver que tal es la condición que el ganado enfrenta actualmente en nuestras sociedades. Su explotación no se categoriza como distópica ni injusta, a pesar de que comparte la misma forma de legitimidad en su explotación que los clones (‘para eso son’) y la misma limitación para articular por sí solos la resistencia de manera colectiva y sistemática. Conecto esta reflexión con el análisis de dos ámbitos en los que los animales no humanos son usados para fines no humanos: la experimentación biomédica y la ganadería. (shrink)

This paper corrects a historical injustice that has been perpetrated against Kant for some time now. Mostly on good grounds, Kantian ethics have been accused of neglecting the role played by the emotions in moral deliberation and in morally informed action. However, the contemporary moral philosophers who have put forth such a claim tend to bypass textual sources, on the one hand, and to downplay the role played by the anthropological writings on Kant’s practical philosophy as a whole, on the (...) other. Relying on highly relevant pre-critical texts in which Kant sketches future argumentative patterns and discusses the role of negative emotions like shame on the improvement of the human species, I address a mistaken conclusion about Kantian ethics as a whole that is common in contemporary Anglo-American philosophy. Finally, I raise some paradoxical conclusions that follow from Kant’s argument, once its implicit premises have been brought to light. (shrink)

A escalada vertiginosa da atividade económica global, acompanhada do crescente desenvolvimento tecnológico, ameaça gravemente o equilíbrio ecológico do nosso planeta, pelo que urge alterar o paradigma de prosperidade até agora vigente. Torna-se necessário adotar uma nova ética ambiental. Trata-se do que designamos pela ética do ‘cuidado’, na qual não está em causa apenas a preocupação pela continuidade da espécie humana, que nos manteria numa visão antropocentrista, mas também o valor intrínseco da natureza. Há que superar o esquema ‘sujeito-objeto’, e isso (...) faz-se quando o homem se vê como ‘ser-no-mundo’, como elemento constitutivo deste. Uma prosperidade sustentável implicará a alteração do paradigma da velha economia baseada no crescimento incessante e desenfreado, movida pela inovação e pela ânsia de ascensão social com base na posse de bens materiais. Os recursos limitados e a impossibilidade de absorção, por parte do planeta, dos efeitos nocivos do crescimento, obrigam-nos a refrear este crescimento selvagem com vista a assegurarmos o futuro da humanidade. (shrink)

Este artigo centra-se na memória de António Ribeiro dos Santos e nas redes de sociabilidade do primeiro bibliotecário-mor da Real Biblioteca Pública da Corte. Na correspondência que mantém com outros sábios e eruditos, as regras de civilidade conjugam-se com o estilo de vida do académico e do bibliotecário. As redes de sociabilidade literária em que Ribeiro dos Santos se integra são nacionais e internacionais e não excluem a participação de mulheres cultas e eruditas. Relacionando alguns tópicos do debate de ideais (...) que Ribeiro dos Santos sustenta, em privado e em público, salientamos o carácter pioneiro das suas reflexões sobre a moderação de penas judiciais e a abolição parcial da pena de morte em Portugal. Esta questão, sendo indissociável das grandes mudanças culturais trazidas pelo século das Luzes, permite compatibilizar o legado do utilitarismo jurídico moderno com o racionalismo humanista católico. (shrink)

Despite the acknowledged importance of the meanings that people attach to places (e.g., homes, businesses, communities), the literature on cross-sector partnerships (CSPs) provides few insights into how place influences CSPs and how CSPs influence the places where they are enacted. To address this oversight, we explore the role of place using an inductive comparative study of nine CSPs, split across five rural cooperative enterprises and four urban social enterprises that have a common private-sector partner. We inductively derive a process model (...) of place renewal that occurs through CSP growth, and changes the meanings that individuals give to their places. We utilize Penrose’s theory of firm growth to explain how rural CSPs grew in different ways than urban CSPs, and the changed meanings of place that emerged. Both rural and urban CSPs overcome initial perceived restrictions of place through a process of realizing the potential for change, reconfiguring the organization through physical and process changes, and ultimately experiencing renewal that changes how they view their places. Our study contributes to the CSP literature by acknowledging the role of place in theorizing on CSPs, and by including the agency and voice of traditionally marginalized actors in the CSP process. It also contributes to the theory of firm growth by explicitly incorporating place as an outcome of the organizational growth process. (shrink)

(2011). The Possibilities and Consequences of Understanding Play as Dialogue. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 46-62. doi: 10.1080/17511321.2010.511250.

Las Instituciones Nacionales de Derechos Humanos cumplen, fundamentalmente, con dos funciones: proteger a las personas a partir de recomendaciones, garantizándoles una reparación si se comente una violación a sus derechos, y prevenir futuras violaciones a los derechos humanos. Sobre esta base están llamadas a ser los organismos que guíen hacia una cultura ciudadana a favor de los derechos humanos. Para lograr la culturización en este campo, se requiere educar en derechos a través de la educación formal e informal. En el (...) caso de México, la Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos es la institución encargada de realizar esta labor. Su posición flexible y dinámica, así como su autonomía dentro del Estado mexicano, le dan la posibilidad de propiciar esa cultura, ya que es una institución de configuración diferente al sistema tradicional de impartición de justicia, por lo que hace que mantenga una línea de investigación enfocada en los derechos humanos. La culturización empieza por el ámbito nacional o interno y se debe extender hacia el exterior, como un movimiento social internacional. (shrink)

From Traditional Sports and Games (TSG) we have not only learned different ways of living time as well as inhabit space and a particular mode of practicing sports and games from distinct cultures, but also promoting universal dialog among people. TSG presents sustainable and ecological references for living needed even before the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nowadays, environmentally friendly policies and production methods must be taken more seriously. TSG may reveal a path to sustainable development, considering our corporeality and (...) cultural diversity. TSG are expressions of human groups that historically reproduce their way of life-based on modes of social cooperation and specific forms of relationship with nature, traditionally characterized by sustained environmental management. The purpose of this article is to discuss how TSG promotes intercultural dialog with a focus on sustainability, and how it empowers people and creates equality among its players. We understand that TSG can break socio-cultural barriers. For this study, we considered data from a Brazilian experience of TSG’s Festival held at a public school in the city of São Paulo (Brazil), organized in collaboration with our study group. Data consists of observations recorded in pictures and films during the processes of organization, preparation, implementation, and evaluation of a TSG Festival, held in a public school in São Paulo, Brazil from the years of 2017 and 2018, with the participation of 800 students from the first to the ninth grade of elementary school, aged between 7 and 17 years. The first step in our analysis is taken from a dynamic called “Talking Circles,” where researchers registered dialog about experiences and used specific literature about TSG, from a philosophical perspective. The team and students from our study group that organized these events were invited to participate in four different Talking Circles. Approximately 20 people participated in each one of these meetings. Recurrences that emerged from these Talking Circles are presented in the results and explored afterward. What does this experience–from bodies in movement, artistic or sporting, or both–teach about intercultural dialog and empowerment? Such gestures indicate a cultural heritage and corporeal wisdom that allows humans to face new encounters and understanding in peace, recognizing humanity common to all of us, regardless of our origins. Ethical and aesthetical results of such dialog reveal possibilities to be explored in our relationship with different cultures and the environment, providing points of sustainable development through TSG. (shrink)

El taller del artista ha sido un tema poco explorado por la investigación en Colombia, por lo tanto, este texto busca aproximarse al espacio creativo por excelencia de los artistas plásticos, pero en particular al taller de las artistas mujeres con el fin de problematizar la relación entre lo público y lo privado en la obra de la pintora antioqueña Dora Ramírez nacida en los años veinte del siglo pasado.

Esta pesquisa se refere à análise de quatro softwares educativos de Língua Portuguesa de dois portais educacionais. A escolha dos softwares se baseou naqueles que contemplassem atividades de 5ª a 8ª séries do Ensino Fundamental, de leitura e compreensão a partir de gêneros textuais. O objetivo foi verificar se os gêneros se apresentam com o uso de recursos multimídias ao serem inseridos nesse suporte, e se as abordagens dos gêneros contemplam uma perspectiva sociointeracionista de ensino de língua. Assim, constatou-se que (...) os textos não apresentam nenhum recurso multimídia, sendo expostos conforme as características de impresso e, em sua maioria, são apresentados na íntegra, mas não no suporte de origem. Há a indicação de fonte, autores e data de divulgação, no entanto, não há a abordagem das especificidades dos gêneros, nem das condições de produção, aspectos que evidenciam a perspectiva sociointeracionista do ensino de língua. (shrink)

Firms usually need to attract debt to form and grow, but increasing financial leverage also entails increased risks and costs for stakeholders, such as customers and employees. Accordingly, past research suggests that for common commercial firms (CCFs), which prioritize profits, higher leverage leads to lower sales growth and higher employment costs. However, Certified B Corporations (CBCs) distinguish themselves by having a credible prosocial mission and, therefore, might be better insulated against the adverse effects of higher leverage. Using a European multi-country (...) matched sample of 136 CBCs and 136 CCFs, we find that the negative relationship between leverage and sales growth and the positive relationship between leverage and employment costs are weaker for CBCs than CCFs. Taken together, due to their certified prosocial mission, CBCs enjoy an advantage in debt financing compared to CCFs. (shrink)

Dias de Nietzsche em Turim de Bressane / Dias / Miguel Angel de Barrenechea -- A atopia potente de Antonio das Mortes: pensamento original e perspectiva histórica / Rodrigo Guéron -- Dioniso é Brasileiro? / Selda Engelman -- Theatrum Mundi: Filosofia e canção / Olgária Chaim Matos -- Uma filosofia do amor em Cartola / Rosa Dias -- Música e diferença: uma crítica à escuta "desinteressada" do cotidiano / Samuel Araújo -- As estruturas dualísticas dos cantos ritualísticos dos Índios Karajá: (...) um reflexão sob a ótica filosófica de fundamentação nietzchiana / Suely Brígido -- Choque de intensidade na ética / Luiz B.L. Orlandi -- Por um filosofia artístico-rizomática da leitura / Daniel Lins -- Nietzsche, a negatividade e a antropofagia: do Cordeiro e da Ave da Rapina ao Jabuti / Maria Cristina Franco Ferraz -- Entre o teatro e a loucura: uma experiência de "esquizocenia" / Peter Pál Pelbart --. (shrink)