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  1. Social Referencing: Defining and Delineating a Basic Process of Emotion.Eric A. Walle, Peter J. Reschke & Jennifer M. Knothe - 2017 - Emotion Review 9 (3):245-252.
    Social referencing informs and regulates one’s relation with the environment as a function of the perceived appraisals of social partners. Increased emphasis on relational and social contexts in the study of emotion makes this interpersonal process particularly relevant to the field. However, theoretical conceptualizations and empirical operationalizations of social referencing are disjointed across domains and populations of study. This article seeks to unite and refine the study of this construct by providing a clear and comprehensive definition of social referencing. Our (...)
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  • Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition.Michael Tomasello, Malinda Carpenter, Josep Call, Tanya Behne & Henrike Moll - 2005 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 (5):675-691.
    We propose that the crucial difference between human cognition and that of other species is the ability to participate with others in collaborative activities with shared goals and intentions: shared intentionality. Participation in such activities requires not only especially powerful forms of intention reading and cultural learning, but also a unique motivation to share psychological states with others and unique forms of cognitive representation for doing so. The result of participating in these activities is species-unique forms of cultural cognition and (...)
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  • Comment: Respecifying Emotional Influence.Brian Parkinson - 2017 - Emotion Review 9 (3):263-265.
    To what extent does the level of overlap between social appraisal and social referencing depend upon the particular definitions adopted when following different research agendas? I argue that processes of both kinds fall under the more inclusive heading of relation alignment. Relation alignment also covers emotional influence that is not mediated by the communication of appraisal. Similarities, interdependences, and distinctions between these various relation-alignment processes warrant further investigation.
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  • Social Referencing and Social Appraisal: Commentary on the Clément and Dukes (2016) and Walle et al. (2016) articles.Antony S. R. Manstead & Agneta H. Fischer - 2017 - Emotion Review 9 (3):262-263.
    We comment on two articles on social referencing and social appraisal. We agree with Walle, Reschke, and Knothe’s argument that at one level of analysis, social referencing and social appraisal are functionally equivalent: In both cases, another person’s emotional expression is observed and this expression informs the observer’s own emotional reactions and behavior. However, we also agree with Clément and Dukes’s view that, there is an important difference between social referencing and social appraisal. We also argue that they are likely (...)
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  • Comment: Reframing the Conceptual Diversity of Social Appraisal and Social Referencing.Manfred Holodynski - 2017 - Emotion Review 9 (3):265-267.
    The comment discusses the common ground and differences of the contribution of Walle, Reschke, and Knothe, as well as that of Clément and Dukes in their efforts to conceptually connect an important concept from infancy research, namely that of social referencing, with an important one from emotion research on adults, that of social appraisal. The distinction between social referencing and affective observation under the generic concept of social appraisal could be worthwhile for differentiating implicit and explicit impacts of a model’s (...)
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  • Social Appraisal and Social Referencing: Two Components of Affective Social Learning.Fabrice Clément & Daniel Dukes - 2017 - Emotion Review 9 (3):253-261.
    Social learning is likely to include affective processes: it is necessary for newcomers to discover what value to attach to objects, persons, and events in a given social environment. This learning relies largely on the evaluation of others’ emotional expressions. This study has two objectives. Firstly, we compare two closely related concepts that are employed to describe the use of another person’s appraisal to make sense of a given situation: social appraisal and social referencing. We contend that social referencing constitutes (...)
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