51 found
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  1.  45
    Ethics of Decoded Neurofeedback in Clinical Research, Treatment, and Moral Enhancement.Eisuke Nakazawa, Keiichiro Yamamoto, Koji Tachibana, Soichiro Toda, Yoshiyuki Takimoto & Akira Akabayashi - 2016 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 7 (2):110-117.
  2.  76
    Informed consent revisited: Japan and the U.s.Akira Akabayashi & Brian Taylor Slingsby - 2006 - American Journal of Bioethics 6 (1):9 – 14.
    Informed consent, decision-making styles and the role of patient-physician relationships are imperative aspects of clinical medicine worldwide. We present the case of a 74-year-old woman afflicted with advanced liver cancer whose attending physician, per request of the family, did not inform her of her true diagnosis. In our analysis, we explore the differences in informed-consent styles between patients who hold an "independent" and "interdependent" construal of the self and then highlight the possible implications maintained by this position in the context (...)
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  3.  23
    The creation of the Belmont Report and its effect on ethical principles: a historical study.Akira Akabayashi, Eisuke Nakazawa & Hiroyuki Nagai - 2022 - Monash Bioethics Review 40 (2):157-170.
    AbstractThe Belmont Report continues to be held in high regard, and most bioethical analyses conducted in recent years have presumed that it affects United States federal regulations. However, the assessments of the report’s creators are sharply divided. Understanding the historic reputation of this monumental report is thus crucial. We first recount the historical context surrounding the creation of this report. Subsequently, we review the process involved in developing ethical guidelines and describe the report’s features. Additionally, we analyze the effect of (...)
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  4.  18
    Why Can’t Japanese People Decide?—Withdrawal of Ventilatory Support in End-of-Life Scenarios and Their Indecisiveness.Eisuke Nakazawa, Keiichiro Yamamoto, Reina Ozeki-Hayashi & Akira Akabayashi - 2019 - Asian Bioethics Review 11 (4):343-347.
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  5.  39
    A Global Dialogue on Withholding and Withdrawal of Medical Care: An East Asian Perspective.Akira Akabayashi, Reina Ozeki-Hayashi, Keiichiro Yamamoto & Eisuke Nakazawa - 2019 - American Journal of Bioethics 19 (3):50-52.
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  6.  68
    The development of a brief and objective method for evaluating moral sensitivity and reasoning in medical students.Akira Akabayashi, Brian T. Slingsby, Ichiro Kai, Tadashi Nishimura & Akiko Yamagishi - 2004 - BMC Medical Ethics 5 (1):1-7.
    BackgroundMost medical schools in Japan have incorporated mandatory courses on medical ethics. To this date, however, there is no established means of evaluating medical ethics education in Japan. This study looks 1) To develop a brief, objective method of evaluation for moral sensitivity and reasoning; 2) To conduct a test battery for the PIT and the DIT on medical students who are either currently in school or who have recently graduated (residents); 3) To investigate changes in moral sensitivity and reasoning (...)
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  7.  61
    Is Asian Bioethics Really the Solution?Akira Akabayashi, Satoshi Kodama & Brian Taylor Slingsby - 2008 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 17 (3):270-272.
    Today Asia is attracting attention in the area of bioethics. In fact, the potential of bioethics is beginning to be discussed seriously at academic centers across Asia. In Japan, this discussion began a decade ago with the publication The book is one of the principal explorations of biomedical ethics involving Japan to date. Tom Beauchamp, an author of one of the book's chapters, compares Japanese and American standards of informed consent and refutes relativistic positions, concluding that.
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  8.  16
    Autonomy in Japan: What does it Look Like?Akira Akabayashi & Eisuke Nakazawa - 2022 - Asian Bioethics Review 14 (4):317-336.
    This paper analysed the nature of autonomy, in particular respect for autonomy in medical ethics/bioethics in Japan. We have undertaken a literature survey in Japanese and English and begin with the historical background and explanation of the Japanese wordJiritsu (autonomy). We go on to identify patterns of meaning that researchers use in medical ethics / bioethics discussions in Japan, namely, Beauchamp and Childress’s individual autonomy, relational autonomy, and O’Neill’s principled autonomy as the three major ways that autonomy is understood. We (...)
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  9.  39
    Endangerment of the iPSC stock project in Japan: on the ethics of public funding policies.Akira Akabayashi, Eisuke Nakazawa & Nancy S. Jecker - 2018 - Journal of Medical Ethics 44 (10):700-702.
    We examined the ethical justification for a national policy governing public funding for the induced pluripotent stem cell stock project in Japan and argue that the initiation of the iPSC stock project in 2012, when no clinical trial using iPSC-derived products had yet succeeded, was premature and unethical. Our analysis considers a generally accepted justice criterion and shows it fails to justify public funding of the iPSC stock project. We also raise concerns related to the massive amounts of public funding (...)
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  10.  50
    Biomedical Ethics in Japan: The Second Stage.Akira Akabayashi & Brian T. Slingsby - 2003 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 12 (3):261-264.
    In Japan, modern biomedical ethics emerged in the early 1980s. One of the main triggers was the nationwide debate on organ transplantation and brain death. A lengthy process of academic, religious, and political discussion concerning organ transplantation, lasting well over a few decades, resulted in the enactment of the Organ Transplantation Law in 1997.1 The defining of death and other bioethical issues, including death with dignity and euthanasia, were also stimulating topics throughout the latter end of the twentieth century. For (...)
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  11. Advance Health Care Documents In Multicultural Perspectives.Hans-Martin Sass, Frederick Bonkovsky, Akira Akabayashi, Rita Kielstein & Robert Olick - 1996 - Jahrbuch für Recht Und Ethik 4.
    In der modernen Medizin kommt es zunehmend zu Entscheidungskonflikten zwischen Intervention und Interventionsverzicht dort, wo nicht die medizinisch-technischen Möglichkeiten handlungsleitend sein sollen, sondern die am individuellen Patientenwohl sich orientierende bioethische Prognose entsprechend den klassischen arztethischen Prinzipien des primum nil nocere und des salus aegroti suprema lex. Schadensverbot und Heilauftrag sollen nicht heteronom und uniform vorgegeben werden, sondern sich am Willen des Patienten orientieren. Nicht selten macht jedoch die Ermittlung des mutmaßlichen Patientenwillens große Schwierigkeiten, vor allem bei Demenz, Koma, schwerem Trauma (...)
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  12.  77
    Clinical Ethics Consultation: Examining how American and Japanese experts analyze an Alzheimeras case.Noriko Nagao, Mark P. Aulisio, Yoshio Nukaga, Misao Fujita, Shinji Kosugi, Stuart Youngner & Akira Akabayashi - 2008 - BMC Medical Ethics 9 (1):2-.
    BackgroundFew comparative studies of clinical ethics consultation practices have been reported. The objective of this study was to explore how American and Japanese experts analyze an Alzheimer's case regarding ethics consultation.MethodsWe presented the case to physicians and ethicists from the US and Japan (one expert from each field from both countries; total = 4) and obtained their responses through a questionnaire and in-depth interviews.ResultsEstablishing a consensus was a common goal among American and Japanese participants. In attempting to achieve consensus, the (...)
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  13.  84
    An eight-year follow-up national study of medical school and general hospital ethics committees in Japan.Akira Akabayashi, Brian T. Slingsby, Noriko Nagao, Ichiro Kai & Hajime Sato - 2007 - BMC Medical Ethics 8 (1):1-8.
    Background Ethics committees and their system of research protocol peer-review are currently used worldwide. To ensure an international standard for research ethics and safety, however, data is needed on the quality and function of each nation's ethics committees. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics and developments of ethics committees established at medical schools and general hospitals in Japan. Methods This study consisted of four national surveys sent twice over a period of eight years to two separate (...)
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  14.  27
    The Future of Bioethics: International Dialogues.Akira Akabayashi (ed.) - 2014 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    This is the first book to bring West and East together in a broad investigation of contemporary bioethics. A distinguished international team of experts presents original research addressing issues that emerge from new medical technologies, address global challenges arising from social change, and set the agenda for the future.
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  15.  38
    A Five Year Follow-Up National Study of Ethics Committees in Medical Organizations in Japan.Akira Akabayashi, Brian Taylor Slingsby, Noriko Nagao, Ichiro Kai & Hajime Sato - 2008 - HEC Forum 20 (1):49-60.
    Compared to institutional and area-based ethics committees, little is known about the structure and activities performed by ethics committees at national medical organizations and societies. This five year follow-up study aimed to determine (1) the creation and function of ethics committees at medical organizations in Japan, and (2) their general strategies to deal with ethical problems. The study sample included the member societies of the Japanese Association of Medical Sciences (n=92 in 1998, n=96 in 2003). Instruments consisted of two sections: (...)
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  16.  22
    Will you give my kidney back? Organ restitution in living-related kidney transplantation: ethical analyses.Eisuke Nakazawa, Keiichiro Yamamoto, Aru Akabayashi, Margie H. Shaw, Richard A. Demme & Akira Akabayashi - 2020 - Journal of Medical Ethics 46 (2):144-150.
    In this article, we perform a thought experiment about living donor kidney transplantation. If a living kidney donor becomes in need of renal replacement treatment due to dysfunction of the remaining kidney after donation, can the donor ask the recipient to give back the kidney that had been donated? We call this problem organ restitution and discussed it from the ethical viewpoint. Living organ transplantation is a kind of ‘designated donation’ and subsequently has a contract-like character. First, assuming a case (...)
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  17.  69
    Scientific Misconduct in Japan: The Present Paucity of Oversight Policy.Brian Taylor Slingsby, Satoshi Kodama & Akira Akabayashi - 2006 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 15 (3):294-297.
    Scientific misconduct can jeopardize scientific progress and destroy the credibility and reputation of academic institutions and their faculty and students; ultimately it can compromise scientific integrity and result in a loss of confidence for the entire scientific community. Only recently in Japan has scientific misconduct become a central public topic. This increased attention to the topic, in turn, has highlighted a paucity of ethical standards within the Japanese scientific community and a lack of an apt process for conflict resolution. In (...)
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  18.  90
    Administrative Legislation in Japan: Guidelines on Scientific and Ethical Standards.Brian T. Slingsby, Noriko Nagao & Akira Akabayashi - 2004 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 13 (3):245-253.
    In the past few years, a second phase of biomedical ethics in Japan has begun to surface with a succession of governmental guidelines and laws regulating biomedical technology. Although this rush of guidelines exemplifies a heightened awareness concerning ethical standards for healthcare research, it also invites several practical, political, and procedural problems.
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  19.  11
    Public Health Ethics Issues Arising in Relation to the COVID-19 Mask Debate in Japan.Akira Akabayashi & Deborah Zion - 2024 - Public Health Ethics 17 (1-2):80-83.
    Debates concerning mask wearing continue in Japan. Here we critically examine the reasons for relaxing these regulations from a public health ethics perspective. We focus on three issues: government responsibility, political motivation, and cultural orientation, also discussing how these issues might have broader application in other parts of the world.
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  20.  23
    Fairness and Desert: A Critique of the Random Selection Criterion in Clinical Trials.Eisuke Nakazawa, Keiichiro Yamamoto & Akira Akabayashi - 2018 - American Journal of Bioethics 18 (4):81-82.
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  21.  31
    Regulations on Genome Editing of Human Embryos in Japan: Our Moral Moratorium.Eisuke Nakazawa, Keiichiro Yamamoto, Aru Akabayashi & Akira Akabayashi - 2018 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 27 (3):360-365.
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  22.  57
    Conflict of interest: a Japanese perspective.Akira Akabayashi, Brian Slingsby & Yoshiyuki Takimoto - 2005 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 14 (3):277-280.
    Until recently, many of Japan's medical and bioethical communities had ignored the issue of conflicts of interest . This is no longer the case. Discussion on the economic and ethical problems defined by CIs is now apparent in academic, political, and even industrial spheres. In June 2004, this debate was sparked by a scandal involving AnGes MG, Inc., a bioventure company set up by a faculty member at Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine. AnGes MG developed a gene therapy using (...)
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  23.  82
    Japanese Childhood Vaccination Policy.Peter Doshi & Akira Akabayashi - 2010 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 19 (3):283-289.
    The ethical tension in childhood vaccination policies is often framed as one of balancing the value of choice with the duty to protect. Because infectious diseases spread from person to person, unvaccinated children are usually described as putting others around them at risk, violating a perceived right to be protected from harm. Editors of Lancet Infectious Diseases recently argued against mandatory vaccination, reminding us that the resort to mandatory vaccination as a means of achieving high vaccination rates is still very (...)
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  24.  27
    Bioethics in Japan, 1980-2009: Importation, Development, and the Future.Akira Akabayashi - 2009 - Asian Bioethics Review 1 (3):267-278.
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  25.  13
    The Limitations of Ethical Review: the Protection-Inclusion Dilemma.Akira Akabayashi & Deborah Zion - 2023 - Asian Bioethics Review 16 (1):11-14.
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  26. Unethical Author Attribution.Anonymous M. D./PhD Student, Charles Weijer & Akira Akabayashi - 2003 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 12 (1):124-130.
    I am an M.D/Ph.D. student and work as a research assistant for the director of a division of the school of medicine who is an M.D. He assigned me to research a certain topic and gave me no guidelines or guidance as to how to do it. Nevertheless, I did the research and wrote it up. My supervisor liked the report and said that he thought it was so good that “I would like to offer you the opportunity to publish (...)
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  27.  27
    An American’s Experience with End-of-Life Care in Japan: Comparing Brain Death, Limiting and Withdrawing Life-Prolonging Interventions, and Healthcare Ethics Consultation Practices in Japan and the United States.Alexander A. Kon, Keiichiro Yamamoto, Eisuke Nakazawa, Reina Ozeki-Hayashi & Akira Akabayashi - 2022 - Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics 12 (1):93-102.
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  28.  6
    (1 other version)Commentary. Female circumcision—a health issue or a human rights issue?Akira Akabayashi - 1998 - Health Care Analysis 6 (1):55-58.
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  29.  31
    Eyes Wide Open: Blinded Views on Ethnic Identity.Akira Akabayashi - 2009 - Asian Bioethics Review 1 (1):65-66.
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  30.  19
    Finally done--Japan's decision on organ transplantation.Akira Akabayashi - 1997 - Hastings Center Report 27 (5):47-47.
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  31.  33
    Financing health care —A Japanese perspective.Akira Akabayashi - 1995 - Health Care Analysis 3 (2):123-125.
  32.  18
    Implementation of Japan’s First Clinical Research Regulatory Law: Background, Overview, and Challenges.Akira Akabayashi, Eisuke Nakazawa & Aru Akabayashi - 2019 - HEC Forum 31 (4):283-294.
    In April 2018, Japan’s first law regulating clinical research went into effect. The law aimed to strengthen regulations on research integrity and conflicts of interest, which had been limited under existing administrative guidelines; the law also provided stipulations for legal penalties. The scope of the new regulations, however, is limited entirely to studies that evaluate unapproved drugs or the off-label use of approved drugs, and those that receive funding from companies. On the other hand, the law’s application brings numerous complications, (...)
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  33.  57
    (1 other version)Must I Stay?Akira Akabayashi - 2012 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 21 (3):392-395.
  34.  36
    Physician obligation to provide care during disasters: should physicians have been required to go to Fukushima?Akira Akabayashi, Yoshiyuki Takimoto & Yoshinori Hayashi - 2012 - Journal of Medical Ethics 38 (11):697-698.
    On 11 March 2011, Japan experienced a major disaster brought about by a 9.0-magnitude earthquake and a massive tsunami that followed. This disaster caused extensive damage to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant with the release of a large amount of radiation, leading to a crisis level 7 on the International Atomic Energy Agency scale. In this report, we discuss the obligations of physicians to provide care during the initial weeks after the disaster. We appeal to the obligation of general (...)
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  35.  51
    Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “Informed Consent Revisited: Japan and the US”.Akira Akabayashi & Brian Taylor Slingsby - 2006 - American Journal of Bioethics 6 (1):W27-W28.
    Informed consent, decision-making styles and the role of patient–physician relationships are imperative aspects of clinical medicine worldwide. We present the case of a 74-year-old woman afflicted with advanced liver cancer whose attending physician, per request of the family, did not inform her of her true diagnosis. In our analysis, we explore the differences in informed-consent styles between patients who hold an “independent” and “interdependent” construal of the self and then highlight the possible implications maintained by this position in the context (...)
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  36.  21
    Solitary death and new lifestyles during and after COVID-19: wearable devices and public health ethics.Akira Akabayashi, Alex John London, Keiichiro Yamamoto & Eisuke Nakazawa - 2021 - BMC Medical Ethics 22 (1):1-10.
    BackgroundSolitary death (kodokushi) has recently become recognized as a social issue in Japan. The social isolation of older people leads to death without dignity. With the outbreak of COVID-19, efforts to eliminate solitary death need to be adjusted in line with changes in lifestyle and accompanying changes in social structure. Health monitoring services that utilize wearable devices may contribute to this end. Our goals are to outline how wearable devices might be used to (1) detect emergency situations involving solitary older (...)
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  37.  12
    Transplantation from a brain dead donor in Japan.Akira Akabayashi - 1999 - Hastings Center Report 29 (3):48-48.
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  38.  29
    To those diet members responsible for legislating on Japanese organ transplantation.Akira Akabayashi - 1995 - Health Care Analysis 3 (4):358-360.
  39.  29
    What are considered ‘good facts’?Akira Akabayashi, Eisuke Nakazawa & Nancy S. Jecker - 2019 - Journal of Medical Ethics 45 (7):473-475.
    In the January edition of the Journal of Medical Ethics, Fujita and Tabuchi responded that we misunderstood the ‘facts’ in our previous article. Our article’s method was twofold. First, it appealed to normative analysis and publicly accessible materials, and second, it targeted a policy-making approach to public funding. We specifically did not focus on the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application or induced pluripotent stem stock projects. The Authors raised five criticisms, including transparency of our interpretation of public funding (...)
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  40.  47
    Transplant Tourism From Japan.Misao Fujita, Brian Taylor Slingsby & Akira Akabayashi - 2010 - American Journal of Bioethics 10 (2):24-26.
  41.  26
    Drug Repurposing for COVID-19: Ethical Considerations and Roadmaps.Hiroyasu Ino, Eisuke Nakazawa & Akira Akabayashi - 2021 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 30 (1):51-58.
    While the world rushed to develop treatments for COVID-19, some turned hopefully to drug repurposing. However, little study has addressed issues of drug repurposing in emergency situations from a broader perspective, taking into account the social and ethical ramifications. When drug repurposing is employed in emergency situations, the fairness of resource distribution becomes an issue that requires careful ethical consideration.This paper examines the drug repurposing in emergency situations focusing on the fairness using Japanese cases. Ethical issues under these circumstances addressed (...)
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  42.  7
    Ōyō rinrigaku jiten.Hisatake Katō & Akira Akabayashi (eds.) - 2008 - Tōkyō: Maruzen.
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  43.  23
    Citizen and Patient Participation in Precision Medicine: Epilepsy Treatment Using Brain Organoids Derived from iPS Cells.Eisuke Nakazawa & Akira Akabayashi - 2022 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 13 (2):138-140.
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  44.  14
    The Ethical Acceptability of a Recipient’s Choice of Donor in Directed and Nondirected Transplantation: Japanese Perspective.Eisuke Nakazawa, Margie H. Shaw & Akira Akabayashi - 2023 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 32 (2):216-221.
    In organ transplantation, there is a lack of ethical discussion about the recipient’s right not to receive a transplant. Using the current situation of living organ transplantation and deceased organ transplantation in Japan as an example, we prospectively discussed to what extent the recipient’s right not to receive a transplant is ethically acceptable. In directed transplantation from a living donor, a recipient may refuse organ donation from a particular donor. It is preferable that a recipient’s request for organ donation from (...)
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  45.  30
    The Social Framework Surrounding the Development of Regenerative Medicine in Japan.Eisuke Nakazawa, Yoshiyuki Takimoto & Akira Akabayashi - 2016 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 25 (3):466-471.
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  46.  18
    Japan’s egalitarian health care system: A brief historical analysis.Gen Ohi, Akira Akabayashi & Michio Miyasaka - 1998 - Health Care Analysis 6 (2):141-149.
    Japan is one of several East Asian countries that share an ethical system of mutual support. A review of Japan’s health care system reveals a strong egalitarian ethos often considered unique by outside observers.
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  47.  22
    Clinical Ethics Consultation in Japan: The University of Tokyo Model.Yoshiyuki Takimoto & Akira Akabayashi - 2011 - Asian Bioethics Review 3 (3):283-292.
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  48.  93
    (1 other version)Perspectives on advance directives in Japanese society: A population-based questionnaire survey. [REVIEW]Akira Akabayashi, Brian Taylor Slingsby & Ichiro Kai - 2003 - BMC Medical Ethics 4 (1):1-9.
    Background In Japan, discussion concerning advance directives (ADs) has been on the rise during the past decade. ADs are one method proposed to facilitate the process of communication among patients, families and health care providers regarding the plan of care of a patient who is no longer capable of communicating. In this paper, we report the results of the first in-depth survey on the general population concerning the preferences and use of ADs in Japan. Method A self-administered questionnaire was sent (...)
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  49. Public appraisal of government efforts and participation intent in medico-ethical policymaking in Japan: a large scale national survey concerning brain death and organ transplant. [REVIEW]Hajime Sato, Akira Akabayashi & Ichiro Kai - 2005 - BMC Medical Ethics 6 (1):1-12.
    Public satisfaction with policy process influences the legitimacy and acceptance of policies, and conditions the future political process, especially when contending ethical value judgments are involved. On the other hand, public involvement is required if effective policy is to be developed and accepted.
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  50.  64
    The decision-making process for the fate of frozen embryos by Japanese infertile women: a qualitative study. [REVIEW]Shizuko Takahashi, Misao Fujita, Akihisa Fujimoto, Toshihiro Fujiwara, Tetsu Yano, Osamu Tsutsumi, Yuji Taketani & Akira Akabayashi - 2012 - BMC Medical Ethics 13 (1):9-.
    BackgroundPrevious studies have found that the decision-making process for stored unused frozen embryos involves much emotional burden influenced by socio-cultural factors. This study aims to ascertain how Japanese patients make a decision on the fate of their frozen embryos: whether to continue storage discard or donate to research.MethodsTen Japanese women who continued storage, 5 who discarded and 16 who donated to research were recruited from our infertility clinic. Tape-recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed for emergent themes.ResultsA model of patients’ decision-making (...)
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