This article examines the integration of the Gulen Movement into the neoliberal economy. In spite of the Gulen Movement currently undergoes a severe persecution under President Erdogan and charged as FETO (FethullahTerrorist Organization), Gulen’s success story in the economy is of interest for any Islamic movements to emulate. In contrast to those belong to the revivalist Islam that rejects the neo-liberal economy, Gulen does accept the neoliberal economy. He integrates neoliberalism into Islam, and vice versa. Gulenacceptance of the neo-liberal economy, (...) in turn, encouraged his movement to adopt for further neoliberal principles such as human rights, multiculturalism, cosmopolitanism, etc. Since Gulen willingly immerses in the neo-liberalist system, he could be categorized into a progressive Islam. Nevertheless, Galen shows his critical attitude toward the capitalist economy despite his acceptance of the system. This article argues that Gulen’s adoption of the neo-liberal economy is a method of da’wah. This article calls it as ‘da’wah in the economic field’.As it is the case, Gulen’s adoption of neo-liberal economics does not appear simultaneously once, rather through gradual processes in which it goes through three stages of his da’wah: individual transformation, social transformation, and the state. (shrink)

Many people know Jesus Christ and believe he is the Savior, even though that person calls the word God. But many also today claim that the word 'Allah' only has a certain group and is a proper name. This situation created the birth of two groups that were pros and cons in using the word Allah. What is the answer for Christians who keep using the word God? Is it sinful to mention the word Allah? what is the meaning of (...) the word God in the Christian faith? Then how is the history of the word God used? These questions will be answered in the following article. The following article is expected to help believers understand the answers to these problems. (shrink)

This study is based on the many cosmological problems in Islam as aspects of thought that receive serious attention. In fact, there are also many polemics of thought that occur amongst Muslim scholars, which can be divided into two main groups: traditionalists and rationalists. The traditionalists, represented by Al-Ghazali and the Ash'ariyah theologians, put forward their cosmological thinking on the principle of God's absolute will, while the rationalists, especially those represented by Avicenna, proposed their cosmological thinking based on the theory (...) of emanation from Plotinus in terms of its creation and the concept of a geocentric Ptolameus in terms of its structure. In this conflict of thought between the two groups, Averroes proposed a cosmological thought different from the two. This study seeks to elaborate on the thought of Ibn Rushd's cosmology which is different from that of Ibn Sina and Al-Ghazali.CONTRIBUTION: This research provides a clear understanding of the cosmological thoughts put forward by earlier Muslim thinkers. In particular, it wants to bridge the differences regarding the concept of cosmology as put forward by Ibn Sina and Al-Ghazali and how Ibn Rushd bridges the two. (shrink)

Humans know God because God reveals himself. The Bible records two ways that God revealed Himself, namely through general revelation and special revelation. God has established public revelations through the means of the universe, conscience and history, so that through these means humans realize the existence of a divine and authoritative person. However, a theologian named Karl Barth rejects the existence of a general statement to be able to know God. Therefore through this paper we will explain general revelation and (...) theological evaluation of Karl Barth's views on public revelation. (shrink)

The term race has been applied to humans, so humans began to group themselves among their races, then the emergence of the superiority of the human race against other races is often called racism. Is this really the case of humans, does the Bible agree that humans are divided into racial concepts, how does the Bible state the creation of man against the facts of the human race. Therefore, through this paper will write how God views the reality of the (...) human race. (shrink)

Philosophical thinking exists in every human being. But is it true that every philosophical thought is true? Many believers today still have anti-philosophical characteristics. Even though historical facts show that each era has its own philosophical challenges. The historical part of Christianity has shown that there is a good integration between theology and philosophy, so philosophy is said to be ancilla theologiae. Therefore the article was written to try to help believers in the theological understanding of philosophical principles as ancilla (...) theologiae and to provide forms of implementation of these principles for believers today. (shrink)

The study of eschatology is inseparable from the concept of fulfillment. What will be fulfilled at the end of time? Then who is the person who will fulfill everything at the end of time? Therefore, to give an understanding to believers about the teaching of fullfilment, this paper will explore Biblically and formulate systematically by looking at the views of the theologians who wrote the topic.

The fifth commandment is part of the Ten Commandments that God gave to Moses on Mount Sinai. The Bible is the eternal word of God, so this fifth Law has a meaning that must be understood in the infinite dimension. The Bible gives the principle that if the man fails to do one of the commandments in the Law, then he has failed. There are many interpretations of this Law, but it only comes down to practical, ethical, and moral dimensions (...) because it solely focuses on the relevance of the present. The Bible states that the curse of the Law has been redeemed and fulfilled by Jesus Christ. After the resurrection, Jesus said that in the Torah, the Psalms and the Prophets written about Him. Thus Jesus gave a new concept of interpretation in understanding the Law. This principle is called the historical redemptive approach. The Bible states the culmination of completing all of Jesus' redemptive work is the time of the second coming in the realization of the new heaven and earth. Therefore, how to explain the relevance of the fifth Law in the context of eternity. This research focuses on the understanding of the Fifth Law in the eschatological dimension. (shrink)

Salvation is an important part of the Christian faith. In the acronym, TULIP shows the principle that salvation is certain. A sovereign God saves humans. John Calvin has a soteriological concept that focuses on God's sovereignty. Calvin's soteriological thinking is contained in the TULIP acronym formulation of salvation. At present there are problems with the environment, a great deal of environmental degradation has led to a relational disharmony. Such conditions require responses from people who have been saved so that the (...) concept of Cosmic Missiology is an important thing to put forward. Then are there any doctrinal formula implications of the TULIP acronym that can be implemented to realize a motivation for doing a cosmic mission? Through this article, a review will be carried out to see the implications of the five points of Calvinism and their implementation for cosmic missiology. (shrink)

This paper is entitled to a theological study of the meaning of the incarnation of Christ and its implementation for Christian spirituality in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. The author believes that the problem is due to the spirituality of Christians today. The author observes the fact that Christ's incarnation provides principles of spirituality that can answer this problem. Therefore, through the descriptive analysis method, the author will conduct a theological study of the meaning of the (...) incarnation of Christ, and the results of this study indicate that the problems that occur can be answered through the principle of spirituality which is based on the principle of the incarnation of Christ. The results of this study will be the basis for the implementation of Christian spirituality today. The hope of the writer through this paper can help add insight into the life of Christian spirituality today. (shrink)

Suffering is a part of human life after falling into sin. Jesus Christ gave the principle of life carrying the cross. Therefore believers are not free from suffering. Because suffering cannot be avoided, suffering must be faced by believers. Therefore it is very important to provide insight into suffering in 1 Peter. Therefore through this article can open the understanding of believers to face suffering.

The Lord Jesus before ascending to Heaven did say there would be signs accompanying believers, one of which was that they laid their hands on the sick, and the person was healed. Some groups really claim that every believer can cure a disease, is that right? To answer this question, it is very necessary to discuss Mark 16: 17-18. In this discussion using the Historical Redemptive method (redemptive history). So that through discussion with the History of the Atonement method you (...) can understand the meaning of the text in the context of the History of the Atonement. (shrink)

Tulisan ini berjudul tinjauan teologis perintah jangan mencuri dalam Keluaran 20: 15 berdasarkan perspektif sejarah penebusan. Tujuan tulisan ini adalah melakukan kajian tentang perintah jangan mencuri dalam Keluaran 20: 15. Kajian ini dilakukan sebagai pengembangan untuk memahami perintah jangan mencuri dalam Keluaran 20: 15. Kajian ini juga bertujuan memberikan penjelasan bagaimana penggenapan yang Yesus lakukan terhadap perintah jangan mencuri dalam Keluaran 20: 15, selain itu kajian ini akan menyoroti realisasi perintah jangan mencuri dalam Keluaran 20: 15 pada masa orang percaya (...) berada dalam langit dan bumi yang baru. Untuk mendapatkan penjelasan tersebut, maka digunakan pendekatan sejarah penebusan. Pendekatan ini akan mendasarkan pada penyelidikan Alkitab sebagai sumber utama didukung dengan artikel dan literatur yang berkaitan dengan topik yang dibahas. Penulis menyakini bahwa Yesus sebagai penggenap seluruh Hukum Taurat pasti juga menggenapi hukum ini dalam kehidupannya. Penulis memiliki hipotesis bahwa perintah jangan mencuri dalam Keluaran 20: 15 tetap relevan sampai kepada kekekalan namun dengan bentuk dan sifat yang baru. Oleh karena itu kiranya melalui tulisan ini menambah pengetahuan bagaimana memahami relevansi sebuah teks Alkitab tidak hanya pada masa lampau dan masa kini, tetapi sampai kepada masa yang akan datang. (shrink)

In the context of apologetics known as the presupposition approach and evidentialist approach. However, many debates have led to disputes because of the overwhelming evidence that supports each other. Is it true that the defense of faith and the basis of faith always rest on evidence? Through this paper, we will explore a little about Reformed presuppositions as a theological review of the evidentialist approach.

Times have changed, from pre-modern to modern, and now into postmodern times. The postmodern era is also followed by philosophical thinking from postmodernism. These philosophical thoughts have greatly influenced the lives of many people, who have also touched on aspects of the Christian faith. The principles of postmodernism are subjectivism, anti-history, perspective pluralism, and relativity. These principles have a negative influence on the principles of the Christian faith so that postmodernism is one of the challenges in the Christian faith. The (...) challenge is that postmodernism is an objective anti-truth philosophy. So that it affects the lives of believers so that they remain faithful to reveal the final truth of the Christian faith, making Christian faith the only test tool against postmodernism and dismantling the falsity of postmodernism. Therefore this article was written to provide an understanding of postmodernism and its implications for the Christian faith so that many believers can provide anticipation in the postmodern era that is lived today. (shrink)

This study is based on the many cosmological problems in Islam as aspects of thought that receive serious attention. In fact, there are also many polemics of thought that occur amongst Muslim scholars, which can be divided into two main groups: traditionalists and rationalists. The traditionalists, represented by Al-Ghazali and the Ash'ariyah theologians, put forward their cosmological thinking on the principle of God's absolute will, while the rationalists, especially those represented by Avicenna, proposed their cosmological thinking based on the theory (...) of emanation from Plotinus in terms of its creation and the concept of a geocentric Ptolameus in terms of its structure. In this conflict of thought between the two groups, Averroes proposed a cosmological thought different from the two. This study seeks to elaborate on the thought of Ibn Rushd's cosmology which is different from that of Ibn Sina and Al-Ghazali.CONTRIBUTION: This research provides a clear understanding of the cosmological thoughts put forward by earlier Muslim thinkers. In particular, it wants to bridge the differences regarding the concept of cosmology as put forward by Ibn Sina and Al-Ghazali and how Ibn Rushd bridges the two. (shrink)

If Place Spirituality is considered as an attachment experience to a geographic place or an “object,” for Muslims this concept can be explained by the sharia or Islamic law. However, in the highest level of experience as a Muslim, one may attach to God everywhere and at all times, without consideration of any place, time, or object. This experience can clearly be understood with the explanation of the three levels for Muslims: sharia or “conceptual knowledge,” tariqa or “experiential knowledge,” and (...) ma’rifa or “divine spiritual experiences” or “spiritual consciousness”. At the first and second levels, one may have a Place Spirituality, while at the third level the understanding of and connection to God might be enhanced, and the experience to connect to God can be everywhere, all the time. (shrink)

To overcome various problems, the practice of shamanism has gained popularity in Javanese society. The belief of the society in this practice is increasing, mainly because of the involvement of the kyai (an honorific title of the Muslim clergy), who serves as a shaman. The kyai, in this regard, uses Qur’anic verses in his mantra. This study aims to reveal how the use of the Qur’anic verses is interpreted and legitimised in the practice of shamanism amongst the Javanese community. This (...) article concluded that what people understand about the heresy practice of shamanism as it is considered contrary to religious law or shirk (idolatry) is not proven. The practice of shamanism carried out by santri or kyai has normative arguments and theological legitimacy from the Qur’an and books of salaf scholars. Contribution: It is prevailing that the practice of shamanism is often considered heresy and un-Islamic. This article however, will give a new insight that the practice of shamanism is not always against Islamic teaching as conducted by kyai because he always refers to the Qur’an as a mantra. (shrink)

Muslim scholars have defined ethics as enduring traits and characteristics in the individual that cause actions appropriate to those traits to be issued spontaneously without the need for human thought and reflection. Islamic ethics state the rightness or wrongness of these attributes within the framework of Islamic concepts, while the concepts of Islamic work ethics deal with the functioning of the framework of Islamic concepts in the form of human work activities in various organisations. Furthermore, work ethics can be effective (...) in the organisation when it can shape the culture of the organisation. Research shows that Islamic work ethics have a significant relationship with various individual, professional and organisational factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between Islamic work ethics and organisational culture. The statistical population of this research consists of 1500 Muslim staff of 30 service organisations (financial, educational, medical and hotel organisations) in Moscow, Russia, in 2021, of which 306 people have been selected as statistical samples using Krejcie and Morgan's sample size table. Data analyses were performed by statistical software, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of this study confirm the significant and positive relationship between Islamic work ethics and organisational culture among the Muslim Russian staff (β = 0.53; T = −8.65). CONTRIBUTION: This study examines the relationship between Islamic work ethics and organisational culture in Russia and has expanded the results of previous studies conducted in other contexts. (shrink)

Processes of rapid and truncated agrarian change—driven through expanding urbanisation, infrastructure development, extractive industries, and commodity crops—are shaping the livelihood opportunities and aspirations of Indonesia’s rural youth. This study describes the everyday experiences of youth as they navigate the changing character of agriculture, aquaculture, and fishing livelihoods across gender, class, and generation. Drawing on qualitative field research conducted in the Maros District of South Sulawesi, we examine young people’s experiences of agrarian change in a landscape of entangled rural, coastal and (...) increasingly urbanised spaces. We find that young people aspire to secure, modern, and salary-based work, while continuing to seek and sustain intergenerational farming or aquaculture-based livelihoods. Youth take advantage of increased connectivity to diversify their incomes, yet their dependence on mobility also introduces new forms of gendered and class based precarity such as insecure working arrangements, disruption to education and violence (especially for young unskilled women and youth from financially insecure households). Our study highlights the persistent conditions of precarity that many young people encounter in both rural and urban settings, while challenging assumptions that youth are uninterested in rural futures. (shrink)