Purpose This study aims to analyse how first-year undergraduate audiovisual communication students assess the credibility and reliability of information on Wikipedia in Basque and analyse whether the experience of being a Wikipedia editor helps to improve students’ perceptions of Wikipedia’s trustworthiness. The purpose of this project was to help students to better understand the credibility mechanisms of Wikipedia in Basque regarding the work of editing and creating entries. Do students’ perceptions about how reliable Wikipedia is change if they receive training (...) as Wikipedia content editors and understand Wikipedia’s credibility mechanisms? What are their perceptions about the credibility of Wikipedia? Design/methodology/approach The authors observed and analysed students’ behaviour and perceptions when creating Wikipedia articles and learning about the process of evaluating Wikipedia. This research was carried out at [masked for review] over four consecutive years, where 188 students in the Degree Programme in Audiovisual Communication participated through a questionnaire and in-depth interviews. Findings After the experience of creating content on Wikipedia and learning about Wikipedia’s credibility mechanisms experientially, the majority of students reported that their perception of Wikipedia’s credibility had increased, and 70% of students believed Wikipedia to be reliable or more reliable than expected. A smaller number of students stated that understanding Wikipedia’s editing processes decreased their perception of Wikipedia’s credibility. Practical implications This project will lead to a better understanding of the performance of students in editing content on Wikipedia and of the impact that this editing experience has on students’ perceptions of credibility with respect to Wikipedia. It will make it possible to better incorporate Wikipedia content editing into the learning processes of students and citizens. This study provides interesting keys to improving the reliability and credibility of Wikipedia among students. Social implications As the study examined Basque Wikipedia, it has important social implications since Basque is a minority language and Wikipedia is the main sources of information for students who study in Basque. Originality/value The authors have been analysing the credibility of information in general and that of information on Wikipedia in particular since 2010. Based on this experience, the authors decided to design this study so that it was carried out while the students were creating and editing Wikipedia content as part of a project in their educational curriculum. Furthermore, the study expands the body of research carried out to date by incorporating the perspectives of media studies students. (shrink)

PurposeCodes of ethics are important instruments in journalism, as they promote transparency and self-regulation of media, in addition to monitoring the quality of information. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the perceptions that Spanish journalists have of the effectiveness of codes of ethics and to evaluate the different personal and professional variables which condition this vision.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology used in the present study is based on quantitative content analysis using the survey technique. This technique makes it possible to obtain (...) empirical data on various key aspects of the profession that are determining factors in ascertaining Spanish journalists’ views of one of the instruments of accountability that is external to the media: general ethical codes.FindingsThe results show that Spanish journalists are largely confident in the effectiveness of ethical codes in their profession. Likewise, it was seen that variables such as age, professional experience or the media with which they work influence the perceptions that professionals have of such instruments.Originality/valueIf understanding journalism as a profession whose mission is to guarantee the citizens their right to information, then it is essential to be familiar with the tools provided by the profession itself to be accountable to the public regarding this professional mission. Hence the importance of instruments of accountability and the perceptions of the professionals themselves regarding their effectiveness. (shrink)

Purpose This study aims to explore the main concerns and attitudes Basque adolescents have regarding online privacy. It analyzes their motivations for sharing private information and the kind of information they share. Likewise, it examines whether they consider the potential consequences of revealing certain information online and analyzes if there are any differences between the motivations and attitudes of young people from Gipuzkoa and Labourd. Design/methodology/approach For this study, three methods were combined to collect the data in 17 schools in (...) the Basque provinces of Gipuzkoa and Labourd: a survey carried out among 1,133 students, out of which 242 also completed a diary and 482 took part in discussion groups. Findings The data from this research does not fully support the “youth cultures of disclosure” in the Basque Country; however, some of these practices have been observed. Originality/value Time spent online by adolescents has increased sharply in recent years. This increase has brought with it concerns about youth’s level of awareness regarding online privacy. This is the first cross-border study conducted in the Basque Country addressing this topic. (shrink)

In this papper, we will do a travel to the history about Movimiento 19 de Abril, a Colombian guerrilla, and one of their units: the Batallón América. This army was conformed for four groups: M-19 and Movimiento Armado Quintín Lame, Alfaro Vive Carajo, and Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru. This battalion was a perfect example about the relation of M-19 with national and international guerrillas, and the Socialist International. Across this paper, we will show a primal idea about the internationalism in (...) the Latin American guerrillas, its effects in the posterior history from these guerrillas, the important paper from the Batallón América in their strategy about the cooperation between guerrillas in Colombia and the creation of a transnational revolutionary army in the Latin American continent. (shrink)

Communication campaigns often highlight environmental progress to encourage further pro-environmental behaviour. Consequently, the drop in carbon emissions caused by the COVID-19 restrictions has been framed as a positive environmental outcome of the pandemic. We conducted an experimental study with a US-representative sample (N = 500) to show that raising awareness of emissions reduction has the contrary effect: an increase in moral self-concept facilitated a negative spillover, namely, it reduced climate-friendly behavioural intentions. Normative influence was able to prevent this negative spillover (...) because activating environmental norms inhibited compensatory feelings. Besides, awareness of recent emissions reduction was less likely to increase the moral self-concept of participants with a strong environmental self-identity. Our findings demonstrate that environmental progress increases moral self-concept which, in turn, could cause a negative spillover (i.e., reduce climate-friendly low-carbon behaviour and increase climate-harmful high-carbon behaviour). Normative influences and environmental self-identity can inhibit this negative spillover. (shrink)

El texto “¿Qué es la Ilustración?” de 1984 señala en Foucault un punto de inflexión en la manera de leer la obra de Kant. Nuestra propuesta consiste en realizar una aproximación a ese texto tomando como punto de partida los trabajos sobre la parrhesía del pensador francés. De esta manera, la Ilustración aparece bajo una nueva luz que ya no sería la que nos muestra sus oscuras invenciones o los límites de su propio pensamiento; tampoco sería solamente el punto de (...) aparición de una actitud crítica cuya radicalidad iría más allá de la crítica kantiana. Tomando como marco más general el estudio de la parrhesía, la Ilustración reaparece ahora como coraje de la verdad y nos muestra a Kant como un parresiasta, como aquel que dice la verdad. Dicho en otros términos, la “actitud crítica” se reformula como un decir veraz valeroso. (shrink)

En este artículo pretendo reflexionar sobre una cuestión de gran trascendencia para el pensamiento histórico y filosófico de comienzos del siglo XXI: el lugar que ocupan las víctimas y su sufrimiento en una reconsideración epistemológica de las ciencias sociales, del pensamiento humanista y de la propia disciplina historiográfica. Para ello, mi idea es seguir los argumentos de dos textos de Hayden White, que considero imprescindibles para estudiar su pensamiento ético-moral: “El posmodernismo y las ansiedades textuales” y “El acontecimiento modernista”. Por (...) supuesto, acompañaré mis argumentos con una lectura transversal de The Practical Past, última obra publicada por el historiador USAmericano. Y todo ello con la intención de elaborar un homenaje a la vida y a la obra de un autor que tanto ha hecho por situar en el centro del debate sobre el pasado las cuestiones más puramente políticas y éticas, además de las teóricas o metodológicas. This text offers a reflection on a question of great importance for the historical-philosophical thought of the beginning of the 21st Century: the place occupied by the victims and their suffering in an epistemological reconsideration of the social sciences, of humanist thought and of the historiographic discipline itself. For doing this, this article offers an analysis of Hayden White’s oeuvre, a work that grants a transcendental role to the collective memories of the victims, as well as to their suffering. And all this with a critical and ethical-political intention, essential for scientific and social progress. (shrink)

In order to clarify whether Rawls is more or less cosmopolitan than Kant, we carry out a comparative analysis between his general proposals for the organization of international relations. Likewise, seeking to clarify the distance between cosmopolitanism, pacifism and ius internationalism, the ius ad bellum proposals of both authors are particularly analyzed in the war-and-peace debate context. On the one hand, as a result of the first analysis, different commonly unnoticed logical coincidences between the postulates of Kant and Rawls are (...) highlighted. On the other hand, after the conclusions of the second analysis and taking as a criterion the causes that both authors admit as just for war, a proposal of an ideal type of cosmopolitan ius ad bellum is also provided. (shrink)

Did industry and commerce affect the concepts, values and epistemic foundations of different sciences? If so, how and to what extent? This book suggests that the most significant influence of industry on science in the two case studies treated here had to do with the issue of realism. However, what led physicists and engineers to adopt realist attitudes? This book suggests that a new kind of realism --a realism of social and cultural origins- is the answer. The book has two (...) parts: while Part I focuses on the study of the ionosphere and how the British radio industry affected ionospheric physics, Part II focuses on the study of the Earth's crust and how the American oil industry affected crustal seismology. (shrink)

Summary Sydney Chapman is unanimously considered to have played a founding role in modern geomagnetism and to have opened up new lines of research in geophysics generally. Nevertheless, Chapman's conviction regarding the synthesis of the explanatory mechanisms of the atmosphere has gone practically unnoticed in the historiography of geophysics. This paper examines Chapman's contribution to ionospheric physics. It aims to understand Chapman's theory of ionospheric layer formation, and particularly its link to his theory of ozone formation. It deals first with (...) the traits which characterized Chapman's personality, as a way of explaining—and even perhaps justifying— his quest for the integration and synthesis of geophysical knowledge. It then analyses Chapman's model of ionospheric layers and his suggestions regarding its use as an operational tool (without ontological connotations), before continuing with his account of the formation of the ozone layer, which seemed to constitute the missing link for understanding ionosphere layer formation. The paper concludes with Chapman's attempt to reconcile geomagnetic and radio evidence. (shrink)

SummaryIn 1865, Spanish Jesuits founded the Manila Observatory, the earliest of the Far East centres devoted to typhoon and earthquake studies. Also on Philippine soil and under the direction of the Jesuits, in 1884 the Madrid government inaugurated the first Meteorological Service in the Spanish Kingdom, and most probably in the Far East. Nevertheless, these achievements not only went practically unnoticed in the historiography of science, but neither does the process of geophysical dissemination that unfolded fit in with the two (...) types of transmitter of knowledge identified by historians in the missionary diffusion of the exact sciences in colonial contexts. Rather than regarding science as merely a stimulus to their functionary and missionary tasks, Spanish Jesuits used their overseas posting to produce and publish original research –– a feature that would place them within the typology of the ‘seeker’ rather than the ‘functionary’ (in stark contrast to what the standard typology sustains). This paper also analyses examples of synergies between science, education and trade, which denotes, inter alia, the existence of a broad and solid educational structure in the Manila Mission that sustained the strength of research enterprise. (shrink)

ArgumentThis paper analyzes the concept ofmilitarizationin both senses of the word, that of mobilization for war and that of social control exercised by military forces. During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), the role and nature of meteorology was transformed by the rebel band on the basis of the mythification of a Service model that was supported by victory and that would be projected as a paradigm for the postwar years. The newServicio Meteorológico Nacionalreflected the social control exerted by the Franco (...) regime and its aeronautical and military interests. The “amphibianism” – or quality of being both civil and military simultaneously – is one of the main features of this transformation. Interestingly, this dual (civil and military) condition of meteorologist appears to be intrinsic to the construction of a new “sphere of practices and knowledge” in Francoist Spain. (shrink)

The _why_ and the _how_ of knowledge production are examined in the case of the transnational cooperation between the directors of observatories in the Far East who drew up unified typhoon-warning codes in the period 1900–1939. The _why_ is prompted by the socioeconomic interests of the local chambers of commerce and international telegraphic companies, although this urge has the favourable wind of Far Eastern meteorologists’ ideology of voluntarist internationalism. The _how_ entails the persistent pursuit of consensus (on ends rather than (...) means) in international meetings where non-binding resolutions on codes and procedures are adopted. The outcome is the co-production of standardised knowledge, that is, the development of a series of processes and practices that co-produce both knowledge and ideas about the social order in a force field characterised by negotiations and power struggles. (shrink)

Resumen: Tras ocurrir un accidente de caza en una reserva india de North Dakota, Louise Erdrich indaga en LaRose (2016) en temas tan espinosos como las injusticias históricas, el dolor colectivo, los traumas intergeneracionales, la venganza y los actos de reparación. La muerte de un niño nativo-americano despierta todo tipo de fantasmas y resentimiento en las dos familias implicadas, pero también en la comunidad india en su conjunto. Ni el sistema jurídico ni la religión parecen proporcionar respuestas adecuadas para aliviar (...) el inmenso dolor producido por la tragedia. Este artículo demuestra cómo tan solo la tradición ojibwe de expiación y reparación de daños, así como la presencia del héroe de la novela, consiguen curar algunas de las heridas ocasionadas por el accidente y permiten que la comunidad recupere, al menos parcialmente, su armonía y equilibrio. Abstract: Following a hunting accident on an Ojibwe Indian Reservation, Louise Erdrich’s LaRose (2016) explores such intricate issues as historical injustices, collective grief, intergenerational trauma, revenge, and acts of reparation. The death of a Native boy triggers off the apparition of all kinds of ghosts and resentment in the two families involved, but also in the community at large. Neither the judicial system nor religion seem able to offer much relief for the immense grief generated by the catastrophe. This article shows how it is only the Ojibwe tradition of atonement and reparation, and the presence of the novel’s hero, that manage to heal some of the psycho-wounds opened by the accident and allow the community to recover, at least partly, their harmony and balance. (shrink)

The use of diverse techniques for the evaluation of writing tasks in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) has made its way into the EFL classroom in order to facilitate both the teachers’ task and the L2 students’ comprehension. Thus, the aim of this paper is to explore how undergraduate students may be trained in the use of rubrics, an ecologically valid feedback technique, and how they might assess sample writing tasks. This way, we will observe how able they are (...) to identify dissimilarities and consistencies in these writing tasks on the basis of a specific genre as an article. (shrink)

La Ilustración es un gran torrente que marcó un hito en la Historia del mundo, por sus implicaciones po-líticas, sociales, culturales y económicas. Este fenómeno es conocido popularmente desde Kant como la en-trada en la mayoría de edad de la sociedad: abandonar viejos fanatismos y tener valor de servirse del propio entendimiento. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar las interpretaciones dominantes de este fenómeno his-tórico que han marcado su recepción en la academia y mostrar la singular aproximación del filósofo (...) francés Michel Foucault. (shrink)

Research has shown that transformational leaders are able, through emotional contagion mechanisms, to transmit their emotions and boost positive feelings among their followers. Although research on leadership and team processes have shown a positive relation between transformational leadership and workers' well-being, there is a lack of studies examining the “black box” of this association. The present study aimed to assess the mediation effect of team emotional intelligence of the management team on the relationship between management's transformational behaviors and employees' responses. (...) Data were gathered from two sources: 1,566 managers grouped into 188 teams pertaining to a total of 90 firms, and 4,564 workers from the same 90 firms. The results showed that management team TEI and the emotional state of “passion” among employees had a full mediation effect on the relationship between management teams' transformational leadership and employees' cohesion. Implications of these results are discussed. (shrink)

En este texto se trata de pensar el proyecto que Foucault inició con el análisis de la parrhesía. Se aborda ese problema en relación a otros dos elementos de su obra: la reflexión sobre la función de los intelectuales y sus escritos sobre la noción de crítica. Desde esa perspectiva trataré de mostrar que las investigaciones sobre la parrhesía reflejan el intento de pensar una nueva política de la verdad.

Having emerged as an important concept in the organizational field, entrepreneurial orientation has also become a key idea in the context of education. Indeed, entrepreneurial education is now one of the common objectives for education and training systems in the European Union. Despite its importance, however, there is a scarcity of valid and reliable measures for assessing entrepreneurial orientation in students. The present study aimed to address this by developing and examining the psychometric properties of the Entrepreneurial Orientation Scale (EOS). (...) A second objective is to study the relationships between entrepreneurial orientation and gender, self-efficacy, and personal initiative. The sample comprised 411 vocational training students (50.36% male, 49.64% female). The final version of the instrument comprised 32 items assessing six dimensions: innovativeness, risk-taking, proactiveness, competitiveness, achievement orientation, and learning orientation. The EOS showed good psychometric properties and its dimensions demonstrated concurrent relationships with self-efficacy and personal initiative. The EOS may be used to measure entrepreneurial orientation in the educational context and to evaluate interventions designed to promote an entrepreneurial spirit in schools, colleges, and universities. (shrink)

Unfounded—conspiracy and health—beliefs about COVID-19 have accompanied the pandemic worldwide. Here, we examined cross-nationally the structure and correlates of these beliefs with an 8-item scale, using a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. We obtained a two-factor model of unfounded (conspiracy and health) beliefs with good internal structure (average CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.05, SRMR = 0.04), but a high correlation between the two factors (average latent factor correlation = 0.57). This model was replicable across 50 countries (total N = 13,579), (...) as evidenced by metric invariance between countries (CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.06, SRMS = 0.07) as well as scalar invariance across genders (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMS = 0.03) and educational levels (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMS = 0.03). Also, lower levels of education, more fear of COVID-19, and more cynicism were weakly associated with stronger conspiracy and health beliefs. The study contributes to knowledge about the structure of unfounded beliefs, and reveals the potential relevance of affective (i.e., fear of COVID-19) and cognitive (i.e., cynicism) factors along with demographics, in endorsing such beliefs. In summary, we obtained cross-cultural evidence for the distinctiveness of unfounded conspiracy and health beliefs about COVID-19 in terms of their structure and correlates. (shrink)

A principios de los años 80 se desató en Francia una polémica conocida como «el silencio de los intelectuales». En este texto abordaremos la singular postura de Michel Foucault al respecto. Para ello realizaremos una doble operación. Por un lado, planteamos la hipótesis siguiente: se pueden encontrar los fundamentos que sostienen su posición en los análisis que realizó sobre la parrhesía a partir de los años 80. En segundo lugar, realizaremos un recorrido por autores como Lyotard y Blanchot, quienes intervinieron (...) en dicha polémica con conocidos escritos, para mostrar las particularidades de la apuesta de Foucault. De esta manera, pretendemos, no solamente mostrar su original aportación al problema, sino señalar los desplazamientos respecto a la crítica del intelectual que había elaborado durante los años 70. (shrink)

Achieving a comfortable thermal situation within buildings with an efficient use of energy remains still an open challenge for most buildings. In this regard, IoT and KDD processes may be combined to address these problems, even though data analysts may feel overwhelmed by heterogeneity and volume of the data to be considered. Data analysts could benefit from an application assistant that supports them throughout the KDD process and aids them to discover which are the relevant variables for the matter at (...) hand, or informing about relationships among relevant data. In this article, the EEPSA ontology which supports such an assistant is presented. The ontology is developed on the basis that a proper axiomatization shapes the set of admitted models better, and therefore, establishes the ground for a better interoperability. On the contrary, underspecification facilitates the admission of non-isomorphic models to represent the same state which hampers interoperability. This ontology is developed on top of three ODPs which include proper axioms in order to improve precedent proposals to represent features of interest and their respective qualities, as well as observations and actuations, the sensors and actuators that generate them, and the procedures used. Moreover, the ontology introduces six domain ontology modules integrated with the ODPs in such a manner that a methodical customization is facilitated. (shrink)

Some feminist discourses blame some men for gender inequality, gender domination, and gender-based violence. Some women use such discourse as a perfect scenario to criticize some men’s behavior. Indeed, they usually do so with Oppressed Traditional Masculinities but not with Dominant Traditional Masculinities, who are the men who were violent with those women and with whom some of those women chose to have relationships. However, there have always been men who have been on the side of women and have never (...) committed violence against them. Therefore, New Alternative Masculinities reject being indicated as guilty of the violence committed against women by DTM. Through a communicative approach, applying six semi-structured interviews with a communicative orientation and a communicative data analysis of all information, this article explores both women’s communicative acts that blame OTM for what DTM have done to women and NAM’s reactions to these accusations to stop such blaming to make it possible to overcome hegemonic discourses. (shrink)