Research, innovation, and progress in the life sciences are increasingly contingent on access to large quantities of data. This is one of the key premises behind the “open science” movement and the global calls for fostering the sharing of personal data, datasets, and research results. This paper reports on the outcomes of discussions by the panel “Open science, data sharing and solidarity: who benefits?” held at the 2021 Biennial conference of the International Society for the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies (...) of Biology, and hosted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. (shrink)

This paper presents a numerical study of the reaction A ↔ B in the presence of an intermediate and destabilizing step in its dynamics. After introducing a direct autocatalytic destabilizing process, namely quadratic autocatalysis ) and cubic autocatalysis ), a thermodynamic analysis of the evolution of the reaction in closed and open systems was performed. In addition, the Gibbs free energy, the thermodynamic affinity, and the entropy generation of the overall reaction were evaluated for each of the autocatalytic steps, in (...) order to analyze the behavior of these thermodynamic quantities when the system moved towards equilibrium or towards oscillatory non-equilibrium states. (shrink)

One can read the history of kitsch and the history of kitsch theories by accentuating either everyday aesthetics (knickknacks) or pseudo art/bad art. The authors have divided their introduction to the topic by accentuating first everyday aesthetics (this part includes a detailed history of kitsch research) and then art—especially the wave of contemporary art that has lately been knocking on the doors of kitsch. Three historical stages of kitsch are discussed. The first stage discusses the topic and gives (e.g., bad, (...) sentimental art and interior design) negative attention only. This phase ends with Clement Greenberg’s essay “Avant-Garde and Kitsch” (1939). The second wave discusses kitsch in a curious manner, mainly around the 1960s. And the contemporary stage of the discussion is often positive (starting from the 1990s). In the part where contemporary art is analyzed, art’s kitschy side is traced historically to the Dutch art market of the seventeenth century. But today’s art world, which is strongly invaded by kitsch, gains the main attention. How did kitsch become so central to contemporary art? What forms has it taken there? (shrink)

Beyond any doubt the pragmatical-based improvements introduced in the rules of inference during the process of refinement of a legal expert system may be efficient but they hardly will be capable to provide a point of reference for a more general correctness measure. During the refinement of KBSLEX the debate of the Theory of Legal Argument has contributed to illuminate the point suggesting that the modeling of legal reasoning and legal decision making should be grounded on a logical approach but (...) without limiting itself to the tools of the classical logic. (shrink)

Si apoyándonos en la evidencia histórica y empírica aceptamos que las bases éticas de una sociedad son el producto de una serie de transacciones consolidadas, y a su vez dichas bases están dirigidas a regular transacciones sociales, debemos dirigir nuestra atención a caracterizar cuáles son las transacciones que han resultado más exitosas en la tarea de desarrollar un entramado ético fuerte y estable.

In many cases the institutional performance fails and puts into evidence perverse consequences affecting the social tissue. Facing this situation many critics tend to neglect the rationality-criterion to assume alternative and more attractive points of view. In spite of their acceptance and over-popularity those approaches haven't been able to provide a robust-enough set of concepts to successfully replace the rationality-criterion.

Toda decisión racional a la vez que se apoya en la información proporcionada por los datos,sirve para incrementar el contenido informativo de los mismos. El sistema de normas constituye el dato fundemental en el proceso de toma de decisiones jurídicas. Le coherencia de tal sistema no es un supuesto a acepter, sino que debe ser controlada y mejorada a través de estrategias que incluyen el aprovechamiento de los medios automatizados y de le critica recionel del lenguaje jurídico.

In this short epilogue, Barragán and Ryynänen discuss the possibility of using kitsch and kitsch theories horizons for interpreting contemporaneity in various ways. The main spearhead of the critical notes is aimed at academic culture, which Barragán and Ryynänen claim to have become “kitschified” in a sense.

El objetivo fundamental por el cual las sociedades establecen arreglos institucionales es el de abaratar los costos de transacción. Para alcanzar dicha meta se han ensayado diferentes métodos de diseño que colocan el énfasis principalmente en los sistemas de incentivos dirigidos a estimular un comportamiento de obediencia de las reglas institucionales. Mostraremos por una parte que el punto de vista interno asumido por los usuarios en relación con las instituciones contribuye a bajar los costos de transacción, y por la otra (...) que el mensaje valorativo de la autoridad normativa cumple un papel decisivo en la construcción de tal punto de vista. (shrink)

El objetivo fundamental por el cual las sociedades establecen arreglos institucionales es el de abaratar los costos de transacción. Para alcanzar dicha meta se han ensayado diferentes métodos de diseño que colocan el énfasis principalmente en los sistemas de incentivos dirigidos a estimular un comportamiento de obediencia de las reglas institucionales. Mostraremos por una parte que el punto de vista interno asumido por los usuarios en relación con las instituciones contribuye a bajar los costos de transacción, y por la otra (...) que el mensaje valorativo de la autoridad normativa cumple un papel decisivo en la construcción de tal punto de vista. (shrink)

A fin de superar los efectos de la paradoja de la autoridad se hace necesario desplegar razones que sean capaces de justificar por qué las decisiones normativas deben ser obedecidas por los sujetos subordinados. Si consideramos que las razones del derecho sólo tienden a promover en los sujetos una actitud externa hacía las normas, una respuesta basada en sanciones puede ser considerada como una buena razón. Pero si creemos que las razones dadas por la autoridad normativa deben promover una actitud (...) interna, debemos desarrollar criterios independientes a fin de evaluar la capacidad de la decisión normativa para superar la paradoja de la autoridad. (shrink)

In this essay I argue that some aspects of aesthetic philosophy of music education are compatible with multicultural proposals. To show this I first distinguish between two different aspects of multicultural advocacy: one related to sociopolitical goals and one related to the inclusion of different musical traditions and practices in our music programs. These two conceptions of multiculturalism are complementary but can be distinguished for purposes of clarifying the relationship between aesthetic and multicultural assumptions about the value of multicultural music (...) education. I then consider how the multicultural interest for the appreciation of extramusical values can coexist with aesthetic education’s concerns .. (shrink)

This article presents a study on the perception of students pursuing technical careers, on aspects related to the quality of virtual education during times of covid-19 pandemic. The data analyzed were obtained from surveys of 75 students of various educational levels in aspects such as quality in teaching, accessibility to virtual resources, teacher training, continuity of the curriculum, equal conditions, and the influence of policy on the quality of education in general. It was concluded that the educational process in its (...) virtual modality is acceptable from the point of view of intrinsic advantages such as flexibility and yet there is also a change of focus in the educational institution that pays attention to providing a better virtual educational process diverting attention from equally important processes such as the communication of internal and external actions to the institution. Keywords: Virtual education, challenges, pandemic, COVID-19. (shrink)

We track and analyze the re-situation of scientific knowledge in the field of human population genomics ancestry studies. We understand re-situation as a process of accommodating the direct or indirect transfer of objects of knowledge from one site/situation to other sites/situations. Our take on the concept borrows from Mary S. Morgan’s work on facts traveling while expanding it to include other objects of knowledge such as models, data, software, findings, and visualizations. We structure a specific case study by tracking the (...) re-situation of these objects between three research projects studying human population diversity reported in three articles in Science, Genome Research and PLoS Genetics between 2002 and 2005. We characterize these three engagements as a unit of analysis, a “skirmish,” in order to compare: the divergence of interests in how life-scientists answer similar research questions and to track the challenging transformation of workflows in research laboratories as these scientific objects are re-situated individually or in bundles. Our analysis of the case study shows that an accurate understanding of re-situation requires tracking the whole bundle of objects in a project because they interact in particular key ways. The absence or dismissal of these interactions opens the door to unforeseen trade-offs, misunderstandings and misrepresentations about research design and workflow and what these say about the questions asked and the findings produced. (shrink)

. All personal that belong to a company, has to be consider into their daily agenda theoptimization of the inventory, in matter of create a cost reduction into the organization, an finallyincrement the productivity.The inventory is the element that gives “live” to the companies, in the moment to be manufacturedinto a product, through the works stations, is the case, that the excess of inventory will force thecompany not invert into development, research, training, technology, etc., and this situation willaffect competiveness, and (...) take the risk of be out of the market.The clients pay for a good, with a competitiveness price, excellent quality, and complete all thespecification that they request, plus has to be deliver on time; our responsibility is do wherever ittakes to guaranty the mayor percentage of efficiency in all our process and complete the goal ofsatisfy our clients.Keywords. Competitiveness, cost, inventory management, productivity.Resumen. Todo el personal estratégico, administrativo y operativo perteneciente a una empresa,debe considerar dentro de su agenda diaria la optimización de la gestión de los inventarios,permitiendo con ello un impacto en la reducción los costos de la organización, que se traducirá en unincremento de la productividad.El inventario es el elemento que permite dar vida a las empresas, al momento de ser transformada enun producto, a través de todas las estaciones de trabajo dando paso a paso un valor agregado, sinembargo el exceso de los inventarios ocasiona que la organización no pueda en incurrir en gastos quepermitan el desarrollo y crecimiento, como son las áreas de investigación y desarrollo, capacitación yadiestramiento, tecnología, mercadotecnia, etc., trayendo en consecuencia perder el nivel decompetitividad, y con ello correr el riesgo de quedar desplazado por la competencia.Los clientes pagan por producto que presente un precio competitivo; de la más alta calidad; quecumpla con todas y cada una de sus especificaciones; que sea entregado en tiempo y forma; esnuestra responsabilidad como estrategas, administradores y operadores de los inventarios, elgarantizar el mayor porcentaje de eficiencia en los procesos productivos y administrativos, demanera de lograr el fin último de toda empresa tiene, satisfacer a sus clientes.Palabras claves. Administración de inventarios, competitividad, costos, productividad. (shrink)

Introduction The Brazilian national curriculum guidelines for undergraduate medicine courses inspired and influenced the groundwork for knowledge acquisition, skills development and the perception of ethical values in the context of professional conduct. Objective The evaluation of ethics education in research involving human beings in undergraduate medicine curriculum in Brazil, both in courses with active learning processes and in those with traditional lecture learning methodologies. Methods Curricula and teaching projects of 175 Brazilian medical schools were analyzed using a retrospective historical and (...) descriptive exploratory cohort study. Thirty one medical schools were excluded from the study because of incomplete information or a refusal to participate. Active research for information from institutional sites and documents was guided by terms based on 69 DeCS/MeSH descriptors. Curriculum information was correlated with educational models of learning such as active learning methodologies, tutorial discussions with integrated curriculum into core modules, and traditional lecture learning methodologies for large classes organized by disciplines and reviewed by occurrence frequency of ethical themes and average hourly load per semester. Results Ninety-five medical schools used traditional learning methodologies. The ten most frequent ethical themes were: 1 – ethics in research (26); 2 – ethical procedures and advanced technology (46); 3 – ethic-professional conduct (413). Over 80% of schools using active learning methodologies had between 50 and 100 hours of scheduled curriculum time devoted to ethical themes whereas more than 60% of traditional learning methodology schools devoted less than 50 hours in curriculum time to ethical themes. Conclusion The data indicates that medical schools that employ more active learning methodologies provide more attention and time to ethical themes than schools with traditional discipline-based methodologies. Given the importance of ethical issues in contemporary medical education, these findings are significant for curriculum change and modification plans in the future of Brazilian medical education. (shrink)

Después de varias décadas de discusiones, críticas y revisiones, muchos autores han cuestionado hoy la vigencia de los planteamientos del constructivismo científico. Este texto muestra que sus principales planteamientos y legados siguen vigentes, aunque se han transformado en varias perspectivas que afirman la contingencia de la ciencia y la tecnología, en un sentido compatible con algunos puntos de vista realistas, y en las que se valora la acción conjunta, la co-construcción o el ensamble mutuo entre varios elementos y factores heterogéneos. (...) De esta manera, sigue siendo una de las principales perspectivas epistemológicas y metafísicas en las ciencias sociales y naturales. Las transformaciones que se han producido en relación con el constructivismo tienen que ver fundamentalmente con algunos cambios en la forma de entender la construcción: se han colocado límites a las intenciones políticas críticas, deconstructivas de la construcción, y al sentido monista, y sustancialista social; y se ha producido un giro ontológico hacia un sentido plural, relacional, y positivo de construcción. En este texto se hace una detallada revisión crítica del origen, el sentido, los aportes, los malentendidos y los problemas del constructivismo científico tecnológico, con el propósito de analizar su evolución, o la manera cómo ha devenido y se ha transformado en otros puntos punto de vista, como lo sugiere el título. (shrink)

This book inaugurates a new phase in kitsch studies. Kitsch, an aesthetic slur of the 19th and the 20th century, is increasingly considered a positive term and at the heart of today’s society. Eleven distinguished authors from philosophy, cultural studies and the arts discuss a wide range of topics including beauty, fashion, kitsch in the context of mourning, bio-art, visual arts, architecture and political kitsch. In addition, the editors provide a concise theoretical introduction to the volume and the subject. The (...) role of kitsch in contemporary culture and society is innovatively explored and the volume aims not to condemn but to accept and understand why kitsch has become acceptable today. (shrink)