Researchers are increasingly applying neuroscience technologies that probe or manipulate the brain to improve educational outcomes. However, their use remains fraught with ethical controversies. Here, we investigate the acceptability of neuroscience applications to educational practice in two groups of young adults: those studying bioscience who will be driving future basic neuroscience research and technology transfer, and those studying education who will be choosing among neuroscience-derived applications for their students. Respondents rated the acceptability of six scenarios describing neuroscience applications to education (...) spanning multiple methodologies, from neuroimaging to neuroactive drugs to brain stimulation. They did so from two perspectives (student, teacher) and for three recipient populations (low-achieving, high-achieving students, students with learning disabilities). Overall, the biosciences students were more favorable to all neuroscience applications than the education students. Scenarios that measured brain activity (i.e., EEG or fMRI) to assess or predict intellectual abilities were deemed more acceptable than manipulations of mental activity by drug use or stimulation techniques, which may violate body integrity. Enhancement up to the norm for low-achieving students and especially students with learning disabilities was more favorably viewed than enhancement beyond the norm for high-achieving students. Finally, respondents rated neuroscientific applications to be less acceptable when adopting the perspective of a teacher than that of a student. Future studies should go beyond the acceptability ratings collected here to delineate the role that concepts of access, equity, authenticity, agency and personal choice play in guiding respondents’ reasoning. (shrink)

BackgroundBiobanking biospecimens and consent are common practice in paediatric research. We need to explore children and young people’s (CYP) knowledge and perspectives around the use of and consent to biobanking. This will ensure meaningful informed consent can be obtained and improve current consent procedures.MethodsWe designed a survey, in co-production with CYP, collecting demographic data, views on biobanking, and consent using three scenarios: 1) prospective consent, 2) deferred consent, and 3) reconsent and assent at age of capacity. The survey was disseminated (...) via the Young Person’s Advisory Group North England (YPAGne) and participating CYP’s secondary schools. Data were analysed using a qualitative thematic approach by three independent reviewers (including CYP) to identify common themes. Data triangulation occurred independently by a fourth reviewer.ResultsOne hundred two CYP completed the survey. Most were between 16–18 years (63.7%, N = 65) and female (66.7%, N = 68). 72.3% had no prior knowledge of biobanking (N = 73).Acceptability of prospective consent for biobanking was high (91.2%, N = 93) with common themes: ‘altruism’, ‘potential benefits outweigh individual risk’, 'frugality', and ‘(in)convenience’.Deferred consent was also deemed acceptable in the large majority (84.3%, N = 86), with common themes: ‘altruism’, ‘body integrity’ and ‘sample frugality’. 76.5% preferred to reconsent when cognitively mature enough to give assent (N = 78), even if parental consent was previously in place. 79.2% wanted to be informed if their biobanked biospecimen is reused (N = 80).ConclusionProspective and deferred consent acceptability for biobanking is high among CYP in the UK. Altruism, frugality, body integrity, and privacy are the most important themes. Clear communication and justification are paramount to obtain consent. Any CYP with capacity should be part of the consenting procedure, if possible. (shrink)

Franz Rosenzweig considerava-se a si mesmo como sendo o verdadeiro discípulo do Hermann Cohen maduro, o qual foi seu professor em Berlim entre 1913 e 1918. Daí a sua preocupação em interpretar o "último Cohen" como estando claramente fora dos parâmetros determinantes do seu neokantismo idealista inicial. Nessa medida, defende o autor do artigo, Rosenzweig coloca à luz. do dia um importante aspecto do pensamento de Cohen, mas ao mesmo tempo não deixa de o violentar. Isso é o que se (...) vê, por exemplo, na sua interpretação divergente da relação entre Razão e Revelação. De facto, enquanto que Cohen acentua a Unidade, pois ele interpreta a Religião como sendo parte integrante da Filosofia, sendo que também Judaísmo e Religião da Razão, formam para ele uma unidade, Rosenzweig, por seu lado, acentua as diferenças entre Filosofia Idealista e Pensamento existencial da Revelação e a concomitante verificação experiencial da Fé na praxis vital. Assim, de acordo com o artigo, podemos dizer que por mais perto que entre si estejam Franz Rosenzweig e Hermann Cohen na sua qualidade de pensadores judaicos a verdade é que, nos termos de uma Filosofia da Religião, entre eles brotam as mesmas diferenças que, um século antes, se tinham verificado entre Schelling e Hegel nas suas respectivas tentativas de penetrar especulativamente o Cristianismo. /// Franz Rosenzweig understands himself as the real disciple of the old Hermann Cohen, his teacher in Berlin from 1913 till 1918. Therefore he tries to interpret the "last Cohen" separate from his earlier idealistic New-Kantianism. So he brings out an important aspect of Cohens thought, but on the other hand he does not avoid making a certain amount of violence to it. That, for example, can be seen in Cohens and Rosenzweigs different views of the relation between reason and revelation. Because Cohen underlines the unity among them, namely as far as he understands religion as an integral part of philosophy to which also Judaism belongs, Rosenzweig in contrast tries to show the differences between idealistic philosophy, existential thinking of revelation, and active verifiability of faith. Even though as Jewish thinkers Rosenzweig and Cohen stand close to one another, the truth is that among them we see emerge the very same differences that one century earlier appeared between Schelling and Hegel in their philosophical effort to understand Christianity. (shrink)

This study investigated the effect of stroking vs. simple human presence on later reactions of dairy cows to routine veterinary handling. While in two groups of cows the experimenter stroked the ventral part of the neck or the withers for three consecutive weeks, the third group was exposed to close visual presence. After the treatment period the cows were subjected to rectal palpation. The three groups differed significantly in stepping during rectal palpation, which occurred less often in Neck- and Withers-animals (...) than in control animals. Heart rate increase was significantly higher in the control group than in the two stroking groups. Previous stroking led to fewer stress reactions during the rectal palpation, possibly due to a combined effect of improved relationship towards and thus perception of humans and lasting anti-stress effects of tactile stimulation. (shrink)

This study investigated the effect of stroking vs. simple human presence on later reactions of dairy cows to routine veterinary handling. While in two groups of cows the experimenter stroked the ventral part of the neck or the withers for three consecutive weeks, the third group was exposed to close visual presence. After the treatment period the cows were subjected to rectal palpation. The three groups differed significantly in stepping during rectal palpation, which occurred less often in Neck- and Withers-animals (...) than in control animals. Heart rate increase was significantly higher in the control group than in the two stroking groups. Previous stroking led to fewer stress reactions during the rectal palpation, possibly due to a combined effect of improved relationship towards and thus perception of humans and lasting anti-stress effects of tactile stimulation. Keywords: cattle; tactile stimulation; human–animal relationship; animal welfare. (shrink)

Tomando como ponto de partida o diálogo "Clara", escrito por Schelling, o autor faz da conexão da Natureza com o Espírito o fio condutor da trajetória do pensamento schellinguiano. É, antes de tudo, na disputa com as filosofias de Fichte e Hegel, que se revela a convergência entre a concepção transcendental do Espírito e a filosofia da Natureza, dando-se assim a entender a importância de um conceito especulativo da Natureza como acesso ao mundo real. Taking the dialogue "Clara", written by (...) Schelling, as a starting point, the author uses the conection of Nature with the Spirit as a guiding line for his exposition of Schelling’s thought. It is, above all, the dispute with the philosophies of Fichte e Hegel that reveals the convergence between a transcendental conception of Spirit and the philosophy of Nature. Thus, the author implies the importance of speculative concept of Nature as an access to the real world. (shrink)

O autor exrnina, neste trabalho, a idéia de socialismo, tentando mostrar que a derrocada do socialismo real de modo algum é sinônimo de fim da utopia socialista.

The externality of the inside: body images of pregnancyThis paper draws on literature, empirical data and a range of theoretical perspectives on the maternal body to examine understandings of the relationship between a pregnant woman and her foetus, with a particular focus on the body images used by women to represent this relationship. Psychoanalytic and nursing accounts of the relationship between mother and foetus have often described a symbiotic ‘oneness’ or unity during pregnancy. Such accounts, however, stress the temporary nature (...) of this unity and identify a series of ‘stages’ of separation or ‘polarisation’ between mother and foetus during pregnancy. In contrast, many of the 25 women who participated in our interview study of new motherhood described a confusion of the boundary between self and foetus. For many women the experience of pregnancy and the relationship with the unborn baby was ambiguous and uncertain. Importantly, none of these women described her relationship with the foetus as a series of developmental stages, but rather saw it as fluctuating throughout pregnancy. These findings are more consistent with the work of feminist theorists who describe pregnancy as a dynamic and fluid merging of the inside and the outside of the body/self. (shrink)

Karl Marx is forgotten as a philosopher today not because he failed, but because the praxis-philosophical core of his Critique of Political Economy has not been rightly perceived. Marx’s Critique of Political Economy is a negative theory which takes it upon itself to uncover the negative aspects of capitalist values theory. It is not selfgrounded, and substantiated solely by Marx’s earlier writings. It cannot serve as the basis for any kind of common, ecological economy, its importance lies only in its (...) practical-philosophical conclusion that we must overcome the human- and nature-destructive value logic of capitalism. (shrink)

Das Thema „Dialektik“ bildet in verschiedensten Feldern einen Hauptschwerpunkt im Werk von Wolfdietrich Schmied-Kowarzik. Mit dem Stichwort „Dialog“ wird zugleich sein spezifischer Zugang zur Dialektik und den mit ihr verbundenen Problemhorizonten angedeutet. So verweist Dialog darauf, dass Wolfdietrich Schmied-Kowarzik Dialektik immer als eine der gesellschaftlichen Praxis versteht, in der die Menschen in ihrer Geschichte ihr gesellschaftliches Zusammenleben in dialogisch-praktischer Auseinandersetzung miteinander gestalten. Und so ist ihm der gelungene gesellschaftlich-geschichtlich vermittelte Dialog in wechselseitiger Anerkennung und Offenheit der Dialogpartner ein (...) gleichsam paradigmatisches Geschehen, das auf die unhintergehbare Möglichkeit einer befreiten gesellschaftlichen Praxis hindeutet. Zugleich ist der Hinweis auf eine befreiende dialogische gesellschaftliche Praxis auf ein Hinführen zu einer solchen Praxis bezogen, die sich in Bildungs- und Erziehungsprozessen zeitigt, die einen weiteren Schwerpunkt im Schaffen Wolfdietrich Schmied-Kowarziks bilden. Der erzieherisch-bildende Dialog zwischen Erziehenden und zu Erziehenden, mithin das Problem einer Hinführung zu einer gesellschaftlich und geschichtlich reflektierten freien Praxis sowie die Notwendigkeit, den Erzieher selbst zu einer befreiten gesellschaftlichen Praxis zu erziehen, stellt nicht nur den Kern seiner pädagogischen Schriften, sondern zugleich die fortdauernde Bemühung seiner eigenen pädagogischen Praxis als Hochschullehrer dar. Drittens schließlich findet sich der Dialog auch im inter- bzw. transkulturellen Dialog der Kulturen wieder, der im Werk Wolfdietrich Schmied-Kowarziks eine ebenso zentrale Rolle spielt. Die kulturelle Praxis und die offene Anerkennung der Kulturen in ihren je eigenen Traditionszusammenhängen im Hinblick auf einen befreiten dialogischen Austausch menschlicher Kultur(en) jenseits kolonialer Übergriffe und kapitalistisch-vereinheitlichender Gleichschaltung ist Wolfdietrich Schmied-Kowarzik ein durchgängiges Anliegen in seinem Werk, insofern ein solcher offener Dialog die Voraussetzung für das Gelingen einer anzustrebenden wahrhaft menschlichen Kultur ist, die in ihrer wechselseitigen Freiheit zugleich ihre produktive Vielfältigkeit behält. (shrink)

Die in diesem Sammelband "Anfänge bei Hegel" vereinigten Beiträge gehen zum größeren Teil auf Vorträge zurück, die auf dem gleichnamigen Symposion gehalten wurden, das wir zum 70. Geburtstag von Helmut Schneider am 2. Juli 2008 an der Universität Kassel durchführten. Darüber hinaus haben wir zur Abrundung der Thematik noch weitere Artikel von Freunden eingeholt, sodass nun ein in sich gerundetes Studienbuch zu Hegel sowie zeitlich und kritisch über ihn hinaus entstanden ist.

Das Buch versucht den Denkweg Schellings von den frühesten Anfängen bis zum Spätwerk aus dem Grundmotiv, unser Existieren zu denken, nachzuzeichnen. Meist wird Schelling nur in der Reihe der Idealisten von Fichte bis Hegel wahrgenommen, die die Einheit von Denken und Sein aus dem Vorrang des Geistes sehen. Aber im Gegensatz zu Hegel beharrt Schelling auf der Eigenständigkeit und Unableitbarkeit der Existenz, in die wir einbezogen sind. So wird er zum Vorläufer einer weitgefassten Existenzphilosophie. Doch was im Idealismus und in (...) der Existenzphilosophie radikal auseinanderfällt und sich unversöhnlich entgegensteht, sind bei Schelling zwei elliptische Brennpunkte, die in uns selbst liegen. Ihre Einheit und ihre Differenz sind das, was Schelling in seinen philosophischen Arbeiten in immer wieder neuen Anläufen umkreist.0Wir selbst tragen die beiden Brennpunkte in uns, wir sind ihre lebendige Einheit: seiend und denkend. (shrink)

Hegels Dialektik vermag das Sein immer nur als Gegenstand des Denkens zu begreifen, nicht aber als eigenständige Wirklichkeit, der das Denken selbst mit angehört. Dies haben Schelling - bezogen auf die Naturphilosophie - und Marx - bezogen auf die Gesellschafts- und Geschichtsphilosophie - kritisch gegenüber Hegel herausgearbeitet.

Zur bewusstseinsanalytischen Philosophie von Walther Schmied-Kowarzik.

»Ich lebe und webe gegenwärtig in der Philosophie. Die Philosophie ist noch nicht am Ende [...]. Fichte wird die Philosophie auf eine Höhe heben, vor der selbst die meisten der bisherigen Kantianer schwindeln werden [...]. Glücklich genug, wenn ich einer der ersten bin, die den neuen Helden, Fichte, im Lande der Wahrheit begrüßen! -- Segen sei dem großen Mann! Er wird das Werk vollenden.«.

»Ich lebe und webe gegenwärtig in der Philosophie. Die Philosophie ist noch nicht am Ende [...]. Fichte wird die Philosophie auf eine Höhe heben, vor der selbst die meisten der bisherigen Kantianer schwindeln werden [...]. Glücklich genug, wenn ich einer der ersten bin, die den neuen Helden, Fichte, im Lande der Wahrheit begrüßen! -- Segen sei dem großen Mann! Er wird das Werk vollenden.«.

In einundzwanzig aus individueller Problemgestaltung ausgewählten Studien versucht Wolfdietrich Schmied-Kowarzik das philosophische Gottesverständnis der letzten 250 Jahre im Kontext der philosophischen Letztbegründung aufzuhellen und auf unsere anstehenden Menschheitsprobleme hin weiterzudenken. Hierbei kommen maßgebliche Denker wie Kant, Hegel, Schelling, Schleiermacher, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger und Lévinas in ihrer je eigenen Argumentation zu Wort. In der Zusammenschau ergeben die höchst verschiedenen Denkansätze ein differenziertes Bild der neueren Religionsphilosophie.