CEO compensation has received much attention from both academics and regulators. However, academics have given scant attention to understanding judgments about CEO compensation by third parties such as investors. Our study contributes to the ethics literature on CEO compensation by examining whether judgments about CEO compensation are influenced by two aspects of a company’s tone at the top—social ties between the CEO and members of the Executive Compensation Committee and the CEO’s Reputation, particularly for financial reporting and disclosures. Although, stock (...) exchanges such as NASDAQ require ECC members to be independent, CEOs still may have social connections to the ECC. In addition, CEOs develop a reputation for the quality of their company’s financial reporting and disclosures. We expect both CEO Social Ties and CEO Reputation to impact say-on-pay judgments, and that fairness perceptions about the CEO compensation will mediate the relationship. We conduct an experiment to test our hypotheses. In this study, we employ a two by two experimental design where we manipulate CEO Social Ties with members of the ECC and CEO Reputation for the quality of financial reporting disclosures . Participants were MBA students who provided a say-on-pay judgment , and judgments about the fairness of the CEO’s compensation. Results indicate that CEO Social Ties affected participants’ say-on-pay judgments, which were fully mediated by their perceptions about fairness of the CEO’s compensation. Further, the CEO’s Reputation also affected participants’ say-on-pay judgments, which were fully mediated by their perceptions about fairness of the CEO’s compensation. Implications for research and public policy are presented. (shrink)

ABSTRACTFear of positive evaluation is experiencing dread during real or potential praise. FPE is associated with social anxiety, but its relation to depressive symptoms is unclear. Anhedonia is a core symptom of depression related to symptoms of anxiety in cross-sectional research. The current study investigated the indirect effect of FPE on depressive symptoms via anhedonia over time. One-hundred ninety-six participants completed three waves of questionnaires over a total timespan of approximately four months via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, including measures of FPE, (...) depressive symptoms, and anticipatory and consummatory anhedonia. Findings indicated that anticipatory anhedonia at Time 2 mediated the relationship between FPE at Time 1 and depressive symptoms at Time 3. Consummatory anhedonia, however, did not. Each model was contextualised by accounting for prospective covarying relationships, such as depressive symptoms predicting the same symptoms at later waves. The constellation of findings is c... (shrink)

Freud proposes that in unconscious processing, logical connections are also (heavily) based upon phonological similarities. Repressed concerns, for example, would also be expressed by way of phonologic ambiguity. In order to investigate a possible unconscious influence of phonological similarity, 31 participants were submitted to a tachistoscopic subliminal priming experiment, with prime and target presented at 1ms. In the experimental condition, the prime and one of the 2 targets were phonological reversed forms of each other, though graphemically dissimilar (e.g., “nice” and (...) “sign”); in the control condition the targets were pseudo-randomly attributed to primes to which they don’t belong. The experimental task was to “blindly” pick the choice most similar to the prime. ERPs were measured with a focus on the N320, which is known to react selectively to phonological mismatch in supraliminal visual word presentations. The N320 amplitude-effects at the electrodes on the midline and at the left of the brain significantly predicted the participants’ net behavioral choices more than half a second later, while their subjective experience is one of arbitrariness. Moreover, the social desirability score (SDS) significantly correlates with both the behavioral and the N320 brain responses of the participants. It is proposed that in participants with low SDS the phonological target induces an expected reduction of N320 and this increases their probability to pick this target. In contrast, high defensive participants have a perplexed brain reaction upon the phonological target, with a negatively peaking N320 as compared to control and this leads them to avoid this target more often. Social desirability, which is understood as reflecting defensiveness, might also manifest itself as a defense against the (energy-consuming) ambiguity of language. The specificity of this study is that all of this is happening totally out of awareness and at the level of very elementary linguistic distinctions. (shrink)

Realising the societal gains from publicly funded health and medical research requires a model for a reflexive evaluation precedent for the societal impact of research. This research explores UK Research Excellence Framework evaluators’ values and opinions and assessing societal impact, prior to the assessment taking place. Specifically, we discuss the characteristics of two different impact assessment extremes – the “quality-focused” evaluation and “societal impact-focused” evaluation. We show the wide range of evaluator views about impact, and that these views could be (...) conceptually reflected in a range of different positions along a conceptual evaluation scale. We describe the characteristics of these extremes in detail, and discuss the different beliefs evaluators had which could influence where they positioned themselves along the scale. These decisions, we argue, when considered together, form a dominant definition of societal impact that influences the direction of its evaluation by the panel. (shrink)

2. The equal status mentioned in Thesis 2 need not mean, "equally concrete" or "inclusive," but only, "equally real," where "real" means having a character of its own with reference to which opinions can be true or false. But becoming or process is alone fully concrete or inclusive, since if A is without becoming, and B becomes, then the togetherness of AB also becomes. A new constituent means a new totality. In this sense, becoming is the ultimate principle.

Access can either be first-order or second-order. First order access concerns whether contents achieve representation in phenomenal consciousness at all; second-order access concerns whether phenomenally conscious contents are selected for metacognitive, higher order processing by reflective consciousness. When the optional and flexible nature of second-order access is kept in mind, there remain strong reasons to believe that exclusion failure can indeed isolate phenomenally conscious stimuli that are not so accessed. Irvine’s [Irvine, E. . Signal detection theory, the exclusion failure paradigm (...) and weak consciousness—Evidence for the access/phenomenal distinction? Consciousness and Cognition.] partial access argument fails because exclusion failure is indeed due to lack of second-order access, not insufficient phenomenally conscious information. Further, the enable account conforms with both qualitative differences and subjective report, and is simpler than the endow account. Finally, although first-order access may be a distinct and important process, second-order access arguably reflects the core meaning of access generally. (shrink)

Biases towards negative information, as well as away from positive information, are associated with psychopathology. Examining biases in multiple processes has been theorised to be more predictive than examining bias in any process alone. Anhedonia is a core symptom of psychopathology and predictive of future psychopathological symptoms. Finding that combined biases are associated with anhedonia would advance knowledge of the nature of emotional processing biases and the value of objective performance-based measures for identifying early risk markers. Participants completed tasks that (...) assess latency bias and biased recognition of emotional information, as well as an anhedonia measure. An index was computed for each task’s performance reflecting biased processing of positive and negative words. Only combined biases on both tasks were associated with anhedonia. Attentional bias was positively associated with anhedonia, but only when recognition bias for emotional words was high. Thus, assessing biases in multiple domains increased sensitivity to uncover relationships between emotional processing biases and anhedonic symptoms. (shrink)

A hipótese deste artigo tem o objetivo de mostrar que Samuel Pufendorf utiliza e elabora a distinção efetuada por Hugo Grotius entre direitos perfeitos e imperfeitos. De certo modo Pufendorf vai mais adiante do que Grotius e não apenas aceita a sua distinção, como também a esclarece: os direitos em geral são poderes morais obtidos pela lei que apresentam ao mesmo tempo dois tipos de poder moral e de direitos. No caso dos direitos perfeitos, o homem está por definição autorizado (...) a usar a força para proteger seu exercício do poder. Dentro da sociedade política isso significa que ele pode ir ao tribunal, entre as nações permite a justificativa da guerra. No caso dos direitos imperfeitos, porém, o seu detentor não tem a permissão de exigir seu cumprimento pela força, embora deva ser admitido que obstruir erroneamente seu exercício é algo desumano. O jurista alemão está mais interessado, portanto, em explicar o significado da função da própria distinção. Ele oferece sua explicação em dois estágios: o primeiro explica por que os direitos perfeitos têm de ser cumpridos. Entre as leis da natureza, algumas devem ser observadas simplesmente para que a sociedade possa existir, enquanto outras conduzem a uma existência melhorada. Os direitos perfeitos extraem seu caráter do primeiro tipo de lei, os imperfeitos, do segundo. O segundo estágio da explicação mostra como os direitos imperfeitos e perfeitos suplementam um ao outro.: The article presents some important ideas of the rights discourse of Samuel Pufendorf. The definitions of natural law, the distinction between perfect and imperfect rights. Keywords: Sociability; Natural Law; Rights; State. (shrink)

In this bold book, Samuel Wright traces a “new history for Sanskrit logic” via a deep and comprehensive study of almost 5,000 little-known Sanskrit manuscripts. His thesis is that the ear...

The intellectual history of Humanity is part of a vast genealogy that stems from disputes between those advocating the excellence of ancient times and those arguing the superiority of the present. Thus, since antiquity we find the persistent recurrence of a Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns, virulence that stresses the human and social experience, either praised, either rebuked in its development process. This paper discusses the process of development of the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns as (...) a matrix from which it is possible to perceive, in sparse and seemingly random historical positions, a way that guide us to the path, full of crossings and intersections, of modern experience. Its aim is to define some cardinal points of the Quarrel’s own development that help us to better understand how the idea of “modernity” has evolved. (shrink)

Ao contrário do enigma que pode ser nomeado, representado e decifrado, o mistério é indizível e inefável. O Mistério não é uma obscuridade que pode ser dissipada pela luz meridiana da razão, mas é o próprio fundamento da racionalidade. O mistério refere-se ao excesso essencial de uma divina e incomensurável Ação criadora.

Este estudo visa a apresentar e analisar a Carta XXXVIII, de 1º de outubro de 1666, escrita por Espinosa. De conteúdo exclusivamente matemático, seu texto responde a uma questão de probabilidade aplicada a jogos de apostas em que é preciso preservar, para todos os jogadores, a mesma chance de ganhar. Para isso, apresentaremos o contexto histórico e exporemos detalhadamente o uso e o sentido da terminologia empregada por Espinosa ao longo de suas explicações. Subsidiariamente, em apêndice, fornecemos, de maneira espelhada, (...) o original holandês da carta e nossa tradução para o português. (shrink)

In the context of Christian evangelization, the dialogue between culture and the Gospel has always been a major challenge for the Church. In Africa, particularly in Mozambique, this challenge still persists, since the western colonization of Africa failed in the evaluation of existing cultures and in the respect for the African Traditional Religion. Hence the need of an encultured Christianity, rooted in these peoples cultural reality, despite the wearing and difficulties to understand this concept. Culture is a fundamental dimension, inherent (...) to the human being and characterizes all of its existence. Therefore, an evangelization that ignores it, together with the local religiosity and takes them for primitive, is a huge mistake. Thus, the present dissertation approaches the need for the Church in Africa - Mozambique of an effective inculturation of the faith. It founds its approach on a bibliographical review of authors who ponder the theme. The research, developed in three chapters, it will present, first, an outline of Africa's history, its cultural diversity and the Christian presence on the Continent and then will elaborate an understanding of the following concepts: culture, interculturality, inculturation, acculturation, enculturation. We conclude with analyses of the promises, limits and criticisms of the inculturation of faith. The scope is to propose a new hermeneutics for the inculturation of the faith, which recognizes interculturality as the a priori of the way to an inculturated evangelization in Africa-Mozambique. (shrink)

Ectopic pregnancy, when not resolved naturally, can be fatal to the mother if left untreated. A number of medical solutions exist, though none that save the life of the embryo. This article assesses the ethical value of one of these solutions, the salpingostomy, by examining the moral object of the salpingostomy and whether the procedure constitutes a direct abortion. The author responds with William E. May and Maria DeGoede to salpingostomy proponents Albert Moraczewski, Christopher Kaczor, John Tuohey, and others. Because (...) of the lack of moral certitude that the trophoblast is neither a vital organ of the fetus nor a member of the fetus’s body, the author concludes that the salpingostomy may not be considered a licit procedure in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy, and challenges readers to admit that medical science lacks a direct, active solution to ectopic pregnancy. (shrink)

E. Husserl, Logik und allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie. Vorlesungen 1917/18, mit ergänzenden Texten aus der ersten Fassung 1910/11. Introduction by U. Panzer. Dordrecht:Kluwer, 1996. lxii + 554 pp. £130. ISBN0 792 33731 X D. Jacquette, Meinongian logic. The semantics of existence and nonexistence. Berlin and New York:Walter de Gruyter, 1996. xiii + 297 pp. DM 198. ISBN 3 11 014865 X M. Beaney, The Frege Reader. Blackwell Publishers, 1997. xv + 409 pp. £14.99/$21.95. ISBN 0 631 194 452 Elliott Mendelson, Introduction to (...) formal logic, fourth edition. London:Chapman & Hall, 1997. x + 440 pp. £45.00. ISBN 1 412 808307 Samuel Guttenplan, The languages of logic. An introduction to formal logic, second edition. Oxford:Blackwell, 1997. x + 429 pp. No price stated. ISBN 1 55786 988 X A.C. Grayling, An introduction to philosophical logic, third edition. Oxford:Blackwell, 1997. vii + 343 pp. £15.99/$27.99. ISBN 0 631 19982 9 Lewis Carroll, Das Spiel der Logik. Edited with an afterword by P. Good. Translated by M.Zöllner. Cologne:Propen Verlag/Frommann-Holzboog, 1997. 120pp. 32 DM. ISBN 3 7728 1998 2. (shrink)

This article addresses three interrelated concerns: the pervasive nature of technologically induced impatience, a theological understanding of divine patience, and, finally, a suitable response to techno-impatience by way of engagement with the art and practice of holy habit. As we have experienced faster flows of information, and larger amounts of information through which we must sort, we have become less patient people. This loss of patience continues to produce a new kind of personal and communal disquiet on an impressive scale. (...) To address concerns with techno-impatience, arguments will be drawn from scriptural and theological concepts of divine patience. These concepts prompt us to rediscover, and reinvent, a richer understanding of patience as an individuated spiritual virtue. Accordingly, a corrective to the exacerbating effects of technologically induced impatience will be offered: namely, the explicit spiritual discipline of practicing holy patience. (shrink)

Scheffler discusses the role of thick concepts in the context of Williams’s main ethical book. He is critical of Williams’s distinction between thick and thin concepts, pointing out that with great problems, justice cannot be said to be either thick or thin.

Religião e capital simbólico: um estudo do “Projeto Social Pequeno Samuel”, situado em Rio Grande da Serra, no Grande ABC Paulista (Religion and symbolic capital: study of the “Pequeno Samuel Social Project”, located in Rio Grande da Serra) - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2010v10n28p1414 Resumo No presente estudo nos propomos a discutir a relação entre religião e capital simbólico com o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade das redes sociais e práticas associativas , em torno de grupos religiosos, em agregar benefícios aos seus participantes, (...) sobretudo, em sua dimensão simbólica. Para esse intento, analisaremos atividades realizadas pelo “Projeto Social Pequeno Samuel”, uma associação ligada à Igreja Batista Central , especialmente as que se referem às práticas de educação sócio ambientais. As informações, para tal análise, foram obtidas através do site e estatuto da entidade, além de participação presencial em seus trabalhos. Levando em conta que a cidade possui os índices sociais menos favoráveis da região do Grande ABC, e por sua importância ambiental para a mesma região – pois constitui-se de uma Área de Proteção de Mananciais –, consideramos que o conjunto de práticas realizadas pelo projeto contribui, em grande medida, para o aumento do “capital simbólico” da comunidade. Palavras-chave: Religião. Capital Simbólico. Grande ABC paulista. Rio Grande da Serra. Projeto Social Pequeno Samuel.The present study aims to discuss the relation between religion and symbolic capital and evaluate the capacity of the social networks and associative practices within religious groups, to aggregate some benefits to their members, especially those related to symbolic dimensions. For this purpose, we will analyze the activities done by the “Pequeno Samuel Social Project”, an association of the Central Baptist Church, especially those activities related to social, environmental and educational practices. The information for this analysis were obtained from the website, from the constitutional document of the Entity, and as well from the author´s participation in the social works of the Social Project. Taking into account that the city has the least favorable social indicators in the region of “Grande ABC Paulista”, and also considering its environmental importance to the same region – a Watershed Protection Area - we consider that the set of practices performed by the project contributes largely to the increase of "symbolic capital" of the community. Keywords: Religion. Symbolic Capital. Grande ABC Paulista. Rio Grande da Serra. Pequeno Samuel Social Project. (shrink)

Access can either be first-order or second-order. First order access concerns whether contents achieve representation in phenomenal consciousness at all; second-order access concerns whether phenomenally conscious contents are selected for metacognitive, higher order processing by reflective consciousness. When the optional and flexible nature of second-order access is kept in mind, there remain strong reasons to believe that exclusion failure can indeed isolate phenomenally conscious stimuli that are not so accessed. Irvine’s [Irvine, E. . Signal detection theory, the exclusion failure paradigm (...) and weak consciousness—Evidence for the access/phenomenal distinction? Consciousness and Cognition.] partial access argument fails because exclusion failure is indeed due to lack of second-order access, not insufficient phenomenally conscious information. Further, the enable account conforms with both qualitative differences and subjective report, and is simpler than the endow account. Finally, although first-order access may be a distinct and important process, second-order access arguably reflects the core meaning of access generally. (shrink)

Neurosteroid 17 beta-estradiol (E2) is a steroid synthesized de novo in the nervous system that might influence neuronal activity and behavior. Nevertheless, the impact of E2 on the functioning of those neural systems in which it is slightly synthesized is less questioned. The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) adaptation, may provide an ideal arena for investigating this issue. Indeed, E2 modulates cerebellar parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synaptic plasticity that underlies encoding of VOR adaptation. Moreover, aromatase expression in the cerebellum of adult rodents is (...) maintained at very low levels and localized to Purkinje cells. The significance of age-related maintenance of low levels of aromatase expression in the cerebellum on behavior, however, has yet to be explored. Our aim in this study was to determine whether E2 synthesis exerts an effective and persistent modulation of VOR adaptation in adult male rats. To answer this question, we investigated the acute effect of blocking E2 synthesis on gain increases and decreases in VOR adaptation using an oral dose (2.5 mg/kg) of the aromatase inhibitor Letrozole in peri-pubertal and post-pubertal male rats. We found that Letrozole acutely impaired gain increases and decreases in VOR adaptation without altering basal ocular-motor performance and that these effects were similar in peri-pubertal and post-pubertal rats. Thus, in adult male rats neurosteroid E2 effectively modulates VOR adaptation in both of the periods studied. These findings imply that the adult cerebellum uses E2 synthesis for modulating motor memory formation and suggest that low and extremely localized E2 production may play a role in adaptive phenomena. (shrink)

Editorial para o dossiê Nietzsche e a Educação.

Resenha do livro de: Vânia Dutra Azeredo. Nietzsche e a dissoluçáo da moral. 2ed. Sáo Paulo. Unijuí. 2003.